CN104585139A - 组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂于改变蜂王浆中mrjp3蛋白质的新颖用途 - Google Patents
组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂于改变蜂王浆中mrjp3蛋白质的新颖用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104585139A CN104585139A CN201510023013.5A CN201510023013A CN104585139A CN 104585139 A CN104585139 A CN 104585139A CN 201510023013 A CN201510023013 A CN 201510023013A CN 104585139 A CN104585139 A CN 104585139A
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- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
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- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
本申请涉及组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂于改变蜂王浆中MRJP3蛋白质的新颖用途。本发明提供改变蜂王浆中68千道尔顿(kDa)与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例的方法、制备相比于对照组蜂王浆,含68kDa与64kDa蛋白质比例经改变的MRJP3的蜂王浆的方法、以及由前述方法所制得的蜂王浆。本发明还提供促进蜂王子生长的方法,所述方法包括以本发明的蜂王浆喂食蜂王子。本发明另外提供培育个体较正常大的蜂王子、蜂王蛹和蜂王的方法。
Description
本申请是申请号为201010236081.7、申请日为2010年7月22日,发明名称为“组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂于改变蜂王浆中MRJP3蛋白质的新颖用途”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及促进蜂王子(蜂王幼虫)、蜂王蛹和蜂王生长的方法,所述方法是通过以组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACi)或含有(一或多种)HDAC抑制剂的混合物或配方喂饲年轻工蜂。具体来说,经喂饲HDACi的年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆中,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质间的比例发生改变。
背景技术
蜜蜂是现代农业中最具价值的生物物种之一,其生产多种蜂产品,例如蜂王浆、蜂蜜、蜂胶与花粉,而这些产品提供给人类丰富的营养来源(赫尔纳(Hellner M.)等人,2008)。因此,研究蜜蜂的生长、演化与发育是相当重要的课题。
蜜蜂的社会属于母系社会,且由蜂王所领导。在蜂群当中,工蜂与蜂王均由受精卵孵化而成;而雄蜂则是由无受精的卵子孵化生长而成(温斯顿(Winston M.L.),1987)。蜂王将单一的卵产于蜂巢的个别巢房当中,在三到四天内,产下的卵可孵化出幼虫。孵化出的幼虫由年轻工蜂负责喂食,并在巢房中经由数个发育阶段成长。当幼虫进入化蛹期间时,工蜂会封闭巢房的开口。通常蜂王会在16天内自巢房羽化而出,而工蜂和雄蜂各需21天和24天。蜂王个体较大,其寿命是一般工蜂的10-15倍。受精卵将发育为工蜂或蜂王,此受到蜂群的调控。原则上,一群蜂只会有一只蜂王。此外,蜂王所食用的食物也有别于同一蜂群中的其它蜂只;蜂王终其一生以蜂王浆为食物,而工蜂只在发育初期食用蜂王浆。部分学者则认为工蜂在发育期仍食用蜂王浆,只是其所食用的蜂王浆与蜂王所食用的蜂王浆化学组成可能不同。无论如何,蜂王浆可视为是延续蜂群最重要的物质(罗宾逊(Robinson G.E.)等人,1987)。
蜂王浆是蜂王子与蜂王最重要的食物和养分来源,其由年轻工蜂的咽头腺与大颚腺所分泌。蜂王浆的化学组成可能会随着蜂王子的不同发育阶段而有所改变。总的来说,一般认为前述蜂王浆的成份改变是源自糖类、而非蛋白质组成的变化(派仁(Peiren N.)等人,2005)。
已知蜂王浆包含多种可促进人体健康的物质,并具有多样药理特性(高木-土井(Takaki-Doi S.)等人,2009;曼奴(Mannoor M.K.)等人,2009;和咖思科(Gasic S.)等人,2007)。因此,蜂王浆已广泛用于促进人类健康的保健产品。最近的研究发现,蜂王浆可以促进免疫调控(维科威克(Vuecvic D.)等人,2007)、抗菌(布卡(Boukraa L.),2008)、滋养脑神经(桥本(Hashimoto M.)等人,2005)、抗癌和抗氧化(古蒂(Gou H.)等人,2008)。研究发现蜂王浆为乳白色浆状物质,其组成为:约60-70%的水分、12-15%的蛋白质、10-12%的糖类、3-5%的脂肪、和多种微量元素与矿物质(斯卡塞利(Scarselli R.)等人,2005)。在蛋白质成份当中,约有80-90%属于水溶性蛋白质,而其余为非水溶性蛋白质。换句话说,蜂王浆中所含的蛋白质成份多为水溶性蛋白质。
在上述水溶性蛋白质中,以MRJP(主要蜂王浆蛋白质,Major Royal Jelly Proteins)家族(MRJP 1-9)为主(斯密佐娃(Schmitzova J.)等人,1998)。所述MRJP蛋白质的氨基酸序列虽已经分析,然而,其所负责的作用和功能尚待研究。
MRJP1在蜜蜂脑部被发现,其可能与蜜蜂行为有关。MRJP1占蜂王浆中水溶性蛋白质的44%,而且是所有MRJP家族蛋白质中含量最高者(玛勒科瓦(Malecova B.)等人,2003)。目前针对MRJP3的研究居多,一般认为其与免疫调控有关(科诺(Kohno K.)等人,2004)。MRJP3占蜂王浆中整体水溶性蛋白质的12%,而且其含量在所有MRJP蛋白质(MRJPs 1-9)中居第二位。MRJP3的特点在于其抗过敏和抗发炎活性。此外,MRJP的高多态性基因可导致MRJP3蛋白质变异体(例如60-70kDa蛋白质)的生成(斯特芬-艾尔伯特(Stefan Albert)等人,1999)。
MRJP蛋白质提供丰富的必需氨基酸和其它营养成份(古泽(Furusawa T.)等人,2008)。蜂王浆是蜂王子唯一的营养来源,而MRJP蛋白质则是蜂王浆中最重要的蛋白质。因此,需要研发具有特殊组成的蜂王浆。
发明内容
本发明提供一种方法,经所述方法培育的蜜蜂幼虫相比于正常幼虫,重量至少大50%、大一倍(100%)、甚至大数倍;经所述方法培育的蜂蛹相比于正常蜂蛹,重量至少大50%、甚至大一至数倍;经所述方法培育的蜂王相比于正常蜂王,重量至少大50%、甚至大一至数倍。
本发明提供一种培育相比于对照组幼虫重量至少大50%、甚至大一倍(100%)的蜜蜂幼虫的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲幼虫。其中对照组的幼虫所食用的蜂王浆是由未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂分泌。
本发明提供一种培育相比于对照组蜂蛹重量至少大50%的蜂蛹、或相比于对照组蜂王重量至少大50%的蜂王的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲幼虫,而获得 由所述幼虫发育而成的蛹或蜂王,其中对照组的蛹或蜂王由食用未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂混合物的年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆的蜜蜂幼虫发育而成。
本发明另外提供一种蜂王浆,其所含68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例相比于对照组蜂王浆有所改变。
本发明另外提供一种调控工蜂mrjp3基因的表观遗传(epigenetics)的方法,其包括以HDAC抑制剂喂饲工蜂以调控工蜂的mrjp3基因表达。
附图说明
图1显示喂饲台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆,所述蜂王浆诱发幼虫的快速生长。U-1和U-2:对照组;A-1和A-2:经1.25g/kg的台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;B-1和B-2:经2.50g/kg的台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;C-1和C-2:经5.0g/kg的台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者。
图2显示喂饲蜂胶素C的年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆,所述蜂王浆诱发幼虫的快速生长。U-2:对照组;C1-2:经50mg/kg的蜂胶素C处理者;C2-2:经100mg/kg的蜂胶素C处理者。
图3显示喂饲蜂胶素G的年轻工蜂分泌的蜂王浆中所鉴别出的水溶性蛋白质的组成。所述样品在不同时间点收集。U-1:对照组;T-1:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理的阳性对照组;G1-1:经150mg/kg蜂胶素G处理者;G2-1:经300mg/kg蜂胶素G处理者;G3-1:经600mg/kg蜂胶素G处理者。
图4显示喂饲NBM-HD-1的年轻工蜂分泌的蜂王浆中所鉴别出的水溶性蛋白质的组成。所述样品在不同时间点收集。U-1:对照组;T-1:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理的阳性对照组;H1-1:经50mg/kg NBM-HD-1处理者;H2-1:经100mg/kg NBM-HD-1处理者;H3-1:经200mg/kg NBM-HD-1处理者。
图5显示二维凝胶电泳分析的结果,其目的在于分析在72小时自经NBM-HD-1处理的组别的幼虫萃取出的水溶性蛋白质。L-1:MRJP1;L-2:MRJP3;L-3:MRJP2;L-4:MRJP2;L-5:MRJP3;L-6:MRJP3;L-7:MRJP3;L-8:MRJP2。U1-1:对照组;H3-1:经200mg/kg NBM-HD-1处理者。
图6显示喂饲SAHA的年轻工蜂分泌的蜂王浆中所鉴别出的水溶性蛋白质的组成。所述样品在72小时的时间点收集。U-1:对照组;T-1:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理的阳性对照组;G-1:经150mg/kg蜂胶素G处理的阳性对照组;S1-1:经5mg/kg SAHA处理者;S2-1:经15mg/kg SAHA处理者。
图7显示台湾绿蜂胶萃取物诱发年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆,所述特殊蜂王浆可抑制人类胶质瘤Hs683细胞的增殖。U1:对照组;A1:经1.25g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;B1:经2.50g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;C1:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者。
图8显示台湾绿蜂胶萃取物诱发年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆,所述特殊蜂王浆可诱发老鼠神经干细胞的分化。U1:对照组;A1:经1.25g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;B1:经2.50g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;C1:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者;EGF:阳性对照。
图9(a)至(c)显示台湾绿蜂胶萃取物诱发年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆,所述特殊蜂王浆可促进蜂王幼虫的生长和发育。U:对照组;T:经5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理者。
图10显示喂饲DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂EGCG的工蜂分泌的蜂王浆可使幼虫快速生长。U-1:对照组;E1-1:经50mg/天的EGCG处理者;E2-1:经100mg/天的EGCG处理者;E3-1:经150mg/天的EGCG处理者。
具体实施方式
本发明发现喂饲一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的工蜂所抚育的蜜蜂幼虫可快速成长并发育为大个体的幼虫、蛹或蜂王。所述蜜蜂幼虫可具有大于正常幼虫至少50%、一倍(100%)甚至数倍的重量;所述蛹可具有大于正常蛹至少50%甚至一至数倍的重量;而所述蜂王可具有大于正常蜂王至少50%甚至一至数倍的重量。
本发明发现一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物可通过表观遗传方式改变蜂王浆中68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例。喂饲一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂可通过表观遗传分泌特殊的蜂王浆,其中所述蜂王浆中的68kDa与64kDa蛋白质的比例经改变。蜂王浆是蜂王子和蜂王的主要食物。本发明发现特殊蜂王浆可促进食用所述蜂王浆的蜂王子的生长,并使蜂王子和发育自所述蜂王子的蛹和蜂王的重量显著增加。
在一方面,本发明提供一种培育相比于对照组幼虫,重量至少大50%的蜜蜂幼虫的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲蜜蜂幼虫;其中对照组的幼虫所食用的蜂王浆是由未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂分泌。本发明也提供一种培育相比于对照组幼虫重量至少大一倍(100%)的蜜蜂幼虫的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲蜜蜂幼虫;其中对照组的幼虫所食用的蜂王浆是由未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂分泌。根据本发明的一个实施例,蜜蜂幼虫可由工蜂以其所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲,或由人类以收集自工蜂的蜂王浆喂饲。优选地,重量增加约50%至5倍、50%至2倍、50%至3倍、1至5倍、2至5倍或1至3倍。更优选地,重量增加约3至5倍。根据本发明的一个实施例,喂饲以前述蜂王浆的幼虫在72小时重量增加1.5倍以上。根据本发明,上述蜂王浆所包含的68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例,相比于对照组蜂王浆已经改变。
根据本发明,自本发明蜜蜂幼虫发育而成的蛹和蜂王,相比于对照组的蛹和蜂王,分别具有较高的重量。因此,本发明提供一种培育相比于对照组蜂蛹重量至少大50%的蜂蛹、或相比于对照组蜂王重量至少大50%的蜂王的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲幼虫,而获得由所述幼虫发育而成的蛹或蜂王;其中对照组的蛹或蜂王由食用未喂饲以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂混合物的年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆的蜜蜂幼虫发育而成。根据本发明的一个实施例,蜜蜂幼虫可由工蜂以其所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲,或由人类以收集自工蜂的蜂王浆喂饲。
在一方面,本发明提供一种改变蜂王浆中68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例的方法,其包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,以生产相比于对照组蜂王浆,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质比例经改变的蜂王浆。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种生产蜂王浆的方法,其中相比于对照组蜂王浆,所述蜂王浆所含68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例经改变,所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并收集由所述年轻工蜂所生产的蜂王浆。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种蜂王浆,其所含68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例相比于对照组蜂王浆经改变。
根据本发明,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比率可增加约1.5至12倍、1.5至5倍、2-6倍、2-10倍、4-12倍或2-4倍(相比于对照组)。更优选地,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比率可增加约1.5至约5倍或2至10倍(相比于对照组)。更优选地,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比率可增加约2至4倍或约4至10倍(相比于对照组)。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种调控工蜂mrjp3基因的表观遗传的方法,其包括以HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲工蜂,以调控工蜂的mrjp3基因表达。根据本发明,前述表观遗传可以是对DNA甲基化或HDAC的抑制。DNA甲基化是一种表观遗传改变,其不改变DNA序列、可经遗传、并可改变基因表达。DNA甲基化是可诱发可遗传的基因沉默(gene silencing)的共价修饰,其可以两种方式之一诱发沉默现象。其一,甲基化作用可直接干扰转录因子与DNA上辨识位置间的结合;其二,甲基-CpG结合区域蛋白质(methyl-CpG binding domain proteins,MBPs)可通过聚集协阻抑物(co-repressor)复合物(其内含组蛋白去乙酰化酶或组蛋白甲基转移酶)来强化前述沉默现象(朱莉基弗(Juile C.Kiefer),2007)。HDAC抑制剂既可改变年轻工蜂的68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的表达,推测HDAC抑制剂可调控组蛋白的过度乙酰化(hyperacetylation),又可影响年轻工蜂的多态性mrjp3基因剪接(gene splicing)和转译作用。
本发明同时发现,相似于HDAC抑制剂的作用结果,DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂(例如没食子酸表儿茶素酯,EGCG)同样可调控工蜂mrjp3基因的表观遗传,而使该工蜂 所分泌的蜂王浆经喂饲蜂王子后,达到促进蜂王子生长的效果。
本文中,术语“烷基”代表直链或具支链烃链;烷基优选为C1-10烷基。优选地,烷基的碳数选自由1至8组成的群组;更优选地,其是C1-6烷基或C1-4烷基。烷基的实例包括甲基(-CH3)、乙基(-CH2CH3)、丙基(-CH2CH2CH3)、异丙基((CH3)2CH)和丁基(-C4H9)。
本文中,术语“烯基”代表直链或具支链不饱和烃基,其中不饱和是双键。根据本发明,烯基包括一或多个双键。烯基优选为C2-16烯基。更优选地,烯基的碳数选自由2至12组成的群组。烯基的实例包括乙烯基(-CH=CH2)、丙烯基(-CH=CHCH3或-CH2CH=CH2)、丁烯基(-CH2CH=CHCH3或-CH=CHCH2CH3或-CH2CH2CH=CH2)、-CH2CH=C(CH3)CH3、-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH3和-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH3。
本文中,术语“环烷基”代表脂肪族环(饱和碳环)。优选地,环烷基的碳数选自由3至8组成的群组;更优选地,环烷基的碳数选自由5至6组成的群组。环烷基的实例包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基和环己基。
本文中,术语“不饱和碳环”包括由碳原子和氢原子组成的环取代基,而且环状部分是不饱和环,例如芳基或环烯基等。术语“环烯基”包括属于具有一或多个双键的环烷基的烯基,例如环丙烯基(例如1-环丙烯基)、环丁烯基(例如1-环丁烯基)、环戊烯基(例如1-环戊烯-1-基、2-环戊烯-1-基和3-环戊烯-1-基)、环己烯基(例如1-环己烯-1-基、2-环己烯-1-基和3-环己烯-1-基)、环庚烯基(例如1-环庚烯基)、环辛基(例如1-环辛基)等。尤其优选为1-环己烯-1-基、2-环己烯-1-基和3-环己烯-1-基。术语“芳基”包括单一或稠合环(其中至少一个环是芳香族),例如苯基、萘基和四氢萘基。
本文中,术语“5元或6元杂环”是具有5个或6个原子的环状环,其中环中的至少一个原子是杂原子。5元或6元杂环可以是芳香族或非芳香族,其饱和或不饱和。优选地,杂原子选自N、O和S。杂环的实例包括(但不限于)呋喃基(如2-呋喃基、3-呋喃基)、噻吩基(如2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基)、吡咯基(如1-吡咯基、2-吡咯基、3-吡咯基)、咪唑基(如1-咪唑基、2-咪唑基、4-咪唑基)、吡唑基(如1-吡唑基、3-吡唑基、4-吡唑基)、三唑基(如1,2,4-三唑-1-基、1,2,4-三唑-3-基、1,2,4-三唑-4-基)、四唑基(如1-四唑基、2-四唑基、5-四唑基)、噁唑基(如2-噁唑基、2-噁唑基、5-噁唑基)、异噁唑基(如3-异噁唑基、4-异噁唑基、5-异噁唑基)、噻唑基(如2-噻唑基、4-噻唑基、5-噻唑基)、噻二唑基、异噻唑基(如3-异噻唑基、4-异噻唑基、5-异噻唑基)、吡啶基(如2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基)、哒嗪基(如3-哒嗪基、4-哒嗪基)、嘧啶基(如2-嘧啶基、4-嘧啶基、5-嘧啶基)、呋呫基(如3-呋呫基)、吡嗪基(如2-吡嗪基)、噁二唑基(如1,3,4-噁二唑-2-基)、1-吡咯啉基、2-吡咯啉基、3-吡咯啉基、吡咯烷、2-吡咯烷基、3-吡咯烷基、1-咪唑啉基、2-咪唑啉基、4-咪唑啉基、1-咪唑烷基、2-咪唑烷基、4-咪唑烷基、1-吡唑啉基、3-吡唑啉基、4-吡唑啉基、 1-吡唑烷基、3-吡唑烷基、4-吡唑烷基、N-哌啶基、2-哌啶基、3-哌啶基、4-哌啶基、哌嗪基、2-哌嗪基、3-哌嗪基、吗啉基、四氢吡喃基或其类似物。
本文中,术语“卤素”代表氟、氯、溴和碘。
本文中,术语“医药上可接受的盐”包括与有机或无机酸或碱所形成的盐。医药上可接受的酸加成盐包括与矿物酸(例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸和磷酸)或有机酸(例如柠檬酸、酒石酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸、琥珀酸、草酸、甲酸、反丁烯二酸、苹果酸、草酰乙酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、对-甲苯磺酸、苯磺酸和羟乙基磺酸)形成的盐。医药上可接受的碱盐包括铵盐、碱金属盐(例如钠盐和钾盐)、碱土金属盐(例如钙盐和镁盐)和有机碱盐(包括伯胺、仲胺和叔胺盐)。
本文中,术语“前药”代表化合物在身体内转变(例如在血液中水解)成其具有医疗效果的活性形式。
本文中,术语“溶剂合物”代表包括本发明化合物与溶剂的复合物,其中他们反应或他们自其沉淀或结晶。
本文中,术语“立体异构体”是异构体分子,其分子连接相同但分子的空间排列不同。
本文中,术语“对映异构体”代表彼此仅具有对映结构关系但无法令其互相重叠一致的立体异构体,如一个人的左手与右手是相同但相反的。
本文中,术语“工峰”是缺乏蜂群蜂王的完全繁殖能力的雌峰;在大多数情况下,其与蜂王的非繁殖活动增加有关。峰卵个别产卵于蜡质蜂巢的巢室中,其由工峰制造并成型。蜂王子起初喂食工蜂生产的蜂王浆,接着喂食蜂蜜和花粉。例外是蜂王子缓慢喂食蜂王浆,其将发育成蜂王。在巢室内结茧前,蜂王子进行数次蜕变并变成蛹。雄蜂自未受精的卵孵化出,雌蜂(蜂王和工蜂)自受精卵孵化出。蜂王可选择使卵受精,此通常取决于产卵处的蜂巢。年轻工蜂清洁蜂巢并喂食蜂王子。当蜂王浆生产腺萎缩,他们开始建造蜂巢室。当他们较年长时,他们进行蜂群内的其它任务,例如采花蜜和花粉并捍卫蜂巢。接着,工蜂认巢飞行,最后离开蜂巢并担任外勤蜂。
本文中,术语“蜂王浆”是蜜蜂分泌物,其用于滋养蜂王子。其分泌自位于年轻工蜂头部的下咽头腺(hypopharyngeal gland)并用于喂食蜂群中的蜂王子。
根据本发明,HDAC是一种酶,其通过选择性去乙酰化位于接近核心组蛋白氨端的赖氨酸ε-氨基而影响转录。HDAC抑制剂正成为治疗实体和血液恶性疾病的新一类抗癌剂。本发明出乎意料地发现HDAC抑制剂可影响年轻工蜂生产的蜂王浆的MRJP3的68kDa和64kDa的表达。根据本发明,HDAC抑制剂包括(但不限于)四类HDAC抑制剂:短链脂肪酸、羟肟酸、苄酰胺和环状肽,如医药研究评论(Medicinal Research Reviews),第26卷,第4期,第397-413页,2006所报导;如美国国家癌症研究所期刊(Journal of the National Cancer Institute),第92卷,第15期,2000年8月2日,第1210-1216页所提及以羟肟酸为主的杂合极性化合物(HPC);美国专利第6,174,905号、EP 0847992、JP 258863/96和日本申请案第10138957号所述的苄酰胺衍生物;WO 01/38322中的化合物;苄酰胺M344(人类遗传学(Hum Genet),2006,120,第101-110页);丁酸钠(sodium butyrate)(人类分子遗传学(Human Molecular Genetics),2004,第13卷,第11期,第1183-1192页);曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin A)(分子癌症(Molecular Cancer)2006,5:8;此文献可自http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/5/1/8得到);美国专利第7,169,801号揭示的具有式Z-Q-L-M或Z-L-M的化合物;美国专利第6,888,027号所述的包括PXD101的磺酰胺化合物;欧洲专利第1 301 184号所述的丙戊酸(valproic acid)和其衍生物;N,N′-六亚甲基二乙酰胺(hexamethylene bisacetamide,HMBA);美国专利第6,087,367号和RE 38506所述的与HMBA有关的化合物;美国专利第7,399,787号所揭示的与HMBA有关的化合物,例如辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid)(SAHA);血液(Blood),2003年10月1日,第102卷,第7期,第2615-2622页所报导的NVP-LAQ824(羟肟酸衍生物)和NVP-LAQ824(4-氨基甲基肉桂异羟肟酸的衍生物);通过诱发细胞凋亡诱导生长抑制和肿瘤细胞株退化并作为抗癌剂进行第一期临床试验测试的LBH589(血液(Blood),105(4):1768-76,2005年2月15日);美国专利申请案第11/855416号和第12/418373号提及的化合物;蜂胶;蜂胶素和美国公开案第20080242648号提及的化合物,包括N-羟基-N′-3-吡啶基辛二酰胺(pyroxamide)、M-羧基肉桂酸双羟酰胺(CBHA)、曲古抑菌素A(TSA)、曲古抑菌素C、水杨酰异羟肟酸(SBHA)、壬二酰双异羟肟酸(azelaic bishydroxamic acid)(ABHA)、壬二酰-1-异羟肟酸盐-9-苯胺(AAHA)、6-(3-氯苯基脲基)己酸异羟肟酸(3C1-UCHA)、奥克氟汀(oxamflatin)、A-161906、斯瑞泰德(scriptaid)、PXD-101、含有异羟肟酸的环状肽(CHAP)、ITF-2357、MW2796、MW2996、托普辛A(trapoxin A)、FR901228(FK 228或缩酚酸肽(Depsipeptide))、FR225497、阿匹西汀(apicidin)、CHAP、HC-毒素、WF27082、查米多星(chlamydocin)、丁酸钠、异戊酸盐、戊酸盐、4-苯基丁酸盐(4-PBA)、4-苯基丁酸钠盐(PBS)、丁酸精氨酸、丙酸盐、丁酰胺、异丁酰胺、苯乙酸盐、3-溴丙酸盐、三丁酸甘油酯(tributyrin)、丙戊酸、丙戊酸盐、CI-994、MS-27-275的3′-氨衍生物、MGCD0103和德普地辛(Depudecin)。其中所引用的公开文献并入本文中作为参考。
根据本发明的一个具体实施例,用于本发明的HDAC抑制剂是下式(I)所代表的化合物:
其中
R1和R2各自独立为OH、OC(=O)烷基、O-烷基、S-烷基、N-烷基、O-烯基、S-烯基、N-烯基、O-炔基、S-炔基、N-炔基、O-C3-8环烷基、S-C3-8环烷基、N-C3-8环烷基、O-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、S-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、N-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、烷基、烯基、炔基、C3-8环烷基、不饱和5元至10元单环或双环或包含至少一个选自下列群组的杂原子:N、O和S的饱和或不饱和5元至10元杂环;或R1与R2一起形成二氧戊环;
R3和R4各自独立为OH、OC(=O)烷基、O-烷基、S-烷基、N-烷基、O-烯基、S-烯基、N-烯基、O-炔基、S-炔基、N-炔基、O-C3-8环烷基、S-C3-8环烷基、N-C3-8环烷基、O-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、S-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、N-不饱和5元至10元单环或双环、烷基、烯基、炔基、C3-8环烷基、不饱和5元至10元单环或双环或包含至少一个选自下列群组的杂原子:N、O和S的饱和或不饱和5元至10元杂环;
R5是C4-16烷基或C4-16烯基,其中烷基或烯基未经取代或经一或多个C1-6烷基、OH、卤素、CN、NO、N3、NH2、CHO、OR9、SR9、NR9或COOR9取代;
R6是C2-12烷基或C2-12烯基,其中烷基或烯基未经取代或经一或多个C1-6烷基、OH、卤素、CN、NO、N3、NH2、CHO、OR9、SR9或NR9取代;或
R5或R6之一为氢、卤素或OH,另一者为C4-16烷基或C4-16亚烷基,其未经取代或经一或多个C1-6烷基、OH、NH2、卤素、CN、NO或N3取代;
R7或R8各自独立为氢、卤素、OH、NH2、COOH、CHO、CN、NO、未经取代或经OH、NH2、COOH、卤素、CN、NO或CHO取代的C1-6烷基、=O、O-烷基、S-烷基、N-烷基、O-烯基、S-烯基、N-烯基、O-炔基、S-炔基或N-炔基;或
R7和R8一起形成双键、C3-6环烷基或包含至少一个选自下列群组的杂原子:N、O和S的饱和或不饱和5元至10元杂环;
R9是苯基、C(=O)R10、C(=O)OR10或苄基;且
R10是OH、NHOH、NH2、C1-6烷基、苯基或苄基;
和其医药上可接受的盐、立体异构体、对映异构体、前药或溶剂合物。
优选地,式(I)化合物是如下化合物:其中,R1和R2各自独立为OH、OC1-6烷基、OC(=O)C1-6烷基、O-苯基或O-苄基或R1与R2一起形成二氧戊环;R3和R4各自独立为OH、OC1-6烷基、OC(=O)C1-6烷基、O-苯基或O-苄基;R5是
C1-4烷基苯基 R6是
C1-4烷基苯基C1-4烷基苯基
优选地,式(I)化合物选自下列群组:
根据本发明的另一具体实施例,本发明所使用的HDAC抑制剂是下式II所代表的化合物:
其中
R1是氢、烷基、烯基、C5-6环烷基、5元或6元不饱和碳环或5元或6元杂环;
X是C、O、N或S;
Y是O、NH或O-C1-4烷基;
n是0至10的整数;
m是0至5的整数;
R2和R3各自为C1-6烷基;
R4是C5-6环烷基或5元或6元不饱和碳环或杂环,其可经卤素、CF3、OR7或NR7R8取代,其中R7和R8各自为氢或C1-6烷基;
R5是OH、NH2或C5-6环烷基、5元或6元不饱和碳环或杂环,其中所述环烷基、碳环和杂环可任选地经卤素、NH2、NO2、C1-6烷氧基、C1-6烷硫基、OR7、NR7R8或CF3取代;且
R6是H、C1-10烷基,其可经羟基或C2-10烯基取代,或与R1一起为-C2H2-;
和其医药上可接受的盐、立体异构体、对映异构体、前药和溶剂合物。
优选地,式(II)化合物是R1、R2和R3各自为C1-4烷基;R4是苯基或经卤素、CF3或OC1-4烷基取代的苯基;R5是OH、苯基或经NH2取代的苯基且R6是氢的化合物。
更优选地,式(II)化合物选自下列群组:
根据本发明的另一具体实施例,用于本发明的HDAC抑制剂是SAHA、蜂胶或蜂胶素(例如蜂胶素A至J)。优选地,HDAC抑制剂是台湾绿蜂胶、蜂胶素A、蜂胶素B、蜂胶素C、蜂胶素D、蜂胶素E、蜂胶素F、蜂胶素G、蜂胶素H、蜂胶素I、蜂胶素J、SAHA或NBM-HD-1。
本发明出乎意料地发现HDAC抑制剂可改变喂食HDAC抑制剂的工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆的MRJP3的68kDa蛋白质对64kDa蛋白质的比例。本发明建议所述改变是由表观遗传修饰(epigenetic modification)诱导,其可由珍南格雷厄姆(Janet S.Graham)等人(珍南格雷厄姆等人,2009)、沃顿(T.J.Walton)等人(沃顿等人,2008)、朱莉基弗(Julie C.Kiefer)(朱莉基弗,2007)和阿曼德梅瑞马迪(Ahmad Miremadi)等人(阿曼德梅瑞马迪等人,2007)支持。喂食上述蜂王浆的蜂王子相比于一般蜂王子,具有较 重的重量和较大的大小,使得他们的发育期较短。自所述蜂王子发育的蛹和蜂王也具有较重的重量和较大的大小。这些蜂王具有较高的卵产量,使得蜂群的数目和蜂蜜的产量增加。
实例
实例1:台湾绿蜂胶萃取物和蜂胶素C和G(propolins C and G)的制备
台湾绿蜂胶萃取物
使用95%乙醇(250mLx3)萃取50g台湾绿蜂胶(TP),用超声波振荡处理3小时后,在25℃下静置21小时。经过滤后在减压下干燥处理乙醇萃取物,以生成黄褐色胶状物(34.5g)。将前述胶状物保存于-20℃下直至需使用时。
蜂胶素C(Propolin C)
使用葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex)LH-20柱(安玛西亚生物技术AB(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB),乌普萨拉(Uppsala),瑞典(Sweden))对5g TP萃取物进行色谱处理,使用甲醇作为溶剂进行洗脱(elution),得到六份流份(fraction)。在硅胶柱中对所有洗脱物(包括得自后续色谱法的流份)进行色谱处理,并使用正己烷和EtOAc的梯度溶剂系统进行洗脱。通过反相(reversed-phase)制备型高效液相色谱(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)/UV对活性最高的流份4进行纯化(正己烷∶EtOAc=70∶30),随后收集保留时间(retention time)为45分钟的蜂胶素C流份。所采用的试验条件如下:柱:卢纳菲罗门(Luna Phenomenex)(C18,250mmx10mm);溶剂系统:甲醇∶水(7∶3);流速:2.5mL/分钟;和检测:UV 280nm。所得化合物经确认为蜂胶素C,利用HPLC/UV基于峰区域进行估计,所得蜂胶素C的纯度不低于95%。
蜂胶素G(Propolin G)
使用葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex)LH-20柱(安玛西亚生物技术AB(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB),乌普萨拉(Uppsala),瑞典(Sweden))对5g TP萃取物进行色谱处理,使用甲醇作为溶剂进行洗脱,得到六份流份。在硅胶柱中对所有洗脱物(包括得自后续色谱法的流份)进行色谱处理,并使用正己烷和EtOAc的梯度溶剂系统进行洗脱。通过反相制备型高效液相色谱/UV对活性最高的流份3进行纯化(正己烷∶EtOAc=70∶30),随后收集保留时间为25分钟的蜂胶素G流份。所采用的试验条件如下:柱:卢纳菲罗门(Luna Phenomenex)(C18,250mm x 10mm);溶剂系统:甲醇∶水(8.5∶1.5);流速:3.5mL/分钟;和检测:UV 280nm。所得化合物经确认为蜂胶素G,利用HPLC/UV基于峰区域进行估计,所得蜂胶素G的纯度不低于95%。
实例2:收集并分析蜂王浆和蜂王子
筛选MRJP3蛋白质表达量相近的蜂箱进行试验,而每一对照组和实验组各包含两个待测蜂箱。在第一天,先以摇动方式移除蜂箱内原本含有的蜜,并在接下来的两天内各以糖水喂食蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)两次(对照组:普通糖水;实验组:特殊糖水)。前述特殊糖水是将配方糖粉用水稀释10倍而得到。在第三天,将1.5日龄的蜂王子(来自相同的蜂王的后代)移入蜂箱,并喂食1次(对照组:普通糖水;实验组:特殊糖 水)。24小时、48小时和72小时后,收集20只蜂王子和所述20只蜂王子巢内的蜂王浆,以进行定量、定性和蛋白质组学分析。
在定性分析方面,以蜂王浆与灭菌水重量比1∶10萃取蜂王浆,取水层部分的蛋白质,通过布拉福染色-结合方法(Bradford dye-binding method)(伯乐蛋白质分析(Bio-Rad protein assay),伯乐实验室(Bio-Rad laboratories)公司)测定蛋白质的含量。利用艾丽萨读数器(Elisa Reader)(Bio-TEK)在吸光值595nm进行蛋白质样本定量,并取10μg的蛋白量,利用12.5%SDS-PAGE凝胶(60伏特、30分钟和120伏特、2小时)分离不同分子量的蛋白质。接着进行考马斯蓝(Coomassie blue)染色(考马斯亮蓝(Coomassie Brilliant Blue R),西格玛(Sigma),B0630),15分钟后再利用去染缓冲剂(甲醇∶乙酸∶ddH2O=20∶7∶73)进行退染,直至凝胶背景透明。
用1x PBS清洗幼虫,将体表上残留的蜂王浆去除,再进行虫体研磨。研磨后,加入适量灭菌水,以进行蛋白质萃取。如前述方法取水层部分的蛋白质进行蛋白质定量,并取10μg的蛋白量,利用12.5%SDS-PAGE凝胶(60伏特、30分钟和120伏特、2小时)分离不同分子量的蛋白质。以考马斯蓝染色15分钟后,利用去染缓冲剂(甲醇∶乙酸∶ddH2O=20∶7∶73)进行退染,直至凝胶背景透明。
在定量分析方面,在不同时间点(24小时、48小时或72小时)收集对照组和实验组各蜂箱中的蜂王浆和蜂王子。将蜂王浆或蜂王子秤重,并将蜂王子拍照记录,以进行分析和比较。
在蛋白质组学分析与蛋白质鉴定方面,使用旋转减压浓缩机(真空离心(Speed Vac))真空干燥蜂王浆或蜂王子的上清悬浮液,并使用再水合缓冲液(rehydration buffer)回溶。利用布拉福染色-结合方法测定蛋白质的含量,随后取10μg的蜂王浆和100μg的蜂王子进行二维电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)分析;其中所使用步骤如下:先以pH 3至10的条带通过等电聚焦(isoelectric focusing,IEF)分离样品,平衡后,使用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)(积层凝胶(stacking gel):30%丙烯酰胺(伯乐(Bio-Rad))、Tris pH 6.8、10%APS、ddH2O、1%SDS;TEMED;分离凝胶(separating gel):30%丙烯酰胺(伯乐(Bio-Rad))、Tris pH 8.8、10%APS、ddH2O、1%SDS;TEMED)进行样品分离。对凝胶进行影像撷取,并利用二维图像大师白金6.0(Image Master 2D Platinum 6.0)软件进行分析。选取待测色点,进行凝胶内胰蛋白酶水解(In-gel trypsin digestion),并由LC-ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS实施质谱分析,并利用马斯科特(Mascot)软件进行所得结果与资料库的比对、和蛋白质身份鉴定。
实例3:台湾绿蜂胶萃取物对诱发蜂王子生长的效果
台湾绿蜂胶乙醇萃取物中含有10种蜂胶素,分别命名为蜂胶素A-J,其中蜂胶素C、D、F和G为主要种类。用每千克糖含1.25、2.5或5.0克台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的糖水喂饲蜂群三次,并分别在移入1.5日龄蜂王子后的24小时、48小时和72小时,收集蜂王子与由工蜂所生产的蜂王浆进行分析。如表1和图1所示,1.25至5.0克/千克 的台湾绿蜂胶萃取物显著促进蜂王子的生长。在24小时至48小时期间,对照组的蜂王子由4.73mg增加到12.26mg,即重量增加约1.59倍。而在以高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理的组别中,蜂王子由6.78mg增加到26.72mg,即重量增加约2.94倍。在48小时至72小时期间,对照组的蜂王子由12.26mg增加到31.70mg,重量增加约1.58倍。而在以高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理的组别中,蜂王子从26.72mg增加到107.55mg,重量增加约3.03倍。
表1:由喂饲以台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的年轻工蜂所分泌的特殊蜂王浆,可促进蜂王子的快速生长
以上数据显示,用含台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的糖喂饲蜂群,可使工蜂生产特殊的蜂王浆,而食用所述特殊蜂王浆可促进蜂王子快速生长。
对前述特殊蜂王浆进行进一步分析,以测定其量与质是否不同于正常蜂王浆。结果显示,特殊蜂王浆(得自经处理组)的产量与正常蜂王浆(得自对照组)的产量并无明显差异(见表2)。此意味着年轻工蜂确实能提供充足的蜂王浆供蜂王子食用,且根据蜂王子大小与食用量调配供应量。
表2:台湾绿蜂胶萃取物未显著影响年轻工蜂所生产的蜂王浆量
比较正常蜂王浆和特殊蜂王浆的水溶性蛋白质含量后发现无明显差异(见表3)。结果说明,台湾绿蜂胶萃取物只影响MRJP3蛋白质中各异型物表达量间的比例,却不会诱发新蛋白质的生成;换句话说,总蛋白质量未改变。
表3:台湾绿蜂胶萃取物未显著影响年轻工蜂所生产的蜂王浆中水溶性蛋白质的含量
实验结果还发现,食用特殊蜂王浆不但可诱发蜂王子的快速生长,还可增进这些蜂王子体内的蛋白质含量(见表4);其中蛋白质含量似以与蜂王子重量近似的倍数增加。
表4:台湾绿蜂胶萃取物可增加蜂王子体内的蛋白质含量
实例4:蜂胶素C对诱发蜂王子生长的效果
蜂胶素C是台湾绿蜂胶的主要成份,是所有蜂胶素中含量最高者。通过进行上述的实验方法,用50-100mg/kg剂量的蜂胶素C处理,可以显著改变年轻工蜂所分泌蜂王浆的蛋白组成,使得蜂王子快速生长(见表5和图2)。由这个结果得知,蜂胶素C可能需要将剂量调高到300mg/kg剂量,才有驱动倍数增加蜂王子生长能力。根据结果显示,在48小时至72小时期间,对照组由每只蜂王子13.45mg增加到61.60mg,约增加3.58倍。而高剂量蜂胶素C(100mg/kg)组,从13.48mg增加到98.48mg,约增加6.30倍。
表5:蜂胶素C影响年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆造成蜂子生长快速
实例5:蜂胶素D、F和G对MRJP3蛋白表达和蜂王子生长的效果
蜂胶素D、F和G也是台湾绿蜂胶活性的主要成份。在本研究中,用每千克糖含150毫克、300毫克或600毫克蜂胶素G的糖水喂饲蜂群三次,并分别在移入1.5日龄蜂王子后的24小时、48小时和72小时,收集蜂王子与由工蜂所生产的蜂王浆以进行分析。如图3所示,蜂王浆的水溶性蛋白MRJP3(实验组)的组成与一般蜂王浆(对照组)有显著的改变。在72小时,对照组中分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为2∶8;然而,在中剂量(300mg/kg)蜂胶素G组中,分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为6.5∶3.5。显然,MRJP3的68kDa的表达显著增加,且64kDa的表达则显著降低。
而这类特殊组成的蜂王浆明显提供优选营养组成,造成蜂王子快速生长,在24 小时至48小时期间,对照组由每只蜂王子5.23mg增加到13.57mg,约增加1.60倍。高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶萃取物组是阳性对照组,从5.53mg增加到30.27mg,约增加4.47倍;而蜂胶素G(300mg/kg)组,从3.93mg增加到23.80mg,约增加5.05倍。而在48小时至72小时期间,对照组由每只蜂王子13.57mg增加到30.07mg,约增加1.22倍。而高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶萃取物组,从30.27mg增加到103.30mg,约增加2.41倍,而蜂胶素G(300mg/kg)组,从23.80mg增加到161.73mg,约增加5.79倍(表6)。而蜂胶素D和F也会达成类似效果,只是活性较蜂胶素G弱。
表6:蜂胶素G影响年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆造成蜂子生长快速
上述数据表明特殊蜂王浆具有优选的营养组成,且因此可诱导蜂王子的快速生长。
蜂胶素D和F也会造成类似效果,只是活性较蜂胶素G弱。
实例6:HDAC抑制剂NBM-HD-1G对MRJP3蛋白表达和蜂王子生长的效果
NBM-HD-1是由台湾绿蜂胶的主要成份之一:蜂胶素G合成衍生得到,且已知NBM-HD-1是一种新型的HDAC(组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase))抑制剂。通过进行如上所述的实验方法,发现经50mg/kg至200mg/kg剂量的NBM-HD-1进行处理显著促进年轻工蜂所分泌蜂王浆的蛋白组成比例的改变,其中以72小时为例,对照组中分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为4∶6。然而,在阳性对照组高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶抽出物组中,分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为7∶3,而NBM-HD-1(200mg/kg)组中分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为9∶1。如表7所示,NBM-HD-1 处理诱导蜂王子的快速生长。
表7:NBM-HD-1影响年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆造成蜂王子生长快速
上述数据表明不同MRJP3蛋白间的蛋白比例改变,会造成蜂王子体重明显增加,生长快速。
将表达于对照组和实验组的蜂王子的水溶性蛋白进行分析,由二维电泳与高分辨率质谱分析显示,NBM-HD-1处理所培育的蜂王子,会增加MRJP 1、2和3的蛋白量,其中以MRJP3最为明显(参见图5)。
实例7:HDAC抑制剂SAHA对MRJP3蛋白表达和蜂王子生长的效果
SAHA是一种有效的HDAC抑制剂,当以5-15mg/kg剂量进行处理时,可以显著促进年轻工蜂所分泌蜂王浆的蛋白组成比例的改变。以72小时为例,对照组中分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为2∶8;然而,在高剂量(5g/kg)台湾绿蜂胶萃取物组与蜂胶素G(150mg/kg)阳性对照组中,分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例分别为5.5∶4.5和8∶2。然而,15mg/kg SAHA处理组中分子量68kDa与64kDa的MRJP3比例为4∶6(参见图6)。而这种特殊蜂王浆提供优选营养组成,让蜂王子体重明显增加生长快速,如表8所示。
表8:SAHA影响年轻工蜂分泌特殊蜂王浆造成蜂子生长快速
实例8:特殊蜂王的培育
进行实验研究以喂食台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的年轻工蜂所分泌特殊蜂王浆喂食蜂王子的发育和变态。如上文所述,经台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理组显著促进蜂王子的生长。发现食用台湾蜂胶萃取物组(以5.0g/kg台湾绿蜂胶萃取物处理),明显在幼虫期促进蜂王子的生长;并且持续观察进入蛹期,在第4天至第8天蜂蛹明显比对照组大(参见图9(a))。测量蜂王子和蛹的体重,发现在幼虫期第3天,实验组台湾蜂胶萃取物组体重较对照组重100%(参见图9(b))。而进入蛹期后,对照组从第4天的196.0mg降至第8天的136.10mg(每只蜂蛹的重量),约下降30%。台湾蜂胶萃取物组,从第4天的271.30mg降至第8天的244.53mg(每只蜂蛹的重量),约下降9.8%(参见图9(c))。显然,喂饲台湾蜂胶萃取物组的蜂蛹在进行变态过程中消耗较少的能量。而我们以蛹期第8天来进行比较,也发现喂饲台湾蜂胶萃取物组的蜂蛹约比对照组增加约80%的重量。大约与幼虫期相差100%的重量差。
实例9:本发明特殊蜂王浆的生物功能
针对喂食台湾绿蜂胶萃取物的年轻工蜂所分泌蜂王浆的抗癌功能和脑神经干细胞的分化。
在抗癌研究中,Hs683细胞(人类胶质瘤细胞)购自食品工业发展研究所(台湾,新竹)并在RPMI 1640(格兰特岛生物公司(Gibco))中进行培养,所述培养基含有2mM谷氨酸和0.1mM NEAA、100mg/L丙酮酸钠、10%FBS和1%稀释的盘尼西林和链霉素,并维持在37℃、95%湿度的大气和5%CO2下。在6孔培养皿中培养细胞(每盘3x105个),保持过夜。接着将细胞转移至不含血清的培养基中并用不同浓度(15μg/mL 和45μg/mL)的水溶性蜂王浆蛋白处理。发现在B1和C1组中用45μg/mL的蜂王浆蛋白处理48小时显著抑制Hs683细胞的生长(参见图7)。
在分化研究中,在含有B27(格兰特岛生物公司(Gibco))的神经基础培养基(格兰特岛生物公司(Gibco))中培养脑神经干细胞。用10μg/mL的水溶性蜂王浆蛋白质处理神经球(neurosphere)。使用EGF(5ng/mL)作为阳性对照组。如图8中所示,在B1和C1组中用10μg/mL的蜂王浆蛋白处理72小时明显诱导神经干细胞分化成神经元细胞、神经胶质细胞和寡突细胞。
上述数据表明HDAC抑制剂可影响年轻工蜂的咽头腺与大颚腺的染色质重组,由此改变68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白的表达,但不改变其它MRJP蛋白质的表达。可在每一增大的蜂王子中鉴定出68kDa与64kDa MRJP蛋白间比例的改变,且转变趋向于68kDa或64kDa MRJP同种型(isoform)。HDAC抑制剂可影响多态性MRJP3的选择性剪切,其导致68kDa和64kDa同种型表达的改变。两种同种型蛋白表达的调控决定了蜂王子的生长。
实例10:DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂(EGCG)对诱发蜂王子生长的效果
没食子酸表儿茶素酯(Epigallocatechin Gallate,EGCG)为一种DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂。以每日50mg、100mg及150mg剂量的EGCG糖水及一般糖水,分别喂饲实验组及对照组蜂群两日,并分别于移入1日龄蜂王子(皆由相同蜂王所产)后的24、48及72小时,收集蜂王子以进行分析。如表9及图10所示,EGCG显著促进蜂王子的生长。举例而言,在24至48小时期间,对照组的蜂王子由5.9mg增加到19.6mg,即重量增加约3.32倍。而于以50mg/天EGCG处理的组别当中,蜂王子由4.8mg增加到23.77mg,即重量增加约4.95倍。在48至72小时期间,对照组的蜂王子由19.6mg增加到88.57mg,重量增加约4.52倍。而以50mg/天EGCG处理的组别当中,蜂王子从23.77mg增加到152.42mg,重量增加约6.41倍。
表9:EGCG影响工蜂分泌蜂王乳造成蜂王子生长快速
实验结果显示,近似于前述HDAC抑制剂的作用,EGCG亦具有促进蜂王子生长的功效。
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Claims (28)
1.一种培育相比于对照组幼虫,重量至少大50%的蜜蜂幼虫的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲蜜蜂幼虫;其中对照组的幼虫所食用的蜂王浆是由未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂分泌。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中蜜蜂幼虫的重量增加约50%至5倍、50%至2倍、50%至3倍、1至5倍、2至5倍或1至3倍。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中喂饲蜂王浆72小时后的幼虫重量增加大于1倍(100%)。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中喂饲蜂王浆72小时后的幼虫重量增加大于1.5倍。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中喂饲蜂王浆72小时后的幼虫重量增加约2到5倍。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中喂饲蜂王浆72小时后的幼虫重量增加约3到5倍。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中蜂王浆中MRJP3蛋白质的68kDa对64kDa的比例改变。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中蜂王浆中MRJP3蛋白质的68kDa对64kDa的比例,相对于对照组,增加约1.5至12倍、1.5至5倍、2至6倍、2至10倍、4至12倍或2至4倍。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述HDAC抑制剂选自下列式(II)化合物的群组或其医药上可接受的盐、立体异构体、对映异构体、前药和溶剂合物,和SAHA的群组,
其中
R1是氢、烷基、烯基、C5-6环烷基、5元或6元不饱和碳环或5元或6元杂环;
X是C、O、N或S;
Y是O、NH或O-C1-4烷基;
n是0至10的整数;
m是0至5的整数;
R2和R3各自为C1-6烷基;
R4是C5-6环烷基或5元或6元不饱和碳环或杂环,其可经卤素、CF3、OR7或NR7R8取代;
R5是OH、NH2或C5-6环烷基、5元或6元不饱和碳环或杂环,其中所述环烷基、碳环和杂环可任选地经卤素、NH2、NO2、C1-6烷氧基、C1-6烷硫基、OR7、NR7R8或CF3取代;且
R6是H、C1-10烷基,其可经羟基或C2-10烯基取代,或与R1一起为-C2H2-;
其中R7和R8各自为氢或C1-6烷基。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述HDAC抑制剂是SAHA。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中HDAC抑制剂选自下列群组:
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中蜜蜂幼虫可由工蜂喂饲由其分泌的蜂王浆或由人类喂饲收集自工蜂的蜂王浆。
13.一种培育相比于对照组蜂蛹重量至少大50%的蜂蛹、或相比于对照组蜂王重量至少大50%的蜂王的方法;所述方法包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,并以所述年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆喂饲幼虫,而获得由所述幼虫发育而成的蛹或蜂王,其中对照组的蛹或蜂王由食用未喂饲HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物的年轻工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆的蜜蜂幼虫发育而成。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中蜜蜂幼虫可由工蜂喂饲由其分泌的蜂王浆或由人类喂饲收集自工蜂的蜂王浆。
15.一种方法,其包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,以生产相比于对照组蜂王浆,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质比例经改变的蜂王浆。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中MRJP3蛋白质的68kDa对64kDa的比例,相对于对照组,增加约1.5至12倍、1.5至5倍、2至6倍、2至10倍、4至12倍或2至4倍。
17.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述HDAC抑制剂选自如权利要求8所述的式(II)化合物或其医药上可接受的盐、立体异构体、对映异构体、前药和溶剂合物的群组。
18.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述HDAC抑制剂是SAHA。
19.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述HDAC抑制剂选自如权利要求11所述的化合物的群组。
20.一种如权利要求15所述的方法所制得的蜂王浆,包括相对于对照组蜂王浆,其中68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例改变。
21.如权利要求20所述的蜂王浆,其中蜂王浆中MRJP3蛋白质的68kDa对64kDa的比例,相对于对照组,增加约1.5至12倍、1.5至5倍、2至6倍、2至10倍、4至12倍或2至4倍。
22.一种改变蜂王浆中68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质的比例的方法,其包括以一种HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲年轻工蜂,以生产相比于对照组蜂王浆,68kDa与64kDa MRJP3蛋白质比例经改变的蜂王浆。
23.一种调控工蜂mrjp3基因的表观遗传的方法,其包括以HDAC抑制剂或数种HDAC抑制剂的混合物喂饲工蜂,以调控工蜂的mrjp3基因表达。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法,其中表观遗传为HDAC活性的抑制。
25.一种调控工蜂mrjp3基因的表观遗传的方法,其包括以DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂喂饲工蜂,以调控工蜂的mrjp3基因表达。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中表观遗传为DNA甲基化的抑制。
27.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂为没食子酸表儿茶素酯(Epigallocatechin Gallate,EGCG)。
28.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中该工蜂所分泌的蜂王浆可促进食用该蜂王浆的蜂王子的生长。
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US9427424B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
KR101175846B1 (ko) | 2012-08-24 |
CN107027711B (zh) | 2020-12-11 |
US8784873B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
CN101960997B (zh) | 2015-02-18 |
US20140288166A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
CN104585139B (zh) | 2017-04-12 |
CN107027711A (zh) | 2017-08-11 |
CN101960997A (zh) | 2011-02-02 |
KR20110009611A (ko) | 2011-01-28 |
JP5410233B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
US20110020462A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
JP2011024559A (ja) | 2011-02-10 |
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