CN104583351B - 与混凝土具有良好粘附的防水膜 - Google Patents

与混凝土具有良好粘附的防水膜 Download PDF

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CN104583351B
CN104583351B CN201380042788.6A CN201380042788A CN104583351B CN 104583351 B CN104583351 B CN 104583351B CN 201380042788 A CN201380042788 A CN 201380042788A CN 104583351 B CN104583351 B CN 104583351B
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layer
waterproof membrane
functional layer
adhesive
thermoplastic
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CN104583351A (zh
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G·科内贝尔
M·埃克尔
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Sika Technology AG
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Sika Technology AG
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及防水膜，所述防水膜包括阻隔层和功能层，其中所述功能层包含热塑性聚合物和粘附剂，所述热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度，本发明还涉及所述防水膜的制备和用途。所述功能层可以以薄膜、涂层或纤维网(其中所述纤维由硬的芯组成，所述硬的芯被由聚合物组成的层包围)的形式形成并且在与液态混凝土接触之前为惰性并且充当保护层。因此保护所述膜免于过早老化并且能够进行密封工作。在加混凝土的过程中，即在与液态混凝土接触时，聚合物溶解并且因此能够使粘附剂结合至混凝土。功能层因此起到粘附密封料的作用并且使得密封不渗漏。

Description

与混凝土具有良好粘附的防水膜
技术领域
本发明涉及防水膜，所述防水膜包含阻隔层和功能层。本发明还涉及用于密封基底的方法以及用于制备防水膜的方法。
背景技术
为了密封基底防止渗水在建筑工业中已知有防水膜。例如US 4,065,924描述了与表层连结的阻隔层，其中阻隔层设置在基底上并且表层通过被施涂的混凝土渗透从而保证与施涂的混凝土的结合。
然而所述密封的缺点在于，在其使用期间在表层和阻隔层之间可能由于层彼此脱离或者由于材料疲劳而形成空腔。液体可以通过所述空腔蔓延。在例如由于长入的树根、材料疲劳或者由于拉力或剪切力而造成的阻隔层泄漏的情况下，渗入的水可以通过这些连续的空腔越过阻隔层。因此一方面会出现大范围的渗水，另一方面难以精确定位泄漏。
此外通过US 5,313,848已知，可以通过使用一种膜改进与基底(特别是混凝土基底)的接触，所述膜由阻隔层、施用至所述阻隔层上的由合成粘合剂组成的层以及最后的保护层组成。所述膜允许在膜上应用液态混凝土并且特别可以用于不能在浇铸混凝土表面上进行后续设置的应用。
US 5,496,615中描述了所述膜的改进形式，其中在承载层的面向水泥层的一侧上施用另一个粘合剂层，使用所述粘合剂层可以使承载层与混凝土结合。所述膜结构保证了与混凝土层的更好结合。
然而所述结构的缺点在于，在施加混凝土层之前粘合剂层可能被粉尘和其它颗粒材料污染，特别是当在铺设膜之后要在其上进行工作时。因此其粘合力可能明显降低并且特别是在更长的时间内不再保证 膜与混凝土的稳定结合。
EP 2 299 005 A1描述了具有接触层的防水膜，所述接触层具有粘附剂和接触介质。作为接触介质，特别推荐可以被混凝土渗透的由天然或合成纤维，例如由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯构成的纤维材料。在混凝土固化之后通过接触介质与混凝土的彼此交错咬合而形成彼此保持的稳固结合。在所述体系中粘附剂用于将接触介质固定至膜。
WO 2011/041263 A1描述了一种防水膜，所述防水膜由防水层、施加至所述防水层上的粘合剂和聚乙酸乙烯酯保护层组成。保护层在所述膜中用于保护粘合剂使得膜在加工过程中可踩踏。然而当在保护层上浇铸混凝土时，聚乙酸乙烯酯在混凝土的作用下水解形成溶于混凝土的聚乙烯醇。因此位于保护层下方的粘合剂会暴露，所述粘合剂然后可以与浇铸的混凝土反应并且形成稳固结合。
发明内容
本发明的目的是改进如上所述的现有技术中已知的防水膜，其中尽可能避免施加至水泥层上的粘合剂层在加工过程中的污染，同时在施加液态混凝土之后可以实现与混凝土层的稳定结合。
根据本发明，通过根据权利要求1所述的防水膜实现所述目的。
本发明的核心是，功能层包含热塑性聚合物和粘附剂，所述热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度。
强碱性介质被理解为9至14，优选12至13的pH。
优选地，热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质的影响下以这样的方式改变其稠度，使得在稠度改变之后可以发挥粘附剂的自粘合作用，而在稠度改变之前并非如此。这可以例如通过热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质中的溶解而引起，这允许粘附剂例如结合至液态混凝土。自粘合作用被理解为在没有用于活化粘合剂的热、水和溶剂的作用下发生粘合结合，即通过使用压力，从而使粘合剂与基材接触。
优选地，功能层对于具有酸性至弱碱性范围内的pH-值的水溶液(例如雨水)是惰性的，而在与强碱性溶液(例如液态混凝土)接触 时开始化学反应，所述化学反应造成粘附剂的释放。
酸性至弱碱性范围被理解为4至8的pH-范围。
本发明的优点特别在于，能够在不利的气候条件下加工根据本发明的薄膜，而不会降低膜的粘合能力。这防止了例如污物和粉尘沉积在与液态混凝土的接触表面上和薄膜相对于混凝土的粘合能力降低。
功能层的结构及其形式没有特别限制。功能层可以以薄膜、涂层或纤维网的形式存在。
除了所描述的热塑性聚合物之外，功能层还可以包含其它具有低熔点的组分，例如造成熔点下降的额外的热塑性塑料、填料或改进与混凝土的结合的混凝土成分。
本发明的其它方面涉及用于密封基底的方法以及用于制备所描述的膜的方法。本发明的特别优选的实施方案为从属权利要求的主题。
发明的具体实施方式
在图1A中显示了根据本发明的防水膜1，所述防水膜1包括阻隔层2和功能层3，其中功能层包含热塑性聚合物和粘附剂，所述热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度。
在图1B中显示了根据本发明的膜1，所述膜在阻隔层2和由热塑性聚合物组成的层5之间具有由粘附剂组成的层4，其中由粘附剂组成的层与热塑性聚合物一起形成功能层3并且阻隔层与功能层结合。
在本发明的范围内，关于聚合物的“低熔点”被理解为在50至190℃范围内的熔融温度。
阻隔层2优选由即使在高的液体压力下仍然保证足够的密封性的材料组成。
因此有利的是，阻隔层2具有对于水压的高耐受性并且在断裂试验和穿孔试验中显示出良好的值，这特别在建筑工地的机械负载的情况下是有利的。
特别有利的是，阻隔层2包括热塑性层，优选由热塑性聚烯烃或聚氯乙烯(PVC)组成的层，特别是由聚丙烯(PP)或聚乙烯(PE)组 成的层，特别优选由聚丙烯组成的层，因为这些材料保证了对于环境影响的耐受力。
优选地，阻隔层2选自如下材料：高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚酰胺(PA)、乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯-共聚物(EVA)、氯磺化聚乙烯、烯烃基热塑性弹性体(TPE-O、TPO)、乙烯-丙烯-二烯-橡胶(EPDM)及其混合物。
阻隔层2可以具有0.05-2mm、优选0.07-1.5mm、特别是0.08-1.2mm的厚度。
特别有利的是，阻隔层2为柔性塑料层。因此防水膜1通常在制备时能够卷绕成卷并且容易地施加至基底。
功能层3优选具有薄膜、涂层或纤维网的形式，其中纤维具有硬的芯，所述硬的芯被由热塑性聚合物组成的层包围。
在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性聚合物是本领域技术人员熟知的。所述聚合物的一个实例为聚乙烯醇，聚乙烯醇在水性介质的作用下部分溶解。所述乙烯醇例如用于制备用于包装混凝土添加剂的所谓的“可溶袋”，因为可以将所述“可溶袋”直接加入混凝土混合物中。在聚乙烯醇薄膜溶解之后，其中包含的混凝土添加剂与混凝土混合。
在强碱性条件下改变其稠度的聚合物的另一个实例为共聚酯，因为所述聚合物的酯官能在强碱性介质中水解，并且聚合物因此分解。
在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的聚合物的另一个实例为聚乙酸乙烯酯及其共聚物，因为聚合物中的乙酸乙烯酯单元在强碱性介质中经受水解并且因此转化成聚乙烯醇。聚乙烯醇可再次良好溶于水，因此聚合物整体在强碱性介质中溶解。
关于本发明优选的是，使用聚乙烯醇、热塑性共聚酯或乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物作为在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性聚合物。优选的热塑性共聚酯基于共聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
适合作为聚乙烯醇的为例如水解度超过50摩尔％(即50.1至100摩尔％、特别是70至100摩尔％)，优选85至100摩尔％和特别是90至100摩尔％的那些。相应的聚合物例如描述于DE 10 2007 026 166 A1中。在此，水解度(皂化度)表示聚乙酸乙烯酯基础分子皂化形成聚乙烯醇的百分比。由剩余乙酰基含量和因此由酯值(EZ)通过下式计算水解度H并且用摩尔％表示：
H＝100x(100-0.1535x EZ)/(100-0.0749x EZ)。
聚乙烯醇聚合物优选以这样的形式存在，使得所述聚合物在中性水的作用下在室温下不溶解，而是在略微升高的温度下并且在碱性介质的作用下才溶解。因此有利的是，聚乙烯醇不以完全水解的形式存在。
关于乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物重要的是，其不包含过高比例的非极性单体，例如乙烯。过高比例的所述非极性单体可能造成如下情况：例如由于材料表面上存在过多的非极性侧基，而乙酸乙烯酯单元被屏蔽无法与混凝土接触，所以在与液态混凝土接触时不发生材料稠度的明显改变。因此例如乙酸乙烯酯含量在5至40摩尔％乙酸乙烯酯范围内的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯-共聚物不适合作为在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性聚合物，因为部分水解不能足够显著地改变聚合物的性能使得聚合物可以溶解在水性介质中。因此在本发明的范围内，只有非极性单体份额至多为50摩尔％(以聚合物中所有单体的总摩尔量计)的那些适合作为乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。优选地，非极性单体的份额不大于30摩尔％、更优选不大于20摩尔％、非常特别优选不大于10摩尔％。在本发明的范围内，非极性单体特别被理解为基于烃的单体。
不言自明地，在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性聚合物和形成阻隔层的材料之间不存在交叉，因为在与混凝土疏忽性接触时不会损坏形成阻隔层的材料。因此优选作为阻隔层的材料的是对于强碱性介质呈惰性的那些聚合物。
最优选作为在强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性聚合物的是热塑性共聚酯，例如基于聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的那些。相对于聚乙 酸乙烯酯或其共聚物，这种聚合物类型具有的优点在于，水解在聚合物的侧链内部进行，而在聚乙酸乙烯酯的情况下仅聚合物的侧链水解。因此在共聚酯的情况下能够以相对低的水解数实现非常显著的稠度变化，而在聚乙酸乙烯酯的情况下为此需要乙酸酯基基本上完全水解。
在本发明的范围内同样优选的是，热塑性聚合物具有在上述定义范围内的低熔点。特别优选的是，热塑性聚合物具有在60至120℃、特别是70至90℃范围内的熔点。
除了热塑性聚合物之外，功能层可以包含另一种额外的热塑性聚合物。所述额外的聚合物不必在强碱性介质中改变其稠度，并且当其在强碱性介质中不改变其稠度时甚至是优选的。有利地，所述额外的聚合物为温度稳定的热塑性塑料或在室温下为固体的热塑性弹性体。在本文献中术语“室温”被理解为23℃的温度。有利地，热塑性聚合物包括选自如下的聚合物：a)乙烯/丙烯酸烷基酯共聚物，优选乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物或乙烯/丙烯酸正丁酯共聚物，b)聚乙烯，优选根据茂金属方法制得的聚乙烯，特别优选乙烯和辛烯或乙烯和己烯的共聚物，和c)乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)。在一个特别优选的实施方案中，所述额外的热塑性聚合物为乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)，乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)一方面可以用于降低功能层中的共聚酯聚合物的熔点，另一方面造成粘性的减小。在另一个特别优选的实施方案中，所述额外的热塑性聚合物为乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物或乙烯/丙烯酸正丁酯共聚物。这些共聚物的作用在于它们减小功能层(3)中的聚合物的熔点并且因此降低功能层的粘性。
所述额外的热塑性聚合物的量应当足够造成期望的效果，但是不能过大从而损坏在强碱性介质中的稠度改变的性能。因此特别决定性的是，所述额外的热塑性聚合物在强碱性介质中不改变其稠度。因此合意的是，在强碱性介质中不改变其稠度的额外的热塑性聚合物的份额不超过40重量％，以热塑性聚合物的总重量计。优选地，额外的热塑性聚合物的份额不大于30重量％，特别优选不大于20重量％，最优 选不大于10重量％。
如上所述，除了热塑性聚合物之外，功能层还包含粘附剂。所述粘附剂可以与热塑性聚合物一起形成功能层3，其中粘附剂优选以这样的方式与热塑性聚合物混合，使得其在混合物中不具有自粘合作用。然而在另一个实施方案中，粘附剂也可以形成为设置在阻隔层2和由热塑性聚合物组成的层之间并且与它们一起形成功能层3的层的形式。粘附剂优选为在室温下为固体的热塑性塑料或者在室温下为固体的热塑性弹性体。热塑性弹性体具有的优点在于，粘附剂因此对于水平移动和竖直移动，特别是对于阻隔层2相对于功能层3的移动具有良好弹性。粘附剂的良好弹性阻止层的断裂或脱离并且因此阻止粘附剂的失效。理想地，粘附剂具有在室温下1.5-20MPa的断裂强度σB和/或5-1000％的断裂伸长εR，两者均根据1996年的DIN ISO 527-1测得。
优选的热塑性塑料和热塑性弹性体特别选自聚乙烯(PE)，低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)，乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯-共聚物(EVA)，聚丁烯(PB)；烯烃基热塑性弹性体(TPE-O、TPO)例如乙烯-丙烯-二烯/聚丙烯-共聚物；交联的烯烃基热塑性弹性体(TPE-V、TPV)；热塑性聚氨酯(TPE-U、TPU)例如具有芳族硬链段和聚酯软链段的TPU(TPU-ARES)，具有聚醚软链段的TPU(TPU-ARET)，具有聚酯软链段和聚醚软链段的TPU(TPU-AREE)或具有聚碳酸酯软链段的TPU(TPU-ARCE)；热塑性共聚酯(TPE-E、TPC)例如具有聚酯软链段的TPC(TPC-ES)，具有聚醚软链段的TPC(TPC-ET)或具有聚酯软链段和聚醚软链段的TPC(TPC-EE)；苯乙烯-嵌段-共聚物(TPE-S、TPS)例如苯乙烯/丁二烯-嵌段共聚物(TPS-SBS)，苯乙烯/异戊二烯-嵌段共聚物(TPS-SIS)，苯乙烯/乙烯-丁烯/苯乙烯-嵌段共聚物(TPS-SEBS)，苯乙烯/乙烯-丙烯/苯乙烯-嵌段共聚物(TPS-SEPS)；和热塑性共聚酰胺(TPE-A、TPA)。
其它有利的粘附剂可以选自丙烯酸酯化合物、聚氨酯聚合物、硅烷封端的聚合物和聚烯烃。
优选的丙烯酸酯化合物特别为基于丙烯酰基单体，特别是基于丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸甲基酯的丙烯酸酯化合物。
术语“聚氨酯聚合物”包括通过所谓的二异氰酸酯-加聚-方法制得的所有聚合物。其也包括几乎或完全不含氨基甲酸酯基团的聚合物。聚氨酯聚合物的实例为聚醚-聚氨酯、聚酯-聚氨酯、聚醚-聚脲、聚脲、聚酯-聚脲、聚异氰脲酸酯和聚碳化二亚胺。
如上所述，还有利的是，粘附剂为熔融粘合剂。这保证粘附剂在阻隔层2上(或者在防水膜的其它可能组件上)的良好结合和良好粘附，并且因此阻止粘附剂脱离。
熔融粘合剂是本领域技术人员公知的并且例如描述于CD ChemieLexikon，第1.0版，Georg Thieme出版社，斯图加特，1995。
还有利的是，粘附剂具有50–190℃、特别是60-120℃、优选70-90℃的熔点(根据环球法确定)。特别对于使用在高的制备温度下也会受到损坏的阻隔层2的材料来制备防水膜1而言，这是有利的。
除了热塑性聚合物、粘附剂和任选的其它热塑性聚合物之外，功能层还可以包含其它组分，特别是混凝土成分和/或砂浆成分。原则上适合作为混凝土成分和/或砂浆成分的是用于制备混凝土和/或砂浆的所有物质，特别是水泥颗粒。适合作为混凝土成分和/或砂浆成分的是例如添加剂如砾或砂，粘结剂例如非水硬性粘结剂、潜在水硬性火山灰型粘结剂或水硬性粘结剂。通过所述添加剂可以改进防水膜与经固化形式下的浇铸混凝土的结合。优选作为混凝土成分和/或砂浆成分的是水硬性粘结剂，所述水硬性粘结剂优选选自水泥、砂浆、石膏、硅粉、飞灰和冶炼砂、氧化铝三水合物、二氧化硅、碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或其混合物。混凝土成分通常具有0.1-1000μm、优选2至500μm的平均粒径。
防水膜中的功能层可以以由聚合物和粘附剂组成的薄膜形式、以由聚合物和粘附剂组成的涂层形式，或者以纤维网的形式存在，其中纤维具有硬的芯，所述硬的芯被由聚合物和粘附剂组成的层包围。
当功能层以薄膜或涂层的形式存在时，同样有可能的是，薄膜或 涂层为发泡材料。这具有的优点在于，由此可以改进材料对于冲击性负载的耐受力。
当功能层以薄膜的形式存在时，薄膜合意地具有在0.05至1mm，特别是0.07至0.9mm和特别优选0.1至0.7mm范围内的厚度。当功能层相反地以涂层的形式存在时，则涂层以在10至500g/m2范围内，特别是在50至300g/m2范围内的施涂重量施涂。对于功能层以纤维网的形式存在的其它替代形式，纤维网合意地具有在10至500g/m2范围内，特别是在20至300g/m2范围内的单位面积重量。
本领域技术人员清楚的是，根据膜是否具有双层构造(在阻隔层和功能层之间不具有由粘附剂构成的中间层)、三层构造(在阻隔层和功能层之间具有粘附层)或具有多于三个层的构造来调整膜中包括的薄膜、涂层或纤维网的精确厚度。在特别优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的膜为双层或三层膜。
在双层构造的情况下优选的是，薄膜具有在0.2至0.7mm，特别是0.4至0.6mm范围内的厚度。当功能层为涂层时优选的是，涂层以在150和350g/m2之间、特别是在200和300g/m2之间的范围内的施涂重量施涂。在使用纤维网作为功能层时，在双层构造的情况下单位面积重量为优选150至350g/m2，特别是200至300g/m2。
当存在三层构造时，功能层的厚度可以小于双层构造的情况。优选地，当功能层由薄膜组成时，功能层的厚度在0.1至0.4mm之间，特别是在0.15和0.3mm之间的范围内。在涂层的情况下施涂重量可以降低至在50至200g/m2范围内，特别是在80至150g/m2范围内的量。在纤维网的情况下，纤维网的单位面积重量在10和120g/m2之间、特别是在30至80g/m2之间是足够的。
纤维网所基于的纤维由有机或合成材料构成。特别地，纤维为纤维素棉纤维、蛋白纤维或合成纤维。作为合成纤维，特别优选由聚酯或由乙烯和/或丙烯的均聚物或共聚物，由聚酰胺或由粘胶纤维构成的纤维。纤维可以是短纤维或长纤维，经纺、纺织或非纺的纤维或长丝。纤维还可以是经定向或拉伸的纤维。还可以有利的是，共同使用在几何形状和组成方面均有不同的纤维。
由纤维构成的纤维网可以以本领域技术人员已知的不同方法制得。通常首先生产基质纤维(由固体材料组成)，然后在所述基质纤维上施加由热塑性共聚酯构成的层。这些纤维也以名称“Biko”(双组分)纤维被本领域技术人员熟知。
纤维网包括可以通过合适的制备方法产生的空隙。优选地，所述空隙至少部分开放并且允许液态混凝土和/或粘附剂渗入。
还有可能的是，在本发明的范围内的防水膜包括额外的功能层，特别是由可溶胀材料和导电材料构成的层，如在EP 2 299 005 A1第[0057]、[0058]和[0059]至[0063]段中所述的那些。
此外本发明包括用于密封基底的方法，包括如下步骤：i)将如上所述的防水膜(1)施加至基底上，其中防水膜的功能层背向基底，和ii)将液态混凝土施加至防水膜(1)的功能层(3)上。在本文献中“液态混凝土”被理解为固化之前的混凝土。混凝土可以为建筑件的一部分，所述建筑件特别是地上建筑或地下建筑的建筑件，例如楼房、车库、隧道、垃圾堆放场、储水池、堤坝或成品预制结构的元件。
液态混凝土通常浇铸在功能层上和/或功能层旁，并且可以与功能层反应。当功能层为纤维网时，有利的是，液态混凝土完全渗透功能层。在混凝土固化时通常在经固化混凝土和功能层之间(并因此对于防水膜1)形成基本稳固的结合，特别是当混凝土在其液态状态下完全渗透功能层时。额外地通过形成由于纤维网与液态混凝土接触而造成的自粘合作用而增强所述结合。
因此当液态混凝土与功能层接触时，通过混凝土的强碱性pH-值引起与热塑性聚合物的化学反应，所述化学反应造成聚合物分解或聚合物溶解并且因此从功能层中释放粘附剂。所述粘附剂在游离形式下具有自粘合作用并且因此可以保证功能层和经固化混凝土之间的剧烈粘附。
本发明还包括用于制备如上所述的防水膜的方法，其中所述方法包括在阻隔层上施加功能层。当功能层为薄膜时，可以在阻隔层或引入其间的粘附剂层上优选通过层合或胶合(Kaschieren)，特别是通过胶合，在阻隔层上进行施用。当功能层为涂层时，可以合意地通过熔体喷嘴挤出、熔体压延、粉末散播法或喷射胶合在阻隔层上或施加至阻隔层上的粘附剂层上进行施加。
根据本发明的防水膜的制备合意地以连续制品的方式进行，其中各个层通过压延和/或胶合，特别是通过胶合而彼此结合。然后例如将膜卷绕至辊。
在制备中可以合意地通过狭缝喷嘴挤出、粉末散播法、熔体压延或喷射胶合，特别是借助于粉末散播法将粘附剂施加至阻隔层上。在此，粘附剂优选具有与防水膜1的制备温度相容的组成和稳固性。
用于制备根据本发明的膜的设备是本领域技术人员熟知的。为了完整起见，在此参考EP 2 299 005中描述的装置，所述装置可以在本发明的范围内用于所述膜的制备。
使用根据本发明的膜能够不渗漏地(hinterlaufsicher)密封地基和其它建筑件并且与混凝土建立良好结合而无需其它预处理措施。所描述的膜幅材的功能层在与液态混凝土接触之前为惰性的，因此保护幅材免于过早老化并且能够进行密封工作。在加入混凝土时，即当膜与液态混凝土接触时，功能层发挥自粘合作用并且因此能够实现与混凝土的良好粘附。同时，功能层充当密封料并且使得该密封是不渗漏的。
在膜的双层构造的情况下还存在这样的优点，其结构明显更简单并且可以取消施加粘附剂(例如以热熔粘合剂的形式)。对于渗漏所需的密封料在该情况下在加入混凝土时原位形成。
附图标记列表
1 防水膜
2 阻隔层
3 接触层
4 粘附剂层
5 包含热塑性聚合物的层

Claims (27)

1.防水膜(1)，包括：
阻隔层(2)，
功能层(3)，所述功能层包含热塑性聚合物和粘附剂，所述热塑性聚合物包含熔融温度在50至190℃范围内的且在pH值在9至14的强碱性介质的影响下改变其稠度的热塑性共聚聚酯和任选的其他热塑性聚合物；
其中所述粘附剂与热塑性聚合物一起形成功能层(3)，或者所述功能层(3)由粘附剂的层(4)和由所述热塑性聚合物组成的层(5)组成并且所述粘附剂的层介于所述阻隔层(2)和由所述热塑性聚合物组成的层(5)之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述功能层(3)以由热塑性聚合物和粘附剂组成的薄膜形式、以由热塑性聚合物和粘附剂组成的涂层形式，或者以纤维网的形式存在，其中所述纤维具有硬的芯，所述硬的芯被由热塑性聚合物和粘附剂组成的层包围。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述功能层中的粘附剂包括丙烯酸酯粘合剂、聚氨酯粘合剂或硅烷封端的聚合物粘合剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述粘合剂以这样的方式包含在所述热塑性聚合物中，使得所述功能层不具有自粘合作用。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述热塑性聚合物额外包含其他热塑性聚合物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述其他热塑性聚合物是乙烯乙酸乙烯酯。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述功能层(3)以发泡材料的形式存在。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述功能层(3)额外包含其它功能性组分。
9.根据权利要求8所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述其它功能性组分是混凝土成分。
10.根据权利要求8所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述其它功能性组分是混凝土添加剂。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述阻隔层(2)包括热塑性层。
12.根据权利要求11所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述热塑性层是由热塑性聚烯烃或聚氯乙烯(PVC)组成的层。
13.根据权利要求11所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述热塑性层是由聚丙烯(PP)或聚乙烯(PE)组成的层。
14.根据权利要求11所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述热塑性层是由聚丙烯组成的层。
15.根据权利要求2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述薄膜形式的功能层(3)具有0.05至1.0mm的厚度。
16.根据权利要求15所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述薄膜形式的功能层(3)具有0.1至0.7mm的厚度。
17.根据权利要求2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述涂层形式的功能层(3)以在10至500g/m2范围内的施涂重量施涂。
18.根据权利要求17所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述涂层形式的功能层(3)以在50至300g/m2范围内的施涂重量施涂。
19.根据权利要求2所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述纤维网形式的功能层(3)具有在10至500g/m2范围内的单位面积重量。
20.根据权利要求19所述的防水膜，其特征在于，所述纤维网形式的功能层(3)具有在20至300g/m2范围内的单位面积重量。
21.用于密封基底的方法，包括如下步骤：
i)将根据权利要求1至20任一项所述的防水膜(1)施加至基底上，其中所述防水膜(1)的功能层(3)背向所述基底，
ii)将液态混凝土施加至所述防水膜(1)的功能层(3)上。
22.用于制备根据权利要求1至20任一项所述的防水膜(1)的方法，其特征在于，将功能层(3)施加至阻隔层(2)上，所述功能层(3)包含根据权利要求1所述的热塑性聚合物和粘附剂。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法，其特征在于，所述功能层(3)以薄膜形式通过层合或胶合施用至所述阻隔层(2)上，或者所述功能层(3)以涂层形式通过熔体喷嘴挤出、熔体压延、粉末散播法或喷射胶合施加至所述阻隔层(2)上。
24.根据权利要求1至20任一项所述的防水膜(1)的用途，用于密封建筑件。
25.根据权利要求24所述的防水膜(1)的用途，其特征在于，所述建筑件是地上建筑和地下建筑的建筑件。
26.根据权利要求24所述的防水膜(1)的用途，其特征在于，所述建筑件是楼房、车库、隧道、垃圾堆放场、储水池、堤坝或预制结构的元件。
27.根据权利要求24至26任一项所述的用途，其特征在于，通过施加液态混凝土使所述防水膜(1)与所述建筑件结合。
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