CN104518548A - 电驱动车辆的充电站 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于使能量从充电站传输到与充电站在能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆上的充电站,具有电源的接口、逆变器以及用于借助交变磁场为能量技术上的无线耦合提供能量的、连接到逆变器上的电线圈,为此目的,逆变器设置用于,在共振运行时向电线圈施加交流电压。本发明提出,充电站具有探测单元以及控制单元,其中探测单元设置用于在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰并且提供干扰信号,并且控制单元设置用于基于干扰信号结束借助交变磁场的能量供应。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于使能量从充电站传输到与充电站在能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆的充电站,具有电源的接口、逆变器以及用于借助交变磁场为能量技术上的无线耦合提供能量的、连接到逆变器上的电线圈,为此目的逆变器设置用于,在共振运行时向电线圈施加交流电压。此外本发明涉及一种用于使能量从充电站传输到与充电站能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆上的方法,其中能量借助由电线圈提供的交变磁场从充电站传输到能电驱动的车辆上,为此目的,借助逆变器在共振运行中向电线圈施加交流电压并且充电站获得电源的电能。最后本发明还涉及一种计算机程序产品,其包括用于充电站的计算机单元的程序。
背景技术
这种类型的充电站以及用于该充电站的借助交变磁场无线传输能量的运行的方法在原理上是已知的,因此为此不需要特别的文献证明。此类充电站用于在充电运行期间为能电驱动的车辆供应能量,以使得能电驱动的车辆能执行其常规功能。能电驱动的车辆需要用于行驶运行的能量。
能量借助充电站的交变磁场来提供,充电站自身连接到电源上,例如连接到公共能量供应网、发电机、蓄电池和/或类似物上。充电站在吸收电源的电能时产生交变磁场。能电驱动的车辆借助适合的线圈布置捕捉交变磁场,从中吸取能量并且提供车辆侧的电能,特别是以便为车辆的蓄电器和/或车辆的驱动装置的电机供电。
一种从充电站向车辆的充电装置输送能量的可能性在于,借助车辆和充电站之间的电缆建立电连接作为能量技术上的耦合。此外已知的是,根据其它的可能性建立能量技术上的无线耦合,其避免了成本较高的借助电缆的机械式连接。为这个目的,在充电站侧和车辆侧通常分别设置分别具有至少一个线圈的线圈电路,其在充电过程中基本上彼此相对地布置,并且实现了通过使用交变磁场的能量技术上的耦合。这种布置例如由KR 102012 0 016 521A中已知。
在其中借助交变磁场传输能量、也称为感应式能量传输的系统中,在充电过程期间可以在车辆侧出现能量衰退的变化,其不通过充电站来引起并且由此在充电站侧是未知的。如果能电驱动的车辆例如是电动车辆或是混合动力车辆,在充电过程期间可能出现蓄电器的、特别是能电驱动的车辆的蓄电池的切断。例如蓄电池可以通过接触器与能电驱动的车辆的电设备分离,这种分离可以由于不同的原因而实现。在这种也称为甩电的情况下,在充电站侧继续传输能量到能电驱动的车辆上,如此还可以导致车辆侧的电压快速上升。因此能够损坏对于能电驱动的车辆的常规运行所必需的车辆侧的电力电子设备。车辆侧的其他系统组件也可能受到损害。
在现有技术中已知的是,在这种情况中于车辆侧设置过压保护形式的保护电路,其限定了车辆侧的电压水平。然而这种保护电路通常仅仅在限定时间中能运行。之后必须由能电驱动的车辆的其他组件实现车辆侧的电分离,例如借助保险装置或类似物。
此外已知的是,应测定车辆侧的甩电并且通过通讯信道发送信息到充电站上。为此目的,在车辆侧或者可以使用对于甩电的测量装置或者还可以使用对于甩电所引起的相应信号的分析装置。然后,在充电站侧能够结束或者限定能量供应。在这种场合中证明为不利的是,直到接收到发送到充电站上的信息为止已经过较长的时间。在这个时间段期间,充电站还借助交变磁场提供能量,也就是在车辆侧继续施加功率。因此,在充电站和能电驱动的车辆之间的相应适当的快速通讯信道是必需的。此外,对此通信信道应提出高要求并且其是安全临界的。
因此,至今已知的方法首先包括过压保护,其必须与后续的非常快速的且可靠的通信信道耦合。这不仅是成本高昂的,而且也是易受干扰的,特别是当充电站或由多个充电站在空间上邻近地同时为多个电驱动车辆供应能量时。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于,改进充电运行。
作为解决方案,本发明提出了根据独立权利要求1的充电站。此外本发明提出了根据另一个独立权利要求2的用于运行充电站的方法。最后本发明还提出了根据其他的独立权利要求7的计算机程序产品。本发明的其他有利的设计方案通过从属权利要求的特征和属性获得。
在设备方面,本发明特别提出,充电站具有探测单元以及控制单元,其中探测单元设置用于,在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰以及提供干扰信号,并且控制单元设置用于,基于干扰信号结束借助交变磁场的能量供应。相应地,在方法方面特别提出,在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰并且结束借助交变磁场的能量供应。
因此,本发明使用充电站侧的参数,以便例如能够探测车辆侧的甩电。因而能够省略单独的通讯信道以及在能电驱动的车辆中的探测工具。此外由此得出,不再需要通讯信道,也不需要更高的可靠性和防干扰性,因为能够完全取消通过通讯信道的信息传输。因此也去掉了与此相关的所有缺点。此外,当然由此也节省了费用和成本。尽管在可能的情况下,通讯信道当然还可以继续与车辆侧的探测装置一起使用,以便例如能够实现冗余功能或诸如此类。
相对于现有技术,本发明使用了在充电期间由充电站和能电驱动的车辆构成的系统的物理耦合的属性。在这种系统中,甩电代表了重要的系统变化。本发明使用了以下事实,即根据强烈改变的充电站侧的参数或者说系统参量能够探测这种系统变化。根据一种设计方案,这些充电站侧的参量例如可以是在充电站侧的电线圈的线圈电流和充电站侧的由逆变器提供的交流电压之间的相位偏移或相位、充电站的输入电流、由逆变器和电线圈在共振运行中构成的系统的工作频率、或者诸如此类。
为此目的,探测单元可以具有相应的传感器,利用该传感器能够测量相应的充电站侧的参数。此外,探测单元当然也可以构造成与控制单元一体。这两个组件能够或者单独地或者也一起地集成到逆变器的控制装置中。不仅探测单元而且控制单元也能由电路形成,其例如能具有硬件电路,也还能具有计算单元、上述的组合和/或诸如此类。
与能量传输相关的干扰例如可以是车辆侧的甩电又或者是与能量减少相关联的来自交变磁场的其他干扰。例如通过这种方式还可以探测能电驱动的车辆的距离,紧接着能够结束能电驱动的车辆的能量技术上的无线耦合。为此目的,特别是能够切断由逆变器提供的交流电压,紧接着结束通过电线圈的交变磁场供应。
如果探测单元测定了相应的干扰,其优选地产生干扰信号,该干扰信号其向充电站的其他应用、特别是控制单元提供该信号。控制信号可以是电信号,其例如可以是模拟信号但也可以是数字信号。优选地,干扰信号参与到对逆变器的控制中并且阻止或停止逆变器的常规运行。
本发明考虑到,在充电站侧,逆变器利用电线圈特别地在共振运行中来运行。这意味着,通过由电线圈产生的交变磁场的属性显著地影响优化的工作频率或者说由逆变器提供的交流电压的频率。共振运行由此实现,即补充性地使电容器连接到电线圈上。电容器例如可以串联地、又或者可以并联地连接到电线圈上。
在本发明的意义上,感应式能量传输或者说能量技术上的无线耦合是一种用于能量传输的目的的耦合,其使得,能量至少可以单向地从能量源传输给能量汇点。能量源例如可以是公共的能量供应网、发电机、太阳能电池、燃料电池、电池、上述的组合和/或诸如此类。能量汇点例如可以是能电驱动的车辆的驱动装置、特别是驱动装置的电机和/或驱动装置的蓄电器,例如蓄电池或诸如此类。但是也可以设置双向的能量传输,也就是说,在两个方向上交替的能量传输。此外充电站用于以下目的,即应当使能量传输到能电驱动的车辆上,为此目的,其从它电连接到的能量源中获得电能。
在本发明的意义上,能量技术上的无线耦合或者说感应式能量传输意味着,在充电站和能电驱动的车辆之间不需要设置用于建立电耦合的机械连接。特别是可以避免建立借助电缆的电连接。替代地,能量技术上的耦合基本上仅基于能量场、优选地是交变磁场来实现。
因此充电站设置用于产生相应的能量场、特别是交变磁场。在车辆侧相应地设置成,即能够捕捉这种能量场或者说交变磁场,并且从中获得用于能电驱动的车辆的常规运行的能量。借助车辆的充电装置,使得借助于能量场、特别是交变磁场输送的能量转换为电能,然后电能优选地能够存储在车辆的蓄能器中以用于其常规运行。为此目的,充电装置可以具有变流器,其将借助线圈从交变磁场中提取的并输送到该变流器上的电能转换成对车辆适合的电能,例如整流、电压转换或诸如此类。此外,能量也可以直接输送给车辆的驱动装置的电机。因此,能量技术上的耦合基本上用于能量传输而不是首先用于传输信息。因此,用于执行本发明的工具设计具有与无线通讯连接不同的相应高度的功率通量。
能量技术上的特别是借助交变磁场的无线耦合的主要元件是电线圈,其有时也能够通过多个电线圈来形成,在充电站侧,电线圈用于产生交变磁场,并且在车辆测量由交变磁场穿流过电线圈,并且在车辆侧电线圈在其相应的接口处提供电能。相应地,在充电站侧,向电线圈施加引起交流电流的交流电压,从而电线圈提供交变磁场,借助交变磁场能够释放能量。通过交变磁场,充电站的电线圈与能电驱动的车辆的电线圈在充电过程期间耦合。
通常,线圈具有带有多匝电导线的绕组,其中绕组通常包括或围绕铁磁体,其通常由铁氧体构成。借助铁磁体能够以期望的方式地引导磁流量,从而基于在充电站的线圈电路和能电驱动的车辆之间的交变磁场能增强能量技术上的耦合的效果。
电线圈的构成线匝的电导线通常构造为高频绞合线,也就是说,其由多个彼此电绝缘的单股导线或电线构成,导线或电线相应地组合地构成电导线。由此实现了,在例如本发明中的频率应用时减少或基本避免了趋肤效应。为了能够改善在高频绞合线的单股电线上尽可能均匀的电流分布,通常还设置单股电线的绞合。该绞合还能够包括,线束由确定数量的自身绞合的单股电线构成,并且其中同样绞合了构成电导线的线束。
根据本发明的其他方面,探测包括与能量传输相关的参数的比较和/或参数相对于比较值的变化。特别是能够分析不同的变化。为此,探测电路可以包括适当的比较电路,其能够提供所期望的功能。比较值可以预设为固定的,然而其也能设置为可调节的。后者实现了,能单独地调适充电站。优选地本发明使用以下事实,即参数、特别是其变化比调节优化的工作频率更快地实现。由此借助探测单元能够实现用于分析的明显信号。
特别有利地,参数由在电线圈的线圈电流和由逆变器为电线圈提供的交流电压之间的相位偏移构成。由此可以实现可靠地探测与能量传输有关的干扰。
此外,替换地又或者补充地,参数可以由交流电压的频率、特别是工作频率来构成。此外,参数也可以由充电站的输入电流构成,特别是由其测定的有效功率和/或类似物。充电站的输入电流是以下电流,其由充电站所连接到的能量源提供。
相应地,本发明还包括这类计算机程序产品,其中当用于执行根据本发明的方法的程序由控制装置的计算机单元执行时,该产品具有该程序的程序编码段。所述计算机程序产品也可以构造为计算机能读取的存储介质。此外,该程序能直接加载到计算机单元的内部存储器中。由此例如可以,从数据源的网络、例如服务器中下载该程序并且在计算机单元的内部存储器中加载该程序,以使得计算机能执行该程序。
优选地,计算机程序包括计算机能读取的介质,在该介质上存储程序编码段。这种计算机能读取的介质例如可以是存储器构件、光盘、USB盘或诸如此类。
附图说明
根据附图从以下的对实例例的描述中获得其他的优点和特征。在附图中,相同的构件和功能用相同的参考标号来标记。
其示出:
图1是在根据本发明的充电站处,在能电驱动的车辆充电运行期间于甩电时的当前相位变化的示意图,
图2是没有根据本发明的切断的在如图1中的甩电时,相位走向的示意图,以及
图3是图2中示出的相位走向的在时间微分了的信号走向的示意图,其代表了借助探测单元能探测到的信号。
具体实施方式
以下实施例基于一种用于从充电站传输能量到与该充电站在能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆上的充电站,该充电站在附图中未示出。充电站具有电源的接口,在此,电源是公共的能量供应网。充电站还包括逆变器以及连接到逆变器上的、用于借助交变磁场为能量技术上的无线耦合提供能量的电线圈。为此目的,逆变器设置用于,在共振运行时向电线圈施加交流电压。
充电站具有探测单元以及控制单元,其中探测单元设置用于在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰。如果探测到相应的干扰,探测单元提供干扰信号。干扰信号供控制单元使用。
控制单元设置用于,基于干扰信号结束借助交变磁场的能量供应。为此目的提出,控制单元结束逆变器的运行,以使得逆变器不再为电线圈提供交流电压。由此借助电线圈也不再产生交变磁场。因此结束了对于能电驱动的车辆的能量供应。
现在,探测单元的探测借助与能量传输相关的参数、特别是该参数相对于比较值的当前变化来实现。参数在本实施例中是在电线圈的线圈电流和由逆变器为电线圈提供的交流电压之间的相位偏移。
替换地或补充地,该参数也可以由交流电压的频率又或者由充电站的输入电流构成。
图1为本实施例示例性示出了,在车辆侧的负载跃变从15Ohm至500Ohm时,当前相位偏移的变化。在图1示出的图像中,在纵坐标上以度为单位给出相位偏移的角度。在横坐标上以kHz为单位示出由逆变器供应的交流电压的频率。第一字符10示出了在车辆侧的负载电阻借助第一字符10为500Ohm时的相位偏移。应识别出,在示出的频率区域中,在130kHz的负载电阻时,相位偏移大约位于70度,并且随着频率的增加接近80度。因此,相位偏移也是非常高的。
此外,从图1中明显看出,在车辆侧的负载电阻为15Ohm时,在130kHz时,相位偏移位于-65度的区域中。虽然随着频率的增加相位偏移也朝着正值增加,但是相位偏移总是保持在于500Ohm的负载电阻时存在的相位偏移之下。这利用字符12示出。
如果在155kHz的频率时例如发生了从15Ohm至500Ohm的负载跃变,因为在车辆侧切断了蓄电池,相位偏移从大约20度跳跃至大约80度,这用箭头14示出。本发明利用了,探测该相位跃变并且从中探测了与在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的车辆期间的传输能量有关的干扰。
因此,如果在车辆侧出现了负载比例的变化,那么这导致了相位的变化。如果该变化比用于稳定相位的充电站侧的调节器的动态特性更快,那么这种系统变化是能够明显地探测到的,并且其归因于车辆侧的甩电的概率是较大的。图2示出了,当不产生切断时,关于本实施例在甩电的情况中相位或者相位偏移的相应的原理性走向。为了更好地表征所出现的变化,补充地可以设置成,由具有延迟件(DT1元件)的微分元件过滤所测定的变化。
图3示出相位偏移的相应变化。根据这种能测量的信息,能够区分未受干扰的、其中正常调控相位变化的运行和受到干扰的、其中出现甩电的运行。
在图2和3中,横坐标是时间轴,在其上标出时刻tI,tII,tIII和tIV。这些时刻形成区域I,II,III和IV。
在图2中,在纵坐标上示出相位偏移的角度相反在图3中在纵坐标上示出了其时间上的导数,即示出了图2在区域I中示出在借助充电站为能电驱动的车辆充电期间在常规运行中的相位偏移和其变化。在区域II中在车辆侧卸下负载。在区域III实现新的系统参数,其导致相应的相位偏移。如果没有实现几乎同时切断能量传输,那么借助充电站的相位调节器开始调整过程的区域IV。这导致相位的下降并且导致了能量传输的提高,由此在车辆侧获得相应的电压过高。
在区域II中可以非常良好地识别快速的变化(图3)。基于这种变化可以实现功率传输的切断。当达到探测阈值时,达到了时刻taus。仅通过用于检测测量变量或参数的时间、相位的过滤以及用于闭锁逆变器的控制信号的时延来限制在甩电和结束借助交变磁场的能量供应之间的时间,并且该时间能够位于几微秒的范围中。
在其他实施例中可以设置成,补充地能够监控对于充电站的输入电流的监控又或者监控由逆变器提供的交流电压的频率。
本发明实现了对于充电站侧的指定参数的时间特性的有针对性的监控,以便提高运行安全性、特别是能电驱动的车辆的运行安全性。不需要在充电站和能电驱动的车辆以及车辆侧的探测单元之间的单独通讯信道。
前面的实施例应该仅阐述了本发明并且本发明不局限于此。显而易见的,相应的变体由本领域技术人员根据需要来设置,而不脱离本发明的核心构想。
当然,根据需求也能够以任意方式彼此组合单个特征。此外,通过相应的方法步骤当然也能给出装置特征并且反之亦然。
Claims (9)
1.一种充电站,所述充电站用于使能量从所述充电站传输到与所述充电站在能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆上,所述充电站具有电源的接口、逆变器以及用于借助交变磁场为能量技术上无线的所述耦合提供能量的、连接到所述逆变器上的电线圈,为此目的,所述逆变器设置用于,在共振运行时向所述电线圈施加交流电压,其特征在于,所述充电站具有探测单元以及控制单元,其中所述探测单元设置用于,在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的所述车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰并且提供干扰信号,并且所述控制单元设置用于,基于所述干扰信号结束借助所述交变磁场的能量供应。
2.一种用于将能量从充电站传输到与所述充电站能量技术上无线耦合的能电驱动的车辆上的方法,其中所述能量借助于由电线圈提供的交变磁场从所述充电站传输到所述电驱动车辆上,为此目的,借助逆变器在共振运行中向所述电线圈施加交流电压并且所述充电站获得电源的电能,其特征在于,在能量技术上无线耦合能电驱动的所述车辆期间探测与能量传输有关的干扰并且结束借助所述交变磁场的能量供应。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述探测包括与能量传输相关的参数和/或所述参数的变化与比较值的比较。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述参数由在所述电线圈的线圈电流和所述逆变器为所述电线圈提供的所述交流电压之间的相位偏移构成。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述参数由所述交流电压的频率构成。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述参数由所述充电站的输入电流构成。
7.一种计算机程序产品,所述计算机程序产品包括用于充电站(10)的计算机单元的程序,其中当所述程序由所述计算单元执行时,所述程序具有用于执行根据权利要求5或6中任一项所述的方法的步骤的程序的程序编码段。
8.根据权利要求7所述的计算机程序产品,其特征在于,所述计算机程序产品包括计算机能读取的介质,在所述介质上存储所述程序编码段。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的计算机程序产品,其特征在于,所述程序能直接加载到所述计算机单元的内部存储器中。
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Cited By (2)
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CN108454433A (zh) * | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-28 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 用于充放电系统的服务器、充放电系统和服务器控制方法 |
CN112955348A (zh) * | 2018-06-29 | 2021-06-11 | 布鲁萨电子公司 | 具有次级侧电压测量和次级侧到初级侧的反作用的车辆感应式充电 |
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US20150136499A1 (en) | 2012-05-09 | 2015-05-21 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Vehicle |
US9815379B2 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2017-11-14 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and methods for electric vehicle induction coil alignment |
US9626258B2 (en) * | 2014-03-26 | 2017-04-18 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems, methods, and apparatus related to wireless charging management |
CN110884369A (zh) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-03-17 | 牟晓琳 | 一种无线充电系统及其方法 |
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US20150091521A1 (en) | 2015-04-02 |
CN104518548B (zh) | 2018-08-10 |
DE102013219538A1 (de) | 2015-04-02 |
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