CN104405131A - Method for proportioning and constructing anti-freezing concrete below ice surface of ice rink of speed skating stadium - Google Patents
Method for proportioning and constructing anti-freezing concrete below ice surface of ice rink of speed skating stadium Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for proportioning and constructing anti-freezing concrete below an ice surface of an ice rink of a speed skating stadium. The method comprises a specific proportioning method for the anti-freezing concrete, a method for detecting the gas content detection quality of the anti-freezing concrete, a concrete flattening and leveling method, a method for detecting the flatness after polishing is finished, a method for arranging a contraction joint of the ice rink and a method for arranging an expansion joint in the middle of the anti-freezing concrete below the ice surface of the ice rink of the speed skating stadium. According to the method for proportioning and constructing the anti-freezing concrete below the ice surface of the ice rink of the speed skating stadium, which is provided by the invention, the concrete has excellent endurance performances such as cracking resistance, permeation resistance and freeze thawing resistance and excellent mechanical and deformation performances such as splitting tension, contraction, ultimate extension and toughness.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of concrete matched when construction method, particularly relate to frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, a kind of Provincial Rink ice stadium.
Background technology
In Provincial Rink construction, concrete anticracking, impervious, freezing and thawing performance are key indexs in construction.In prior art, generally easily there is freeze thawing disease in Provincial Rink ice stadium concrete road surface, has a strong impact on the application life in face, also the corresponding maintenance cost adding venue, and constitute a latent danger to the safety slided.The present invention is directed to ice stadium concrete road surface in prior art and the defect of freeze thawing disease easily occurs, propose frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below a kind of ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium being different from prior art, make concrete have the endurance qualities such as outstanding cracking resistance, impervious, freeze thawing resistance and split draw, shrink, mechanics and the deformation performance such as ultimate extension, toughness, have best service behaviour simultaneously, comprise dispersiveness, the slump, workability, apparent ornamental etc.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, a kind of Provincial Rink ice stadium, compared with the existing technology make concrete have the endurance qualities such as outstanding cracking resistance, impervious, freeze thawing resistance and split draw, shrink, mechanics and the deformation performance such as ultimate extension, toughness.
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, a kind of Provincial Rink ice stadium, compared with the existing technology make concrete have the endurance qualities such as outstanding cracking resistance, impervious, freeze thawing resistance and split draw, shrink, mechanics and the deformation performance such as ultimate extension, toughness.
The present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above the technical scheme adopted to be to provide frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, a kind of Provincial Rink ice stadium, and wherein, main method is:
(1) concrete adopts the freeze proof coagulation of cellulose fibre enhancement mode C40 self-compaction, the self-compacting ability of self-compacting concrete comprises mobility, education resistance and fillibility, often kind of performance all adopts slump flow test test, V funnel testing and U-shaped case to test more than one methods and detects, frost-resistant concrete adopts hard aggregate, and concrete matching method is 1) concrete employing steel fibrous concrete; 2) water/binder ratio is not more than 0.45, must not arbitrarily add water in feeding process; 3) cement adopts the Portland cement being not less than 42.5 labels; 4) aggregate that grating is good, maximum particle diameter is not more than 12 millimeters, and fines adopts clean river sand, fineness modulus 2.4-2.7, and mud content is less than 1%; 5) sand coarse aggregate ratio controls at 35-40%, uses straight cement configuration;
(2) the air content Detection job detection method of frost-resistant concrete is that the frost-resistant concrete of mixing is done three 150x150x150mm test blocks, with resistance to compression test block together maintenance, after normal intensity to be achieved, dried and weighed, then be immersed in water and weigh air-dry for surface moisture again after taking-up in 30 minutes, result and the weight of originally drying test block are made comparisons, three test blocks are averaged, and air gap amount and water content are no more than 6.5%;
(3) concreting, manually paves concrete by terrace absolute altitude, uses vibrating spear vibrated concrete while paving, and corner encryption is vibrated, and paves the position large laser evener leveling of having vibrated, carries out grinding and buffing after concrete initial set;
(4) polishing carries out planeness detection after terminating, and measurement method of planeness is: 1) adopt guiding ruler, in 3m, flatness requirement is ± 3mm; 2), after concrete planeness detects, the paving plastic foil that waters carries out maintenance.
Frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below above-mentioned ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, wherein, after the leveling of concreting evener, adopt manual leveling ruler to carry out second time and strike off, remove the impurity such as the floating material of concrete surface, local and position, corner are by manually flattening.
Frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below above-mentioned ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, wherein, arrange shrinkage joint, ice stadium after frost-resistant concrete construction below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, its concrete grammar is;
1) check the structural joint of building, make uniform to structural joint snap the line, surface finish is smooth;
2) use concrete surface inorganic agent surface dirt, scum silica frost to be wiped clean, on the structural joint handled well, smear Wabo Paste Adhesive bonding agent, the degree of smearing is saturated;
3) by rubber tube according to dimensional requirement excision forming, termination polish, require smooth, plug polish, total seam is according to total length, and segmentation is installed, and just determines 50 meters one section, section be connected with section adopt gluing, after joint glues, fill epoxy cement glue in joint surrounding, butt joint is strengthened;
4) with wire brush brush rubber tube coated face, remove surface oxide layer, use surface conditioning agent by clean for rubber tube surface erasing, smear bonding agent by the rubber tube processed;
5) rubber fittings position is reserved in below platform, most narrow spacing orbit portion position 2m distance;
6) Aladin rubber strip is put in gap, concordant placement, both sides use epoxy cement adhesive edge, then carry out inflation.
Frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below above-mentioned ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, wherein, the setting of frost-resistant concrete intermediate expansion seam below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium; At the end points of four semicircle slideways, dilatation joint is set, dilatation joint is 20mm, for straight joint, and 300mm long D32@150 round steel dowel bar is set, every 6 meters of all the other slideway regions arrange shrinkage joint, and shrinkage joint is vertical with slideway, the wide 2mm in shrinkage joint, the degree of depth is 20mm, and all shrinkage joint all adopt flexible pointing to fill.
Frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below above-mentioned ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, wherein, refrigeration piping is imbedded in concrete, application of vacuum is done to concrete, level and smooth concrete surface is reached by blast fan, all the time smoothness will be checked in fluid concrete process, whether even by infrared inspection concrete density.
The present invention has following beneficial effect relative to prior art: frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium provided by the invention, by the proportioning constructing operation of frost-resistant concrete, the quality determining method of frost-resistant concrete, frost-resistant concrete measurement method of planeness and to concrete surface crack, the operation of crackle control measure, concrete is made to have outstanding cracking resistance, impervious, endurance qualities such as freeze thawing resistance and splitting are drawn, shrink, ultimate extension, the mechanics such as toughness and deformation performance, have best service behaviour simultaneously, comprise dispersiveness, the slump, workability, apparent ornamental etc.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention is further described by the following embodiment.
The invention provides frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, a kind of Provincial Rink ice stadium.
By the further investigation to distress in concrete, in conjunction with domestic and international expert advice and engineering practical experience, from material aspect, the impervious concrete durability solution of high cracking resistance is proposed to concrete structures, propose " cellulose fibre concrete " concept, and cellulose fibre is successfully applied to concrete work field by first.Luo Sai fiber (Roycele Fiber), be exclusively used in FRC(FibreReinforced Concrete fibre reinforced concrete) cellulose fibre in field, go through more than 20 year development & production based on biological, chemical and concrete material engineering science, high-performance biological fiber that extract from the special seeds through improvement of genes, that manufacture with Particular craft.Luo Sai fiber is as concrete time reinforcing material, the material source special due to it and cavity structure design, have the unique excellent properties surmounted completely in chemical fibres such as traditional polypropylene, lot of experiments research proves: under equal volume, Luo Sai fibrous concrete have the endurance qualities such as classic cracking resistance, impervious, freeze thawing resistance and split draw, shrink, mechanics and the deformation performance such as ultimate extension, toughness, have best service behaviour simultaneously and comprise dispersiveness, the slump, workability, apparent ornamental etc.
One, the freeze proof coagulation advantage of cellulose fibre enhancement mode C40 self-compaction F200.
In the present invention, concrete adopts the freeze proof coagulation of cellulose fibre enhancement mode C40 self-compaction, this self-compacting concrete refers under self gravitation effect, can flow, closely knit, also can filling template completely even if there is fine and close reinforcing bar, obtain fine homogenieity simultaneously, and do not need the concrete of extraneous vibration.Between the particularity of ice stadium concrete construction, so the concrete in speed skating face, main road adopts self-compacting concrete.
The hardening capacity of self-compacting concrete is similar to ordinary concrete, and fresh mixing concrete property then differs greatly with ordinary concrete.The self-compacting ability of self-compacting concrete mainly comprises mobility, education resistance and fillibility.Often kind of performance all can adopt more than one methods such as slump flow test test, V funnel testing (or T50 test) and the test of U molding box to detect.The principle of preparation self-compacting concrete is by the selection of Admixture, cementitious materials and coarse-fine aggregate and collocation and meticulous mix-design, the shear stress that concrete yield stress being reduced to is enough to by producing because of deadweight overcomes, concrete flowability is increased, there is again enough plastic viscosities simultaneously, aggregate is made to be suspended in cement paste, there is not segregation problem, freely can trickle and space fully in filling template, form closely knit and uniform jelling structure.
1, the requirement of frost-resistant concrete (C40, F200):
The compressive strength grating of frost-resistant concrete is identical with ordinary concrete.Frost-resistant concrete also should have good anti-freezing property except compressive strength.In order to make the resistance to freeze injury of concrete, require that concrete is more closely knit, air gap is few, and air content is low.Therefore Admixture need be added during concrete batching.In order to reduce concrete hole, water/binder ratio need control below 0.45, adds appropriate water reducing agent and air entraining agent.Its concrete deal uses by the shop instruction producing water reducing agent and air entraining agent.
2, frost-resistant concrete requires to adopt hard high-quality aggregate.
1) must produce by having the Of Concrete Mixing Station of qualification, suggestion concrete adopts the concrete mixing anti-crack fiber, or directly adopt steel fibrous concrete, adopt above-mentioned two kinds of concrete, anti-crack fiber or steel fibre are evenly distributed in inside concrete, the crack that the limited opposing of energy produces because of concrete shrinkage.
2) water/binder ratio: be not more than 0.45, must not arbitrarily add water in feeding process.
3) cement: adopt the Portland cement being not less than 42.5 labels.
4) aggregate: the aggregate that grating is good.Maximum particle diameter is not more than 12 millimeters.Fines adopts clean river sand, and fineness modulus 2.4-2.7 is advisable, and mud content is less than 1%.
5) concrete mix: for avoiding producing surface quality problems, sand coarse aggregate ratio should control at 35-40%.Use straight cement configures, because the admixtures such as the usual flyash adopted easily produce external crack.
Two, the quality determining method of frost-resistant concrete.
1) compressive strength detects identical with ordinary concrete.
2) air content detects: the frost-resistant concrete of mixing is done three 150x150x150mm test blocks, with resistance to compression test block together maintenance.After normal intensity to be achieved, dried and weighed.Then 30 minutes are immersed in water, after taking-up, surface moisture is air-dry, then weigh, result and the weight of originally drying test block are made comparisons, air gap amount is no more than 6.5% (i.e. water content), and three test blocks are averaged.
This project concreting, first manually roughly paves concrete by terrace absolute altitude, uses vibrating spear vibrated concrete while paving, and corner encryption is vibrated.Pave the position of having vibrated to flatten with large laser evener immediately, guarantee the planeness of terrace.Laser leveling machine adopts Laserscreed, and its effective radius is 3m.Use putting position and the effective radius that should note generating laser during laser leveling machine, in order to avoid there is dead angle.After evener leveling, manual leveling ruler should be adopted to carry out second time and to strike off, remove the impurity such as the floating material of concrete surface, and improve the planeness on surface again.Local and position, corner are by manually flattening.Grinding and buffing is carried out after concrete initial set.
When after young concrete initial set, carry out proposing slurry operation with the sanding machine installing disk additional, in construction, at least will propose twice, slurry.Complete ground carry slurry construction after, according to concrete sclerotic conditions, when after terrace surface gradually tarnish, can carry out surface layer receipts light construction.Regulate the angle of primary vane when each receipts light starts, avoid damaging terrace.Receive only terrace and finally modify operation, so the personnel that strong sense of responsibility, technical level are higher must be selected to carry out operation during construction.Mechanical work process less than position then carry out press polish process by artificial plasterer's trowel, manually receive light during construction and should receive light in machinery a little earlier, do not allow sand holes during operation and receive the appearance of light vestige, and keep seam smooth, to guarantee the construction quality on whole ground.Strike off, after concrete surface does not have water slurry, adopted single disc refiner ray machine to carry out grinding and carry slurry, grind three times.According to hardening strength, adopt double plate sanding machine to carry out polishing, polishing operation carries out twice.
Three, measurement method of planeness.
1, polishing carries out planeness detection after terminating, and adopt 3m guiding ruler, in 3m, flatness requirement is ± 3mm.
2, after concrete planeness detects, the paving plastic foil that waters carries out maintenance, guarantees that concrete bearing course moisture can evenly evaporate.
3, engineering difficult point and qualifying point.
1) control of the levelness of once-pouring of concrete, concrete quality technical requirements, the slump, ensures concrete levelness to greatest extent.
2) grinding and polishing, gets hold of opportunity, forbids to occur that concrete occurs the appearance of the problem such as peeling, hollowing, crack in the later stage.
Four, concrete surface crack, crackle control measure.
It is concrete characteristic that concrete can produce contraction because of the change of characteristic itself and ambient temperature after curing, this engineering ice hockey shop, curling stone shop, ice face area 1830 ㎡, Provincial Rink short-track speeding skating place (61mX30m), main road ski-running site area reaches 5200 ㎡, for prevent concrete surface occur irregular, affect crack attractive in appearance, at least from what time considering as follows: raw material and concrete proportioning scheme; The setting at shrinkage joint, outside in ice stadium; The setting of ski-running place, main road intermediate expansion seam; Concrete surface layer material and progress.
1, raw material and concrete proportioning scheme
Raw material and concrete proportioning scheme are as described above.
2, ice stadium expansion joint setting
1) shrinkage joint technical performance
The shrinkage joint that this project adopts is a kind of structural sealing shrinkage joint system be made up of neoprene.This rubber strip is in place through the epoxy adhesive that inflation agent is special.After correct installation, repeating in mechanical movement or variations in temperature, high performance shrinkage joint system can not come off, giving prominence to or skid off from origin-location.In installation process, utilize air to expand and epoxy resin and rubber strip and side, gap are bondd completely.
2) shrinkage joint construction technology
Preparation of construction:
Before the construction of A, structural joint, substrate surface cleaned out, structural joint meets construction requirement.
B, the surfacing of structural joint bonding site.Surface allows coarse, can not be uneven.
C, structural joint are straight, can there is certain radian, but must not there is faulting of slab ends phenomenon.
D, structural joint are firm in structure, neat in edge, can not there is the phenomenons such as loosely organized, damaged.
Construction technology: structural joint process → structural joint daub → install → inflate → exit → close water experiment rubber tube process → rubber tube daub
Construction method:
A, structural joint process: check the structural joint of building, meet design width, depth dimensions requirement; Make uniform to structural joint snap the line, surface finish is smooth, must not occur the problems such as faulting of slab ends, pit, projection.
B, structural joint daub: use concrete surface inorganic agent surface dirt, scum silica frost to be wiped clean.On the structural joint handled well, smear Wabo Paste Adhesive bonding agent, the degree of smearing is saturated, must not have holiday phenomenon.
C, rubber tube process: by rubber tube according to dimensional requirement excision forming, polishing in termination, requires smooth, must not have rough phenomenon, bonding firm, air tight in the future to guarantee; Cut V type notch, airflow when ensureing to inflate; Plug is polished, and requires that all adhesive surfaces must be polished and puts in place, must not no marking.Total seam is according to total length, and segmentation is installed, and just determines 50 meters one section.Section to be connected with section and to adopt gluing, after joint glues, fills epoxy cement glue in joint surrounding, butt joint reinforcement.Compromise joint is according to on-the-spot real size, and excision forming, scene is bonding.Negative and positive angular position, cuts into corresponding 45o angle, spreading glue as requested by rubber tube, to sticky, the rubber tube termination daub water that straight joint is directly being polished, to sticky; Bonding plug, tracheae coat a small amount of glue by the rubber tube of having polished, and fill; Plug is pressed in end of rubber tube, compacting 30 seconds.
D, rubber tube daub: with wire brush brush rubber tube coated face, remove surface oxide layer, use surface conditioning agent by clean for rubber tube surface erasing, smear bonding agent, require that in all grooves, glue amount is full by the rubber tube processed.
E, rubber fittings position are reserved in below platform, and most narrow spacing orbit portion position 2m distance, track position must not occur joint.
F, placement: Aladin rubber strip is put in gap, concordant placement, both sides use epoxy cement adhesive edge; Carry out inflation again.When meeting pipeline location, rubber strip passes from duct bottom; After the solidification of Wabo paste adhesive bonding agent, then air is released from rubber strip.Slotted wall structural joint place node construction figure is cleaned with hair-dryer.
3, structure expansion joint construction quality requirement
A, the designing requirement of system model size conforms.
B, joint, port sealing are tight, and without gas leakage, wrong stubble phenomenon, valve is installed firmly.
Surface dirt, scum silica frost are wiped clean concrete by C, use concrete surface inorganic agent, and rubber tube glue amount is full, scrapes phenomenon without leaking.
D, the thickness of bonding adhesive smeared should be 1.5 ~ 3mm, and the degree of depth should with the toothed area deep equality intending the Aladdin rubber strip installed.Bonding adhesive should be put on slotted wall both sides equably.
After E, installation, edge sealing adhesive amount is full, mouth neat with rubber tube.
F, to install without drainage.
Five, main road ski-running place intermediate expansion seams and puts.
Concrete is in the place that flat shape is undergone mutation or direction changes, and be the place that stress is concentrated, relevant range easily produces crack.Therefore, main road ski-running place intermediate demand arranges dilatation joint.The end points of four semicircle slideways of main road ski-running slideway is stress raiser, the most easily produces crack.For preventing irregular crack, at the end points of four semicircle slideways, dilatation joint is set, dilatation joint is 20mm, for straight joint, and 300mm long D32@150 round steel dowel bar is set, every 6 meters of all the other slideway regions arrange shrinkage joint, and shrinkage joint is vertical with slideway, the wide 2mm in shrinkage joint, the degree of depth is 20mm.All shrinkage joint all adopt flexible pointing to fill, and do not affect the attractive in appearance of ice stadium and use.
Six, concrete surface layer material and progress.
Concrete surface is laid on bearing stratum, and top has protection to cover.Concrete configuration is selected require antifreeze, hard, surface fine.Refrigeration piping is imbedded in concrete.Pipe, pipe clamp are according to refrigeration design and installation.Steel bar concrete reinforcement is according to topology requirement and designing requirement---aim at the layer of concrete design that thickness is extremely low.For guaranteeing that concrete surface is seamless, pouring concrete will complete in one day.Concrete top layer prepares special hard material, the part being made as pouring concrete of concrete top layer.Application of vacuum is done to concrete, until reach the water/binder ratio of target.Reach level and smooth concrete surface by blast fan, smoothness will be checked all the time in fluid concrete process, whether even by infrared inspection concrete density.Concrete carries out post processing by water spray/covering.
Although the present invention discloses as above with preferred embodiment; so itself and be not used to limit the present invention, any those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; when doing a little amendment and perfect, therefore protection scope of the present invention is when being as the criterion of defining with claims.
Claims (5)
1. frost-resistant concrete proportioning and a construction method below Provincial Rink ice stadium ice face, is characterized in that:
(1) concrete adopts the freeze proof coagulation of cellulose fibre enhancement mode C40 self-compaction, the self-compacting ability of self-compacting concrete comprises mobility, education resistance and fillibility, often kind of performance all adopts slump flow test test, V funnel testing and U-shaped case to test more than one methods and detects, frost-resistant concrete adopts hard aggregate, and concrete matching method is 1) concrete employing steel fibrous concrete; 2) water/binder ratio is not more than 0.45, must not arbitrarily add water in feeding process; 3) cement adopts the Portland cement being not less than 42.5 labels; 4) aggregate that grating is good, maximum particle diameter is not more than 12 millimeters, and fines adopts clean river sand, fineness modulus 2.4-2.7, and mud content is less than 1%; 5) sand coarse aggregate ratio controls at 35-40%, uses straight cement configuration;
(2) the air content Detection job detection method of frost-resistant concrete is that the frost-resistant concrete of mixing is done three 150x150x150mm test blocks, with resistance to compression test block together maintenance, after normal intensity to be achieved, dried and weighed, then be immersed in water and weigh air-dry for surface moisture again after taking-up in 30 minutes, result and the weight of originally drying test block are made comparisons, three test blocks are averaged, and air gap amount and water content are no more than 6.5%;
(3) concreting, manually paves concrete by terrace absolute altitude, uses vibrating spear vibrated concrete while paving, and corner encryption is vibrated, and paves the position large laser evener leveling of having vibrated, carries out grinding and buffing after concrete initial set;
(4) polishing carries out planeness detection after terminating, and measurement method of planeness is: 1) adopt guiding ruler, in 3m, flatness requirement is ± 3mm; 2), after concrete planeness detects, the paving plastic foil that waters carries out maintenance.
2. frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: after the leveling of concreting evener, adopt manual leveling ruler to carry out second time to strike off, remove the impurity such as the floating material of concrete surface, local and position, corner are by manually flattening.
3. frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that: arrange shrinkage joint, ice stadium after frost-resistant concrete construction below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium, its concrete grammar is;
1) check the structural joint of building, make uniform to structural joint snap the line, surface finish is smooth;
2) use concrete surface inorganic agent surface dirt, scum silica frost to be wiped clean, on the structural joint handled well, smear Wabo Paste Adhesive bonding agent, the degree of smearing is saturated;
3) by rubber tube according to dimensional requirement excision forming, termination polish, require smooth, plug polish, total seam is according to total length, and segmentation is installed, and just determines 50 meters one section, section be connected with section adopt gluing, after joint glues, fill epoxy cement glue in joint surrounding, butt joint is strengthened;
4) with wire brush brush rubber tube coated face, remove surface oxide layer, use surface conditioning agent by clean for rubber tube surface erasing, smear bonding agent by the rubber tube processed;
5) rubber fittings position is reserved in below platform, most narrow spacing orbit portion position 2m distance;
6) Aladin rubber strip is put in gap, concordant placement, both sides use epoxy cement adhesive edge, then carry out inflation.
4. frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that: the setting of frost-resistant concrete intermediate expansion seam below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium; At the end points of four semicircle slideways, dilatation joint is set, dilatation joint is 20mm, for straight joint, and 300mm long D32@150 round steel dowel bar is set, every 6 meters of all the other slideway regions arrange shrinkage joint, and shrinkage joint is vertical with slideway, the wide 2mm in shrinkage joint, the degree of depth is 20mm, and all shrinkage joint all adopt flexible pointing to fill.
5. frost-resistant concrete proportioning and construction method below ice face, Provincial Rink ice stadium as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that: in concrete, imbed refrigeration piping, application of vacuum is done to concrete, level and smooth concrete surface is reached by blast fan, all the time smoothness will be checked in fluid concrete process, whether even by infrared inspection concrete density.
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| CN201410611372.8A CN104405131A (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2014-11-04 | Method for proportioning and constructing anti-freezing concrete below ice surface of ice rink of speed skating stadium |
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Cited By (1)
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Application publication date: 20150311 |