CN104302389A - 废气处理催化剂 - Google Patents
废气处理催化剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104302389A CN104302389A CN201280062086.XA CN201280062086A CN104302389A CN 104302389 A CN104302389 A CN 104302389A CN 201280062086 A CN201280062086 A CN 201280062086A CN 104302389 A CN104302389 A CN 104302389A
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- catalyzing
- catalyst system
- oxide
- aforementioned
- lattice
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- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical group [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-sulfonyl chloride Chemical compound S1C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)=C(C)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Pt+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LVTJOONKWUXEFR-FZRMHRINSA-N protoneodioscin Natural products O(C[C@@H](CC[C@]1(O)[C@H](C)[C@@H]2[C@]3(C)[C@H]([C@H]4[C@@H]([C@]5(C)C(=CC4)C[C@@H](O[C@@H]4[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O6)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O6)[C@H](CO)O4)CC5)CC3)C[C@@H]2O1)C)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LVTJOONKWUXEFR-FZRMHRINSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/864—Removing carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
- C01G49/0018—Mixed oxides or hydroxides
- C01G49/0054—Mixed oxides or hydroxides containing one rare earth metal, yttrium or scandium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G55/00—Compounds of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum
- C01G55/002—Compounds containing, besides ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
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- B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
- B01D2255/2065—Cerium
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Abstract
特别适合于除去CO的催化体系,其包含符合以下摩尔式的氧化物或由该氧化物组成,优选为萤石晶体结构的氧化物:Ce1-uMyAzDvO2-x,其中:Ce是铈,A表示至少一种选自以下的具有多个氧化态的元素:Ti、Ga、In、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sn、Co、Ni、Cu,M表示至少一种选自以下的元素:Gd、Y、Se、Sm、Nd、Pr、Zn,D表示至少一种不同于A的元素,且选自:Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Fe、Ag和Au,u为0.05至0.45,y为0.01至0.4,z大于0并且低于0.4,v为0.001至0.4,x大于0。
Description
本发明涉及载有基本上CO类型,以及COV(挥发性有机物)、“HC”(未燃烧烃),甚至SOx或NOx化合物的气态污染物的气体的纯化领域。本发明更特别地涉及用于处理非常低温的,典型地在环境温度至低于150℃之间的气体的催化体系。使用的这种体系对于该处理可以是非常有效的,特别在柴油机或汽油机的排气口处,其允许结合地或非结合地除去CO和未燃烧烃和NOx类型物质。
与被污染气体的纯化有关的技术和问题在本领域中是熟知的,无论它涉及环境空气,尤其在住宅中或在坐舱中的空气,或涉及在汽油或柴油汽车的排气管道出口处由机动车辆放出的气体,或其它气体,尤其由反应器或发动机产生的那些。
用于处理COV的不同技术因此在工程师技术(techniques de l'ingénieur)
Doc. J 3928中,特别地根据浓度、气体流速和待处理的污染物数目得到介绍。一种熟知的技术特别地由使COV氧化为CO2和H2O组成,其为集成热法处理的最有说服力的技术。
因此在Applied catalysis B:environmental
65 (2006)第37-43页或B:environmental 73(2007)第282-291页中的两个公开物是已知的,其描述了在二氧化钛、二氧化硅或氧化锆载体材料上包含贵金属的低温催化体系。描述的处理主要地用于氧化甲醛。贵金属(特别Pt、Rh或Au)的质量负载等于该载体材料的质量的至少0.6%。
光催化也是一种在低温有效氧化CO和挥发性有机化合物(COV)的体系。然而,这种体系要求输入紫外辐射。
关于对由内燃机放出的气体的去污应用,传统的三元催化剂是已知的,其允许联合处理NOx、CO和HC污染物并且使它们转化为中性的并且在化学上无害的气体,如N2、CO2和H2O。然而,这种体系的优异效能仅仅通过连续的调节空气-燃料混合物的富集度而获得。因此,已知的是,相对于该混合物的化学计量的最轻微差异引起污染物的排放的急剧提高。此外,这些体系在低温运行很差,仍然是可改善的,尤其在发动机启动阶段中。
本发明的目的之一是克服这种缺陷,特别地通过允许转化主要量的污染物质,尤其一氧化碳CO类型污染物质(不管待纯化的气体混合物的化学组成为如何),而不用输入能量或外部辐射,并且从非常低的温度,甚至从环境温度(25℃)进行实施。
从专利US5939354 A已知式Aa-xBxMOb的钙钛矿类型化合物,其中A表示来自镧系的元素的集合,所述化合物从氟碳铈矿获得,B是单价或二阶阳离子;M可以是过渡金属,尤其贵金属,更特别地选自Pt、Pd、Rh或Au。由本申请人公司实施的实验已经显示这些钙钛矿类型结构然而是热力学不稳定的并且对气氛的改变敏感。
国际申请WO2011/068509描述了CeyLn1-xAx+sMO2类型通式的多相化合物,其中A是碱金属或碱土金属(选自Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Li、Na、K、Cs和Rb)和M可以是过渡金属。根据一种特别的实施方案,该体系可以包括部分取代的氧化铈层,特别地部分地由锆和钇取代的氧化铈层。该制备方法在于混合该前体、干燥该混合物,然后在500至1000℃加热它。
从申请WO 2008/023223还已知,式Ce1-x-y-zMxNyKzO2-d的催化体系,其中M,N和K是选自Pd、Pt、Rh、Ru、Zr、Ni和Cu的金属,允许在低温转化气态污染物CO、NO和“HC”。在这种公开物中特别地提出使用一种氧化铈,其在它晶格中包含一种或多种催化活性的金属,特别地贵金属Pd、Pt或Rh类型。然而,由本申请人公司实施的实验仍然显示这种实施方式具有低的热力学稳定性。更特别地,该产生结构对气氛的突变(氧化性变化至还原性)或温度的突变是明显不稳定的。在这种催化剂的正常条件下这种不稳定性极大地限制它作为催化体系的可能用途。
因此,存在对简单的自发的催化体系的需要,该催化体系在它的使用条件下是稳定的,特别地允许至少CO类型污染物的直接去除,所述体系,在不使用吸附这些污染物质的补充材料时,以非常选择性的方式(即,以大于80 mol%,甚至大于90 mol%)允许该转化,所述体系不管该待处理的气体的总体气氛如何(是氧化性、中性的或还原性,更特别地氧化性的)和在非常低的温度(尤其低于150℃,甚至在环境温度)条件下而能够运行。该体系,此外是具有很高的经时催化稳定性,换句话说,在低温下很高的耐老化性并且不管上述的整体气氛为如何。
根据第一方面,本发明涉及尤其适合于除去CO的催化体系,其包含符合以下摩尔式的氧化物或由该氧化物组成,优选为萤石结构的氧化物:
Ce1-uMyAzDvO2-x,
其中:
- Ce是铈
- u为0.05至0.45,
- M表示至少一种选自以下的元素:Gd、Y、Sc、Sm、Nd、Pr、Zn,
- y为0.01至0.4,
- A表示至少一种选自以下的具有多个氧化态的元素:Ti、Ga、In、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sn、Co、Ni、Cu,
- z大于0并且低于0.4,
- D表示至少一种不同于A的元素,且选自:Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Fe、Ag和Au,
- v为0.001至0.4,
- x大于0。
在上面式子中,优选地1-u等于1-y-z-v。
这种体系有利地在任何类型气氛,无论是氧化性、中性或还原性气氛中具有活性。根据另一个优点,它在非常低的温度,更特别地在低于70℃的温度下还具有高活性。
离子-和电子传导性氧化物的电子电阻率在400℃低于1000 欧姆.厘米和它在400℃在大气压下的离子电导率为10-6至1西门子/厘米。
离子-和电子电导率可以通过传统的阻抗技术进行测量,例如,如在公开“Acta Materialia,vol.56,第4658-4672页 (2008)”中描述的那些。
根据本发明的优选的但是非限制性的实施方案,必要时这些实施方案可以彼此组合:
- x大于0.05且低于0.5,优选0.1至0.4,非常优选0.1至0.3。
- y为0.05至0.3,更优选地0.1至0.3。
- z为0.01至0.2,尤其0.01至0.1。
- v为0.005至0.2,更优选地0.005至0.1,甚至0.005至0.05。
- 该离子-和电子传导性氧化物符合式Ce1-y-z-vYyTizDvO2-x,其中y为约0.1至约0.3和其中z为0.01至0.1。
- 该元素A的可能的氧化态之一是4。
- 在根据本发明的催化体系中的氧化物的晶体结构是萤石类型的。
- 该氧化物包含氧空穴,在晶格(尤其氟结构的晶格)中的小部分Ce4+阳离子可以被转化为Ce3+阳离子,这种比例是低的,典型地低于10%,甚至低于1%。类似地,晶格的一部分阳离子An+可以被转化为阳离子A(n-1)+。众所周知,不同离子的存在和它们的相对比例可以特别地通过测量磁化率(如,例如描述在公开物"Catalysis Today,vol.54,第93-100页(1999)"中,其用TPR(程序升温还原)分析或XPS(X射线光子光谱学)进行补充或替代)进行证明。
- 该离子-和电子传导性氧化物的比表面积为15至120 m2/g,优选50至100 m2/g,其更特别地通过BET法进行测定。这种通过吸附惰性气体来测量比表面积的方法(由S.Brunauer、P.H.
Emmet和J. Teller开发)是技术人员熟知的。
- A是选自Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sn、Co、Ni、Cu的元素。
- D是选自Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Fe的元素。
- M是在晶格中具有氧化态3的元素,特别地选自Gd、Y、Sc、Sm、Nd。
- 在上面提供的名单中,不同种类的多种元素组成组分D、组分A或组分M,更特别地组分A。在这种后者构型中,催化体系包含至少两种选自以下的元素:Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Ag、Ni、Fe和Au,其中v这时表示在上述式子中所述元素的份额的总和。更特别地,根据一种可能并优选的实施方案,根据本发明的体系包含至少两种构成组分D的元素,已知用于促进CO、COV或HC化合物氧化的那些类型的第一种元素更特别地选自Pt、Pd、Rh,和已知用于促进NOx化合物还原为N2的那些类型的第二种元素不同于第一种元素,更特别地选自铂、铑,甚至Cu、Fe或Ni。
在根据本发明的催化体系中,该金属,更特别地贵金属,以阳离子形式通过嵌入方式或取代方式被布置在晶格中,优选萤石类型的晶格。根据本发明的一种可能和有利的实施方案,如上所述的催化体系不需要附加的通过浸渍沉积在该体系的表面上的金属(目前已知用于促进CO、COV或HC氧化的那些类型的金属),尤其贵金属,尤其基于Pt、Pd、Rh的那些。
根据本发明的另一方面,尤其如果催化体系包含Pt或Pd类型的单一金属D,然而根据本发明可以设想通过传统浸渍技术使所述体系与还原催化剂(其例如包含铂、铑甚至其它金属,如Cu、Ni、Fe)结合。
催化体系优选呈典型地具有0.1至300微米,特别优选地150至250微米,或者0.1至50微米的中值粒径的粉末形式,中值粒径通过熟知的激光颗粒测定法技术进行测量。
根据本发明使用的催化体系可以根据各种可能方式,根据从本领域中任何已知的技术被布置在载体上。
氧化物粉末的沉积,尤其在载体上的沉积,可以例如从包含1%至60%质量的根据本发明的氧化物的含水悬浮液来进行实施。具有低于1微米的尺寸的根据本发明的氧化物颗粒群的中值粒径是优选的,并且通过滚动球磨机(tourney-jarre)研磨而获得。该分散任选地可以通过加入分散剂(如,例如来自Syntron公司的ProxB03®分散剂)或者通过调节含水悬浮液的pH进行改善。可以根据传统方法进行该沉积。
例如粉末床类型结构可以包含氧化物粉末,该氧化物粉末包括根据本发明的催化体系或由其构成。
无机的,过滤或非过滤结构(由多孔无机材料壁,例如陶瓷材料形成)或泡沫类型结构还可以由铈的混合氧化物(其符合如上所述的根据本发明催化体系的式子)组成。
根据本发明的氧化物的替代使用方式,所述氧化物可以由通过另一种材料组成的无机结构负载。更特别地,根据一种可能实施方案,由另一种材料制成的多孔无机结构用包含符合根据本发明的摩尔式的铈的混合氧化物的颗粒的水溶液进行浸渍。
例如,构成一部分或全部无机结构的无机材料选自以下名单,单独或组合地:金属或烧结金属、堇青石、钛酸铝、氧化铝、富铝红柱石、氮化硅、碳化硅、掺杂或非掺杂的氧化锆。由电子传导性无机材料(如碳化硅或金属)制成的结构允许通过极化使催化体系再生。
如上所述的催化体系有利地可以用在使载有气态污染物并且任选地载有固体颗粒的气体(更特别地来自汽车的废气)去污和/或过滤的结构中,该结构由多孔无机材料(在其上沉积所述催化体系)组成。
本发明还涉及符合根据本发明的摩尔式的氧化物的使用方法。根据第一实施方案,使元素Ce、M、A和D的前体,优选呈盐形式,更特别地对于元素Ce、M和D呈硝酸盐形式,在溶剂中混合。
为了实现根据本发明的将元素D嵌入到氧化物的晶格中,重要的是,元素D的前体在初始反应剂的混合操作期间和在锻烧步骤之前在化学上不被还原。该溶剂因此进行选择使得D族的前体不被还原为金属形式。
使元素D的前体转化为金属状态的这种还原可以最通常通过在溶液中出现深色沉淀进行验证。该溶液的混浊度尤其可以通过准弹性光散射技术,例如借助于Malvern“zetasizer”nano S类型仪器精确地进行测定。
在50℃至70℃的温度的在一次真空(vide primaire)下的蒸发溶剂,然后在60至120℃的干燥后,干混合物在低于800℃的温度下进行锻烧。为了获得高比表面积,管理该锻烧以使得防止燃烧或自燃。这种方法特别地使得可以获得大于15 m2/g,甚至大于50 m2/g的高比表面积(根据BET法)。然后使该产物经受还原处理。这种还原步骤在还原气氛,优选包含氢的气氛中,在标准压力下,在低于700℃,优选在200至500℃的温度下进行实施30分钟至2小时,优选一小时或更低的平台期。该步骤允许除去不仅在表面上而且在该氧化物整个体积内的一部分氧,同时在整个晶格中形成氧空穴。虽然这不应该被认为是确定性断言,一种假说是在上述条件下的这种热处理通过部分还原一部分具有多个原子价A的元素的阳离子而释放电子。这种还原将使得所述氧化物是电子传导性的而不使该氧化铈(萤石)的初始结构不稳定并且将显著地提高所述氧化物的催化性能。这种机理可以解释根据本发明获得低于50℃,甚至30℃的温度T20,该T20是获得污染物质的20%转化率时的温度。
该本发明还涉及如上所述的催化体系的各种用途。
根据第一方面,该催化体系可以用作为COV或HC的氧化反应,或CO氧化为CO2的氧化反应或NOx氧化为NO2的氧化反应的催化剂。在这种用途中,元素D将优选选自Pt、Pd、Rh、Ag、Co和Au。
根据另一种方面,该催化体系可以用作为用于使NOx还原,更特别用于使NO2还原为N2的催化剂。在这种用途中,优选地将在Pt、Rh、Cu、Ni和Fe中选择该元素D。
本发明同样地可应用于该用于空气,尤其在住宅中或在客舱中,更特别机动车辆的客舱中的空气的纯化的结构中。
本发明还可以用于使来自发动机,更特别地汽车发动机,更特别地柴油发动机的废气去污。这种结构,通常用术语“蜂窝体”或颗粒过滤器(在过滤结构的情况下)指示,包含至少一个,优选多个蜂窝状整料条块。与前面描述的纯化设备不同,在这种过滤器中,所述一个或多个条块包含一组具有互相平行轴的相邻通道或通路,在通道或通路之间通过多孔壁分开,它们的一个或另一个端部用塞子阻塞以界定沿着进气面开口的进入通道和沿着气体排放面开口的出口通道,使得气体穿过该多孔壁。这种装配或非装配的结构的实例,例如描述在公开物EP0816065、EP 1142619、EP
1306358或EP 1591430中。
本发明此外涉及如上所述的催化体系用于使来自以下的气体去污的用途:
-用于能量产生的燃烧系统;
-在服务和住宅行业中的燃烧系统,尤其产生待处理气体(如CO、HC、COV、甚至NOx化合物)的供暖系统;
-在工业中,更特别地在玻璃、冶金和水泥工业中的燃烧系统;
-陆地、海上和航空运输;
-废物处理,更特别地焚烧炉。
本发明同样地涉及室内和/或室外的空气的去污。
根据另一种可能的途径,本发明此外涉及如上所述的催化体系用于制备气体合成的催化反应器,尤其膜反应器的用途。
本发明和它的优点在阅读随后的非限制性的实施例将得到更好理解。
实施例
1(
本发明
):
总组成Ce0.74Y0.2Ti0.05Pt0.01O2的氧化物首先通过混合下面给出的反应剂(按计算的比例以在初始混合物中获得以下的比例,按摩尔计)进行制备:0.2份Y,0.74份Ce,0.05份Ti,0.01份Pt。
使用以下反应剂:
- 硝酸钇六水合物:Y(NO)3.6H2O,
- 硝酸铈六水合物Ce(NO3)3.6H2O,
- 异丙醇钛Ti(OC3H5)4,
- 硝酸铂Pt(NO3)2,
- 冰醋酸。
在第一步中,将前体溶于异丙醇中。在环境温度下并且在搅拌下将前体按为了获得化合物Ce0.74Y0.2Ti0.05Pt0.01O2所计算的比例溶于超高纯度的异丙醇中。在加入异丙醇钛之前实施向该混合物加入醋酸。为了合成5 g化合物,加入大约30 ml异丙醇。然后在60℃在减压(Patm/800 mbar)下将获得的溶液放置在旋转蒸发器中以蒸发异丙醇。将如此获得的粘性液体倾倒在氧化铝坩埚中并且在100℃干燥48小时。
在第二步中,硝酸盐经受分解处理。这种处理由在空气中以大约50℃/h的加热斜率加热至500℃组成。该获得的具有组成Ce0.74Y0.2Ti0.05Pt0.01O2的氧化物在研钵中手动研磨之后具有棕色。
它的比表面积,如根据BET法测量,为大约80 m2/g。
根据第二步骤,然后处理该氧化物以获得根据本发明的催化体系,即在允许获得该氧化物晶格的高度贫氧离子状态的条件下进行还原。更具体地,氧化物在纯的H2(>
99.9%质量)下在接近于或超过300℃的温度下经受还原反应达足够的时间(至少一小时)以获得高度贫氧的状态,即一般式Ce0.74Y0.2Ti0.05Pt0.01O2-x(x>0)的氧化物。
EXAFS和XPS测量显示在还原处理之前和之后,铂仅仅以离子形式存在。更特别地,实施的测量证明不存在金属铂(等于0的Pt氧化态)。这种结果表明:
-所有初始铂被嵌入(并且保持被嵌入)在根据本发明的催化体系的晶格中,和
-这种结构的高稳定性,使用在还原气氛下在300℃的处理没有使Pt转化为金属Pt的效果。
实施例
2(
对比
):
在该实施例中,重复如在上面实施例1描述的相同工序,但是不加入异丙醇钛Ti。
实施例
3(
对比
):
在该实施例中,重复如描述在上面实施例1的相同工序,但是不加入硝酸钇四水合物。
实施例
4(
本发明
):
在该实施例中,重复如在上面实施例1中描述的相同工序,但是异丙醇钛的溶液用硝酸铁溶液替代。获得的粉末具有组成Ce0.75Y0.2Fe0.05Pt0.01O2。
实施例
5(
对比
):
在该实施例中,具有组成Ce0.75Y0.2Ti0.05O2的氧化物粉末用0.01 mol%铂(为硝酸盐形式)浸渍以获得基本上与在实施例1中描述的“质量”氧化物相同的Pt/Ce比率。然后在与该实施例相似的条件下实施该还原处理。根据该实施方案,Pt不被嵌入到氧化物的晶格中,而是仅仅布置在该具有Ce0.75Y0.2Ti0.05O2组成的氧化物颗粒的表面上,通过还原处理使铂还原。
实施例
6(
对比
):
在该实施例中,具有150 m2/g比表面积和0.45 ml/g孔隙体积的多孔氧化铝珠用硝酸钇、硝酸铈、异丙醇钛和硝酸铂在异丙醇中的溶液进行浸渍。在环境温度下并且在搅拌下将前体(按如在实施例1中描述的相同比例被引入)溶于超高纯度的异丙醇中。然后使获得的溶液与氧化铝珠和异丙醇混合。在500℃的锻烧之前,在烘箱中在100℃干燥该混合物以完成使用氧化铝珠的浸渍。
一氧化碳转化测试
将来自上面本发明实施例和对比实施例的样品(研磨为粉末形式,其被筛分为125至250微米)放置于固定床石英反应器中。更具体地,100
mg或200 mg的该催化体系被引入到该反应器中,该反应器装备有负载该粉末的多孔石英玻璃料。催化剂的体积为约0.15-0.25cm3。将催化剂放置于He流中(在大气压和环境温度下10 L/h)。然后由CO/O2/He混合物组成的反应混合物以10 L/h的总流速和50
000 h-1的空时速度进入到催化剂上。该气体混合物最初包含10000ppm的O2和6000 ppm的CO。使该反应器(粉末床位于在其中)的温度逐步从环境温度以2℃/分钟的斜率提高至300℃。
通过配备有两个平行分析通道的微型色谱仪(Agilent,R-3000)实施气体的在线分析,每个通道具有热导检测器(TCD)。第一通道,分子筛(5A,长度14 m和直径为10.32 mm)装备有允许分离小分子(O2,CO)的预柱(pré-colonne)(反向冲洗)。第二通道装备有PLOT U柱(6m×0.32mm),其用来分离更大的分子,如二氧化碳。
用于COV(甲醛)氧化的测试在环境温度下进行实施。这些测试显示在本发明的产物上这些物质被完全去除,立即地并且在数小时期间内持续。
获得的结果示于下面的表1中。
在第一栏中,指示根据哪个实施例合成催化体系的粉末,和在第二栏中指示在该反应器中使用的这种催化剂的量(毫克):
表1。
获得的结果,尤其在表1报道的那些,显示根据本发明的实施例1具有比对比实施例2和3(其分别地在它们的晶格中不包括元素钇或钛)更低的T20和T50温度,并因此在低温具有更大的催化活性。
老化试验还已经显示根据本发明的体系在多个操作周期之后使催化活性保持在基本上等于先前描述的水平上。
在该氧化物的组成中用元素Fe(实施例4)取代元素Ti(实施例1)允许获得相近的催化性能水平,虽然轻微降低。
根据现有技术的实施例5(通过使用Pt浸渍氧化物获得)的结果与实施例1(其中铂在根据本发明的晶格中为阳离子形式)的结果相比较的结果显示:对于相同量的所使用催化剂,当铂不被嵌入该氧化物的晶格中而是以金属形式吸附在它的表面上时,催化性能显著更低的。
通过和实施例1比较,对于相同量的所使用催化剂,实施例6显示:沉积与用于形成本发明的氧化物的前体相同的前体,但是沉积在氧化铝珠类型的高比表面积载体上,出人意料地导致降低的性能(与仅仅由根据本发明的氧化物形成的颗粒粉末床的性能比较)。仅仅由根据本发明的氧化物组成的催化体系因此可以优选地直接地被沉积在基底上,而不需要存在高比表面积的载体材料,典型地为100至200m2/g的氧化铝珠类型的载体材料。
Claims (16)
1.尤其适合于除去CO的催化体系,所述体系包含符合以下摩尔式的氧化物或由该氧化物组成,优选为萤石晶体结构的氧化物:
Ce1-uMyAzDvO2-x,
其中:
- Ce是铈
- u为0.05至0.45,
- M表示至少一种选自以下的元素:Gd、Y、Sc、Sm、Nd、Pr、Zn,
- y为0.01至0.4,
- A表示至少一种选自以下的具有多个氧化态的元素:Ti、Ga、In、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sn、Co、Ni、Cu,
- z大于0并且低于0.4,
- D表示至少一种不同于A的元素,且选自:Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Fe、Ag和Au,
- v为0.001至0.4,
- x大于0,
其中,所述金属,更特别地贵金属,通过嵌入方式或取代方式被布置在晶格中。
2.根据权利要求1的催化体系,其中该氧化物在其晶格中包含氧空穴。
3.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中氧化物的电子电阻率在400℃低于1000 欧姆.厘米和它在400℃的离子电导率为10-6至1西门子/厘米。
4.根据权利要求1的催化体系,其中1-u等于1-y-z-v。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中M是选自Gd、Y、Sc、Pr、Sm、Nd的元素。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中元素A的化合价态之一是4。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中该氧化物在它的晶格中包含氧空穴,其中该晶格的一部分A4+阳离子可以被转化为A3+阳离子。
8.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中x低于0.5,优选为0.05至0.3。
9.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中y为0.05至3,优选地0.1至0.3。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中v为0.005至0.2,优选地0.005至0.1。
11.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中z为0.01至0.2。
12.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中A是选自Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sn、Co、Ni、Cu的元素。
13.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中D是选自Pt、Pd、Rh、Ru、Cu、Fe的元素。
14.根据权利要求1-13任一项的催化体系,其中D由两种不同元素构成,其第一种元素选自Pt、Pd、Rh,和不同于第一种元素的第二种元素选自Pt、Rh、Cu、Ni、Fe。
15.根据前述权利要求任一项的催化体系,其中M是钇和A是钛,特别地其中氧化物符合式Ce1-uYyTizDvO2-x,其中y优选为约0.1至约0.3和其中z优选为0.01至0.1。
16.如在前述权利要求任一项中描述的氧化物粉末。
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FR1161800A FR2984182B1 (fr) | 2011-12-16 | 2011-12-16 | Systeme catalytique de traitement de gaz |
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PCT/FR2012/052942 WO2013088091A1 (fr) | 2011-12-16 | 2012-12-14 | Catalyseur de traitement de gaz d ' échappement |
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US10254249B2 (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2019-04-09 | The University Of Manitoba | Method of magnetic analysis to determine the catalytic activity of metal oxides including nanoceria |
CN113365728A (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-09-07 | 庄信万丰股份有限公司 | 在三元催化中对老化稳定的镧基钙钛矿型催化剂组合物 |
GB201904694D0 (en) * | 2019-04-03 | 2019-05-15 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Ceria-containingmixed oxides for oxygen storage |
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DK2790825T3 (da) | 2019-05-27 |
US9101916B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 |
EP2790825A1 (fr) | 2014-10-22 |
CN104302389B (zh) | 2017-06-06 |
WO2013088091A1 (fr) | 2013-06-20 |
IN2014MN01011A (zh) | 2015-05-01 |
FR2984182A1 (fr) | 2013-06-21 |
FR2984182B1 (fr) | 2014-09-05 |
EP2790825B1 (fr) | 2019-02-20 |
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