CN104272522B - 一种可充电锌离子电池 - Google Patents

一种可充电锌离子电池 Download PDF

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CN104272522B
CN104272522B CN201480000450.9A CN201480000450A CN104272522B CN 104272522 B CN104272522 B CN 104272522B CN 201480000450 A CN201480000450 A CN 201480000450A CN 104272522 B CN104272522 B CN 104272522B
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zinc
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CN104272522A (zh
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徐成俊
陈彦伊
史珊
康飞宇
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Shenzhen Cubic Science Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种可充电锌离子电池,包括正极、负极、介于所述正极和负极之间的隔离膜以及含有阴阳离子并具有离子导电性的电解质,所述负极中含有锌元素,所述正极的活性材料为纳米碳材料,所述电解质中包含锌离子,所述电解质呈液态或凝胶态。本发明利用锌离子(Zn2+)在纳米碳材料中的可逆嵌入和脱出,同时以锌元素为主的负极材料进行氧化或锌离子(Zn2+)在负极表面还原的储能机理,利用了纳米碳材料的高比表面、高导电性和独特性能,因此本发明的可充电锌离子电池具有容量高、可快速充放电、循环寿命长、安全、环保、成本低廉等特点,可广泛应用于消费电子、电动车、通讯、航空航天和军事等领域。

Description

一种可充电锌离子电池
技术领域
本发明属于电池技术领域,具体涉及一种可充电锌离子电池。
背景技术
现在小型和可移动的电池主要有锌锰电池、镍氢电池、镍铬电池、锂离子电池、铅酸电池和锌离子电池这六种。其中锌锰电池主要为一次电池,不可重复充放电,其它电池为二次电池,可重复充放电。二次电池能充分利用原材料,故其更经济实用,但现存的二次电池循环寿命大多为几百次,因此使用一段时间后,需更换新的电池以确保放电时间不会缩短。
现有的可充电锌离子电池以二氧化锰为正极、锌为负极,含锌离子水溶液为电解液的可充电锌离子电池。
这种锌离子电池储存电子的机理如下:
正极:
负极:
这种电池具有廉价、安全和环保的特点,但其正极二氧化锰容量在200mAhg-1。众所周知的是,对于电池而言,具有高的容量是其广泛应用的先决条件。因此,寻找新的高容量电极材料是提高电池容量的最好方法。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是:弥补上述现有技术的不足,提出一种可充电锌离子电池,其具有1000mAh g-1以上的高容量。
本发明的技术问题通过以下的技术方案予以解决:
一种可充电锌离子电池,包括正极、负极、介于所述正极和负极之间的隔离膜以及含有阴阳离子并具有离子导电性的电解质,所述负极中含有锌元素,所述正极的活性材料为纳米碳材料,所述电解质中包含锌离子,所述电解质呈液态或凝胶态。
发明人发现锌离子(Zn2+)可以在纳米碳(Nanocarbon,简称NC)材料的表面进行可逆的嵌入和脱出过程,这种以纳米碳材料作为活性材料的正极的锌离子电池储存电子的机理如下:
正极:
负极:
这一过程可提供超高的可逆容量,其容量在1000mAh g-1以上。因此这种电池具有容量高、可快速充放电、循环寿命长、安全、环保、成本低廉等特点,可广泛应用于消费电子、电动车、通讯、航空航天和军事等领域。
优选地,所述正极包括正极集流体和附着在所述正极集流体上的正极膜,所述正极膜中包括所述纳米碳材料和粘结剂,所述纳米碳材料为具有纳米结构且其中一维尺寸在100纳米以下的碳材料。
优选地,所述纳米碳材料为石墨烯和碳纳米管中的一种或两种混合。
石墨烯和碳纳米管都是具有独特结构的纳米碳材料,石墨烯是由单层或多层碳原子层组成,碳原子层一般在10层以下,碳纳米管是由单层或多层碳原子层卷曲而成,这两种碳材料由于其具有特殊的结构,因此性能非常特殊,利用石墨烯或者碳纳米管来储存大量的锌离子可以获得超过1000mAh g-1的容量,为二氧化锰容量的五倍以上,提高了可充电锌离子电池的容量。
优选地,所述负极是纯金属锌箔或锌的合金箔。
优选地,所述负极包括负极集流体和附着在所述负极集流体上的负极膜,所述负极膜中主要含有锌粉或锌的合金粉,还含有粘结剂。
优选地,所述负极膜中还包括缓腐剂,所述缓腐剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的1%以下。
优选地,所述缓腐剂为铟的氧化物和铟的氢氧化物中的至少一种。
优选地,所述正极膜中还包括电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述正极膜质量的50%以下。
优选地,所述负极膜中还包括电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的50%以下。
优选地,所述锌离子由锌的可溶性盐提供,所述锌的可溶性盐为硝酸锌、硫酸锌和氯化锌中的至少一种。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例一中的石墨烯的透射电镜照片;
图2为本发明实施例一制得的锌离子电池Cell1在300mA g-1恒电流下的充放电曲线;
图3为本发明实施例二中的碳纳米管的扫描电镜照片;
图4为本发明实施例二中制得的锌离子电池Cell2在500mA g-1恒电流下的充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
下面对照附图并结合优选的实施方式对本发明作进一步说明。
本发明提供一种可充电锌离子电池,在一种实施方式中,该可充电锌离子电池包括正极、负极、介于所述正极和负极之间的隔离膜以及含有阴阳离子并具有离子导电性的电解质,所述负极中含有锌元素,所述正极的活性材料为纳米碳材料,所述电解质中包含锌离子,所述电解质呈液态或凝胶态。
在优选的实施例中,正极包括正极集流体和附着在所述正极集流体上的正极膜,所述正极膜中包括所述纳米碳材料和粘结剂,所述纳米碳材料为具有纳米结构且其中一维尺寸在100纳米以下的碳材料,粘结剂采用本领域公知的用于充电电池正极膜的粘结剂,所述纳米碳材料的质量占所述正极膜质量的50%以上,还优选地,所述正极膜中还包括电子导电剂,电子导电剂采用本领域常规的用于正极的电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述正极膜质量的50%以下。
在优选的实施例中,所述纳米碳材料为石墨烯和碳纳米管中的一种或两种混合,石墨烯和碳纳米管可以采用本领域常规的方法制备得到,也可以直接购买获得。
所述负极的活性材料以锌元素为主,在一优选地的实施例中,所述负极可以直接是纯金属锌箔或锌的合金箔。在另一优选实施例中,所述负极包括负极集流体和附着在所述负极集流体上的负极膜,所述负极膜中主要含有锌粉或锌的合金粉,还含有粘结剂,粘结剂采用本领域公知的用于充电电池负极膜的粘结剂,锌粉或锌的合金粉与粘结剂按本领域常规的配比混合成膜;还优选地,负极膜中还包括缓腐剂,所述缓腐剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的1%以下,所述缓腐剂为铟的氧化物和铟的氢氧化物中的至少一种,还优选地,所述负极膜中还包括电子导电剂,电子导电剂采用本领域常规的用于负极的电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的50%以下。
在优选的实施例中,所述锌离子由锌的可溶性盐提供,所述锌的可溶性盐为硝酸锌、硫酸锌和氯化锌中的至少一种,电解液的pH值在3~7之间。当电解质为液态时,电解质以锌的可溶性盐为溶质,以水为溶质形成溶液;当电解质为凝胶态时,电解质中包括锌的可溶性盐水溶液和形成凝胶态的常规的添加剂。
以下通过更具体的实施例对本发明作进一步阐述。
实施例一
采用市售的石墨烯为正极活性材料,石墨烯的透射电镜照片如图1所示。将石墨烯粉末、电子导电剂碳黑和粘结剂聚偏四氟乙烯按质量比为8:1:1的比例混合后涂覆于正极集流体不锈钢箔上,剪裁成一定大小,于真空中烘干为石墨烯电极片。以该石墨烯电极片为正极,以0.1mm厚的锌箔为负极,以pH值为4.5的1mol L-1ZnSO4水溶液为电解质组装成电池,记为Cell1。Cell1在300mA g-1(以石墨烯粉末质量计算)恒电流下的充放曲线如图2所示。由图2可见制得的Cell1锌离子电池可重复充放电,为二次电池。以石墨烯粉末质量计算,Cell1的容量为2500mAh g-1
实施例二
采用市售的碳纳米管为正极活性材料,其扫描电镜照片如图3所示,此例使用的是多壁碳纳米管。将碳纳米管粉末、导电剂碳黑和粘结剂聚偏四氟乙烯按质量比为8:1:1的比例混合后涂覆于正极集流体不锈钢箔上,剪裁成一定大小,于真空中烘干为碳纳米管电极片。以该碳纳米管电极片为正极,以0.1mm厚的锌箔为负极,以pH值为4.5的1mol L-1ZnSO4水溶液为电解液组装成电池,记为Cell2。Cell2在500mA g-1(以碳纳米管质量计算)恒电流下的充放曲线如图4所示。由图4可见制得的Cell2锌离子电池可重复充放电,为二次电池。以碳纳米管质量计算,Cell2的容量为1450mAh g-1
以上内容是结合具体的优选实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明,不能认定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干等同替代或明显变型,而且性能或用途相同,都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种可充电锌离子电池,包括正极、负极、介于所述正极和负极之间的隔离膜以及含有阴阳离子并具有离子导电性的电解质,其特征在于:
所述负极中含有锌元素;
所述正极的活性材料为能被锌离子嵌入和脱出的纳米碳材料,所述纳米碳材料为具有纳米结构且其中一维尺寸在100纳米以下的碳材料;
所述电解质中包含锌离子,所述电解质呈液态或凝胶态。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述正极包括正极集流体和附着在所述正极集流体上的正极膜,所述正极膜中包括所述纳米碳材料和粘结剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述纳米碳材料为石墨烯和碳纳米管中的一种或两种混合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述负极是纯金属锌箔或锌的合金箔。
5.根据权利要求1所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述负极包括负极集流体和附着在所述负极集流体上的负极膜,所述负极膜中主要含有锌粉或锌的合金粉,还含有粘结剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述负极膜中还包括缓腐剂,所述缓腐剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的1%以下。
7.根据权利要求6所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述缓腐剂为铟的氧化物和铟的氢氧化物中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求2所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述正极膜中还包括电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述正极膜质量的50%以下。
9.根据权利要求5所述的可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述负极膜中还包括电子导电剂,所述电子导电剂的添加量为所述负极膜质量的50%以下。
10.根据权利要求1-9任一项所述可充电锌离子电池,其特征在于:所述锌离子由锌的可溶性盐提供,所述锌的可溶性盐为硝酸锌、硫酸锌和氯化锌中的至少一种。
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