CN104235246B - Spring pad for helical spring - Google Patents
Spring pad for helical spring Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104235246B CN104235246B CN201410231039.4A CN201410231039A CN104235246B CN 104235246 B CN104235246 B CN 104235246B CN 201410231039 A CN201410231039 A CN 201410231039A CN 104235246 B CN104235246 B CN 104235246B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- spring
- positive pole
- insert
- matrix
- sacrificing positive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002633 protecting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G11/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs
- B60G11/14—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having helical, spiral or coil springs only
- B60G11/16—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having helical, spiral or coil springs only characterised by means specially adapted for attaching the spring to axle or sprung part of the vehicle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/02—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant
- F16F1/04—Wound springs
- F16F1/12—Attachments or mountings
- F16F1/126—Attachments or mountings comprising an element between the end coil of the spring and the support proper, e.g. an elastomeric annulus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
- B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
- B60G2204/124—Mounting of coil springs
- B60G2204/1242—Mounting of coil springs on a damper, e.g. MacPerson strut
- B60G2204/12422—Mounting of coil springs on a damper, e.g. MacPerson strut anchoring the end coils on the spring support plate
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2230/00—Purpose; Design features
- F16F2230/0023—Purpose; Design features protective
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Springs (AREA)
- Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of spring pads being placed between helical spring and spring-leaf retainer for motor vehicle, the spring pad includes the matrix being made of elastomer and the sacrificing positive pole in the placement of spring side on the matrix, it is characterized in that, the insert being made of sturdy material is embedded between the sacrificing positive pole and matrix, and the insert supports the sacrificing positive pole.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of spring pad being placed between helical spring and spring-leaf retainer for motor vehicle, the bullets
Spring pad includes the matrix and sacrificing positive pole being made of elastomer.
Background technique
This spring pad is for example used in the spring arrangement for wheel suspension.Spring pad is used herein to bearing spiral bullet
Spring simultaneously makes helical spring noise reduction.In addition, spring pad also acts as the protective effect for preventing spring to be corroded.Especially in wheel suspension area
In domain, spring bears biggish load and is subjected to extreme climate condition, and thus spring not only must be supported preferably, also
It to prevent from being corroded in a long time.
Such as this spring pad as known to 100 09 136 A1 of document DE.Matrix described herein is made of elastomer,
And it is provided with intermediate plate.This intermediate plate also serves as sacrificing positive pole, so that spring be prevented to be corroded.Furthermore by among this
Plate, so that equably being conducted from the active force that spring generates to matrix.
A kind of spring pad for motor vehicle is also disclosed in 10 2,009 052 030 A1 of document DE, by elasticity
Matrix constitute.Made of metal supporting element is provided on matrix, which can be designed as sacrificing positive pole.The supporting element
It is placed in intrinsic silicon and is used for the stabilization of matrix.
Although spring pad described in the prior art has sacrificing positive pole as anti-corrosion protection, can not be longer
Time range in ensure the protective effect of the sacrificing positive pole.Sacrificing positive pole is made of non-precious softer metal,
And thus highly unstable and easy embrittlement.It is sacrificial especially in the rubber-like matrix for softness needed for meeting spring shock absorption
Domestic animal property anode is very easy to be broken off or distort.Thus in the prior art, only relatively thin individual course is provided on matrix
Or layer of the fusion on metal, as anode material, the anode material has just disappeared after acting on the shorter time.To bullet
The protection prolonged enough of spring requires sacrificing positive pole to have biggish thickness, however in the solution party being known in the art
In case, the sacrificing positive pole with larger thickness can not be firmly integrated on or in matrix.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of spring pads, support spiral to one side damping
Spring, and on the other hand prevent helical spring to be corroded within the scope of longer time.
The technical problem is placed in helical spring and spring-leaf retainer for motor vehicle by the way that one kind is according to the invention
Between spring pad be addressed, the spring pad includes the matrix being made of elastomer.In addition, sacrificing positive pole is placed in institute
State the spring side of matrix.That is, sacrificing positive pole be placed in matrix towards helical spring (hereinafter referred to as spring) side.
Therefore the spring sticks on sacrificing positive pole, anode is allowed to play its etch-proof effect.In addition, in the sacrifice
Insert is embedded between property anode and matrix.The insert is made of sturdy material, and the insert is supported
Sacrificing positive pole.
By this spring pad, support spring by damping.That is, spring relative to car body by noise reduction, and
In the process of moving sharp sound or creak sound will not be generated because of spring movement.In addition, spring is anti-by sacrificing positive pole
Only it is corroded.Insert supports sacrificing positive pole, so that sacrificing positive pole can be designed to be compared with the known prior art
It is very thick, and guarantee that spring is not corroded within the long period.From there through the simple construction of this spring pad, bullet
Spring is not only supported well, is reliably protected also directed to weather conditions and external action.
Matrix preferably by being constituted with preferable shock absorbing characteristics, easy to process elastomers so that spring by noise reduction and
Undesirable noise will not be generated.It is suitble to use such as thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) or rubber thus.By this material, not only lead to
It crosses and noise is eliminated to the bearing of helical spring, and the manufacture of matrix is also extremely simple and cheap.
It is designed in this way matrix, it is made to accommodate spring and prevents from skidding.For this purpose, for example equipped with the fixed protuberance on edge
Or it is equipped with central concave.In addition, matrix can also design retaining piece, spring is screwed or is inserted in the retaining piece.This is solid
Gripping member is not only securely fixed spring, also simplifies assembly of the spring pad on spring.
In order to accommodate sacrificing positive pole, described matrix is preferably designed with one or more grooves.In this way, it sacrifices
The spring side (that is, side towards spring) of property anode and matrix flushes in one plane.That is, passing through sacrifice
The spring side (that is, side towards spring) of anode and matrix constitutes an even curface.Dirt is avoided in this way
Assemble on the surface of spring side with stone and damages spring.In addition, will not be covered on sacrificing positive pole may weaken it is sacrificial
The dirt of the protecting effect of domestic animal property anode.
Insert is equally embedded in the groove of matrix.It is contemplated that insert is simply disposed on matrix, or also by
Substrate ring around.Correspondingly, insert is Nian Jie with matrix, or is encapsulated by the material injection of matrix.But work as insert quilt completely
Matrix should be noted that the spring side of insert is only covered by the elastic material of the layer of matrix when surrounding.It must not damage embedding
Enter the supporting role that part is directed to sacrificing positive pole.By also creating the aiding support to matrix in insert insertion matrix,
Thus prevent matrix from undesirable deformation or invagination occur.
It provides in the preferred embodiment, insert is bearing directly against on sacrificing positive pole.Insert can be fine as a result,
Ground plays its supporting role for being directed to sacrificing positive pole.When sacrificing positive pole is placed on insert with whole circumference, this
Supporting functions are advanced optimized.That is, the entire bottom side of sacrificing positive pole is embedded into part bearing.In order to which sacrifice is positive
Pole is fixed on insert, such as can be using bonding.Insert can also be surrounded together with sacrificing positive pole by matrix, so that
It is realized and is fixed by matrix itself.For this purpose, insert and sacrificing positive pole can be molded with elastomer by after, or in the base
Form the recessed groove in side.Insert and sacrificing positive pole preferable shape are placed in matrix with engaging.Insert and sacrifice sun
Thus pole is not only supported on matrix well and is prevented from skidding, but also can enter to avoid dirt and stone insert and
In the complex of sacrificing positive pole and damage spring and matrix.
Sacrificing positive pole is made of non-precious metal.Such as zinc, magnesium or aluminium are applicable in as the material for being used for sacrificing positive pole.
The thickness of sacrificing positive pole is more preferably at least 1mm, particularly preferably with a thickness of 1.5mm.Therefore ensure that sacrificing positive pole in long enough
Time range in play its function, and be reliably prevented spring and be corroded.In addition, sacrificing positive pole is preferably designed to seal
The ring closed, so that spring is contacted by area as big as possible with anode material formation.This structure is also highly stable and is easy to
Manufacture.
Insert is made of firm material, such as metal or polymer, wherein it is preferred that using the structure being made of plastics.With
This mode, insert is not only firm enough, but also light, can additionally be produced cheaply.The thickness of insert is preferably extremely
It is less 2mm, especially preferably at least 3mm.It is proved to the ratio advantageously, the thickness of the thickness and insert of sacrificing positive pole
It is 1 to 2, so that sacrificing positive pole is most preferably supported and do not damage the damping effect of matrix.The closed ring of insert
Particularly preferred bearing to sacrificing positive pole also may be implemented in structure design, and reliably avoid sacrificing positive pole deformation or
Fracture.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with preferred embodiment, the present invention is further explained.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 shows the sectional view of the spring pad according to the invention for being supported with spring,
Fig. 2 shows the detail sectional view of the spring pad of Fig. 1,
Fig. 3 shows the details three-dimensional view of the spring pad of Fig. 1.
Specific embodiment
Spring pad 1 shown in FIG. 1 is arranged in motor vehicle, and in a side bearing helical spring 2, makes spring in the other side
Pad 1 is placed on unshowned spring-leaf retainer, and be thus located at helical spring (below be also referred to as spring) 2 and spring-leaf retainer it
Between.
Spring pad 1 includes the matrix 10 being made of elastomer.The matrix 10 keeps spring opposite for supporting spring 2
In car body by noise reduction.For this purpose, matrix 10 is made of soft vibration-absorptive material, such as rubber.Spring pad 1 further includes sacrificing positive pole
20.The sacrificing positive pole 20 is placed in spring side, so that the sacrificing positive pole be made directly to contact with spring 2.Because of sacrifice
Anode 20 is made of non-precious metal, such as zinc, so the sacrificing positive pole 20 has the corrosion-resisting function to spring 2.It is sacrificing
Insert 30 made of sturdy material are also embedded between property anode 20 and matrix 10.Sacrificing positive pole 20 passes through insert 30
It is supported.
According to the design scheme of spring pad 1 according to the invention, spring 2 not only by damping is supported, but also reliable
Ground prevents from being corroded.By disposing the insert 30 supported to sacrificing positive pole 20, which can be set
Count very thick.The protective effect of sacrificing positive pole 20 can maintain the long period as a result,.If lack insert 30, then this
Kind of sacrificing positive pole 20 may due to matrix 10 flexible material and embrittlement or undesirable bending change itself occurs rapidly
Shape is not corroded so as to cause that cannot reliably protect spring 2 again.
Matrix 10 has a cylindrical retaining piece 11,11 fixed spring 2 of retaining piece and prevents its movement.For this purpose, solid
Determining the design of part 11 has a recess 111, in the embeddable recess 111 of helical spring 2.As shown in Fig. 2, the recess 111 is almost along solid
The whole circumference of gripping member 11 extends, to accommodate the section big as far as possible of spring 2.Pass through this retaining piece 11 so that the dress of spring 2
With very easy, as long as because simply sleeve is sufficient on matrix 10 by spring 2.In addition, being arranged on matrix 10 solid
Determine part 12, which is used to spring pad 1 being fixed on spring-leaf retainer.
In addition, the design of matrix 10 has groove 13, the groove 13 is for accommodating 20 insert 30 of sacrificing positive pole.Groove 13 is such as
This design, so that the compound shape being made of sacrificing positive pole 20 with insert 30 is placed in matrix 10 with engaging.As a result,
It prevents sacrificing positive pole 20 and insert 30 to skid, and prevents dirt or stone from entering, the dirt or stone may bullets
The damage of spring 2 or matrix 10.In addition, sacrificing positive pole 20 and insert 30 at least part are molded with the material of matrix 10 by after,
Complex is reliably fixed to be formed.Furthermore in this way, insert 30 also acts as the effect of stabilized matrix 10.
It is also clearly shown in Fig. 2, matrix 10 and sacrificing positive pole 20 all flush in plane E in spring side.Thus prevent dirt attached
On sacrificing positive pole 20 and damage the function of sacrificing positive pole.It is thereby possible to which the stone that can damage spring 2 will not be sacrificial
Assemble on domestic animal property anode 20.
Sacrificing positive pole 20 is Nian Jie with insert 30, and the upside 31 of insert 30 is directly positioned on entire bottom surface 21
On.Insert 30 can most preferably play it for the defencive function of sacrificing positive pole 20 as a result,.In addition, preparing this sacrifice
The bonding complex of property anode 20 and insert 30 is also to be dirt cheap and readily.Referring to Fig. 3, no matter sacrificing positive pole 20 is also
It is that insert 30 all has ring structure.In this case, the contact surface of sacrificing positive pole 20 and spring 2 is king-sized,
And the protective effect to spring 2 is very reliable.Sacrificing positive pole 20 and insert 30 are also relative to softer matrix 10
Firm complex is constituted, and thus keeps stablizing in longer service life.
Sacrificing positive pole 20 has the thickness of 1.5mm, and thus obvious sacrificing positive pole known than in the prior art
It is designed to be thicker.Spring 2 is prevented to be corroded within the very long time as a result, because material will not be used up or be consumed in advance
Fall.In order to support the sacrificing positive pole 20 made of softer non-precious metal, insert 30 is designed as 3mm thickness.With this side
Formula, sacrificing positive pole 20 and insert 30 constitute stable complex, and also keep the cushioning effect with matrix 10.Insert
30 are made of firmer polymer, and this material is not only relatively light, but also can be by extremely simple and be manufactured inexpensively.
Claims (12)
1. a kind of spring pad (1) being placed between helical spring (2) and spring-leaf retainer for motor vehicle, the spring pad packet
It includes
Matrix (10), described matrix be made of elastomer and
Sacrificing positive pole (20), the sacrificing positive pole are placed in the spring side of described matrix (10), which is characterized in that described
The insert (30) being made of sturdy material, and the insert (30) are embedded between sacrificing positive pole (20) and matrix (10)
Support the sacrificing positive pole (20), wherein the insert (30) and sacrificing positive pole (20) pass through bonding composition complex.
2. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sacrificing positive pole (20) and matrix (10) are in spring side
It is concordant in a plane (E).
3. spring pad as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the insert (30) is bearing directly against the sacrifice
On property anode (20).
4. spring pad as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that the insert (30) and the sacrificing positive pole (20) are viscous
It connects.
5. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sacrificing positive pole (20) have bottom side (21) and with
Entire bottom side (21) is placed on the insert (30).
6. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sacrificing positive pole (20) and insert (30) at least office
Portion is molded with the material of described matrix (10) by after.
7. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sacrificing positive pole (20) and insert (30) shape connect
It is placed on described matrix (10) with closing.
8. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the thickness of the sacrificing positive pole (20) is at least 1mm.
9. spring pad as claimed in claim 8, which is characterized in that the thickness of the sacrificing positive pole (20) is at least 1.5mm.
10. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the thickness of the insert (30) is at least 2mm.
11. spring pad as claimed in claim 10, which is characterized in that the thickness of the insert (30) is at least 3mm.
12. spring pad as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the insert (30) is made of firm polymer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013009637.5 | 2013-06-06 | ||
| DE102013009637.5A DE102013009637B4 (en) | 2013-06-06 | 2013-06-06 | Spring pad for a coil spring |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104235246A CN104235246A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
| CN104235246B true CN104235246B (en) | 2019-06-18 |
Family
ID=52008881
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410231039.4A Expired - Fee Related CN104235246B (en) | 2013-06-06 | 2014-05-28 | Spring pad for helical spring |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104235246B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102013009637B4 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR102300647B1 (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2021-09-10 | 현대모비스 주식회사 | Suspention Of Multilink |
| DE102015221129A1 (en) | 2015-10-29 | 2017-05-04 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE202015106077U1 (en) | 2015-10-29 | 2015-11-18 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE102015221126A1 (en) * | 2015-10-29 | 2017-05-04 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE202015106336U1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2015-11-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE102015222333A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2017-05-18 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE102015222330A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2017-05-18 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Spring arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| WO2017082497A1 (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | 주식회사 디엠씨 | Vehicle suspension spring pad |
| CN105383249A (en) * | 2015-11-23 | 2016-03-09 | 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 | Mounting structure for automobile spring mattress saddle and automobile chassis suspension spring |
| DE102016200142B4 (en) * | 2016-01-08 | 2018-04-05 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Improved spring pad for a vehicle wheel suspension with a coil spring |
| WO2017185157A1 (en) * | 2016-04-25 | 2017-11-02 | S3 Enterprises Inc. | Extension spring with sacrificial anode |
| CN106004300A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-10-12 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | Connection structure for rear damping spring and car body side beam of car |
| US20180111436A1 (en) * | 2016-10-26 | 2018-04-26 | Vibracoustic North America L.P. | Proportional radial loading spring isolator |
| DE102017215131A1 (en) * | 2017-08-30 | 2019-02-28 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | spring plate |
| JP6956606B2 (en) * | 2017-11-23 | 2021-11-02 | 住友理工株式会社 | Seat rubber |
| WO2019172329A1 (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2019-09-12 | 中央発條株式会社 | Spring |
| JP7433733B2 (en) * | 2021-02-01 | 2024-02-20 | ダイハツ工業株式会社 | elastic support member |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102013009637A1 (en) | 2014-12-11 |
| DE102013009637B4 (en) | 2020-06-18 |
| CN104235246A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
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