CN104205414B - 电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火 - Google Patents

电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火 Download PDF

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CN104205414B
CN104205414B CN201380018836.8A CN201380018836A CN104205414B CN 104205414 B CN104205414 B CN 104205414B CN 201380018836 A CN201380018836 A CN 201380018836A CN 104205414 B CN104205414 B CN 104205414B
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M·斯佩希特
K·迈勒
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Joyson Safety Systems Inc
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Abstract

一种用于在含排布在储存壳体中的储存电池特别是锂离子电池的电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火的设备,其中将包括用于防火或灭火的化学化合物的有可膨胀的体积的组合物,设置在所述储存壳体之内或之上的一个或多个中空空间中的有限体积中,且可通过传感器活化组合物的体积膨胀。

Description

电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火
本发明涉及在含排布于储存壳体中的储存电池、特别是锂离子电池的电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火。
在汽车领域,例如以“锂电池”的形式使用这种储能系统来作为机动车辆的电动驱动装载提供电力的储能系统。这种储能系统可通常用来为电动设备提供电力,特别为电动驱动器提供电力。在这类系统中,将为平坦箔包装的多个锂离子电池(例如大于或等于130个)整批分组,来形成设置在模块壳体中的储存模块。和常规电池类似,各储存模块具有两连接端子。将由紧紧卷绕的层制成的圆柱状锂离子电池分组来形成储存模块也是本技术领域所公知的。
多个电力相互连接的储存模块形成储能系统,该储能系统像“电池”一样提供用于为机动车辆的电动驱动装置提供动力的电能。
可因为电池失效发生热逃逸和过热,例如在事故之后特别是因为内部短路。在许多情况下,所导致的火灾危险不是立刻能辨别的,且可在显著延迟最长达几天或几周之后,导致发生火灾。锂是高度反应性材料,常规的灭火剂不能用来扑灭这种火灾。从DE102009035908A1可知,使用钙(Ca)盐的水性溶液和灭火凝胶来用于锂离子电池中的灭火。
本发明的目的是详细说明能有效地在特别是含锂离子电池的电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火的方法。
通过权利要求1所述的特征来实现这个目的。独立权利要求包含本发明的有益效果。
在本发明中,为了在电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火,将可膨胀体积的组合物设置在储存壳体内侧或者外侧的一个或多个中空空间的有限体积内。可膨胀的组合物包括灭火剂,特别是化学化合物和/或矿物或玻璃体颗粒,用于防火或灭火。还可这样制备可膨胀的组合物:使该可膨胀的组合物适于储能系统特别是储存电池中的防火或灭火。例如可提供传感器单元来活化可膨胀的组合物的膨胀,该传感器单元可检测对电化学储能系统或它的储存壳体的任何损坏或毁灭,从而将在可膨胀的组合物中包括的用于防火或灭火的组合物或者灭火剂带到电化学储能系统之上或之内的各危险位置。还可这样实施传感器单元:例如它可检测任何的加速力或者制动力,如在事故中可能发生的那样,然后引发对可膨胀的组合物的膨胀的活化。
例如通过电信号的对膨胀的活化,还可通过作为算法的结果来形成,使用该算法来分析车辆之内或周围的传感器的各种信号。具体来说,分析的东西是信号例如来自对车辆或车辆周围进行的加速力或者制动力的那些,例如来自在碰撞情况下出现的冲击或者应力和应变。
在预碰撞信号的情况下,可类似地通过询问获取电池储存含量,如有需要,活化组合物的膨胀。
为了通过传感器活化膨胀,可以温敏形式包含可膨胀的组合物,从而在特殊最低温度下活化组合物的膨胀。还可使传感器单元产生电信号,使用该电信号来引发可膨胀的组合物的膨胀。
可膨胀的组合物可优选地分配给储能系统的储存模块,所述储存模块包括各多个储存电池。这确保了在所涉及的各储存模块,消除了火灾的危险,或者火自行熄灭。为了这个,可将可膨胀的组合物设置在各储存模块的壳体内侧,也可设置在壳体外侧。
优选地可在储能系统上提供放电装置,或者可将储能系统连接到放电装置,其中可使用放电装置的放电能来加速组合物的膨胀。还可使用放电能来活化组合物的膨胀。为了在有限的体积中设置可膨胀的组合物,可将可膨胀的组合物设置在一个或多个容器中。还可作为涂料提供可膨胀的组合物,该涂料包括粉末形式的至少一种防火或灭火的灭火剂,例如在涂料涂层中。
还可作为成形体来提供可膨胀的组合物,例如以片状形式。
可膨胀的组合物还可包括干燥的推进剂,其优选地在膨胀时形成氮气。合适的推进剂的示例包括叠氮化钠(NaN3)、硝酸胍或氨基四唑(aminotetrazole)化合物。例如,用于填充安全气囊的一种这样的推进剂是本技术领域所公知的。当以干燥形式提供的推进剂活化时,它膨胀成气体形式,并致使用于防火或灭火的至少一种灭火剂到达储能系统中的各危险位置。
可膨胀的组合物还可包括容纳在一个或多个容器中的处于压力下的至少一种气体或者气体混合物。气体或气体混合物全部或部分的由惰性气体组成,例如氩气和/或氦气,且例如气体混合物可包括氩气(98%)和氦气(2%)。可将气体或气体混合物准备就绪地保持在压力容器中,和用于防火或灭火的至少一种灭火剂一起。但是,还可将气体或气体混合物保存在独立的容器中,膨胀时将它导向灭火剂所在的容器。
可在用于填充安全气囊的混合气体发生器中提供这种排布,例如即可在压缩气体罐中混合增压气体和灭火剂。然后,可将增压气体和灭火剂的混合物快速地带到各位置,从而防止或扑灭在电池中的任意火。
为了防止火灾,可膨胀的组合物可包括至少一种物质作为灭火剂,其停止各储存电池中任何不受控的化学反应,特别是放热反应。可膨胀的组合物还可包括至少一种物质,其可在各储存电池的阳极和阴极之间形成阻挡物,特别是当隔膜或电解质被损坏时。该物质可以为形成树脂物质,例如。这种形成树脂物质可自身沉积在电极表面上,例如,因此防止电池内侧任何的短路。
在本发明中,可将至少一种形成气溶胶的灭火剂用作可膨胀的组合物,或者在可膨胀的组合物中使用来灭火。在电化学储能系统中,在储存壳体之内或之上提供这种灭火剂。为了这个目的,可将灭火剂设置在储存壳体内侧的一个或多个中空空间内。还可在一个或多个设置在储存壳体外侧的容器中提供灭火剂。形成气溶胶的灭火剂可这样实施:可在储能系统的工作温度以上的特定最小温度(例如大于或等于150℃)下活化该灭火剂,或者通过电信号来活化该灭火剂。可通过设置在储存壳体之内的温度传感器来产生电信号。
因为例如当形成气溶胶时,灭火剂的快速膨胀,可将灭火剂设置在包围储能系统特别是电池系统的壳体内侧的小容器中。还可将灭火剂容纳在用于储存模块提供的各壳体中。这样,可快速和高效地扑灭局部位置的火灾。如果用于灭火剂的容器设置在储存壳体外侧之上,类似地因为它的快速膨胀将灭火剂带到壳体内侧的火灾位置。
可提供分配系统例如在壳体壁中,或可在模块中提供带阀门进口的管道系统,从而将用于防火或灭火的化学化合物带到在储能系统之内或之上的各危险位置。
例如,形成气溶胶的组合物包括可悬浮于惰性气体中的微颗粒。暴露表面积和质量的比例是较高的,从而可将灭火所需的活性材料的量保持到最低。微颗粒仍然悬浮于气体较长时间,因此它们可渗入发生燃烧时存在的自然对流流动。可以在容器中未增压的形式提供组合物,或以在压力容器中增压的形式提供组合物。
在形成气溶胶的组合物的情况下,优选地使用形成固体气溶胶的物质,在活化时它可转化成基于钾化合物的快速膨胀的气溶胶,例如。这种组合物可设置在用于灭火剂的一个或多个未增压的容器中,优选地在储存壳体内侧。为了这个目的,可在储存壳体内侧的一个或多个中空空间内提供组合物。优选地将组合物分配到各储存模块,组合物优选地设置在各储存模块壳体内侧。还可作为涂料,或以片剂或颗粒的形式提供组合物。
优选地在储能系统之上提供放电装置,当灭火时其提供用于分配灭火气溶胶的放电能。
使用含钾化合物的灭火剂进行灭火基于下述事实:在火中通过钾化合物分解释放的任何钾都将与在燃烧中产生的自由基反应,形成非常稳定的化合物氢氧化钾。结果停止了燃烧中产生的自由基的链式反应,并扑灭火灾。
这种形成气溶胶的组合物用在用于在封闭空间中灭火的灭火设备。灭火设备和灭火系统是市售的,商标为Fire
在DE 19634006C2中,还描述了合适形成气溶胶的组合物,其以重量百分数计包括下述:
在这种情况下,二氰基二酰胺是形成气体气溶胶物质。
优选地,可这样设置包括用于防火或灭火的灭火剂的可膨胀的组合物:可相继的将组合物的膨胀活化两次或更多次。这样,在灭火之后发生的任何后续的火灾都可再次扑灭。为此,可将可膨胀的组合物设置在能相继活化的两个或更多个装置中。这多个装置可在一个或多个分别的容器中提供。
用来防火或灭火的灭火剂还可包括矿物或玻璃体颗粒。这种颗粒可独自形成灭火剂,或与用于防火或灭火的化学物质(例如如上所述的钾化合物)一起形成灭火剂。优选地,颗粒的粒度小于0.5毫米。甚至更优选地,颗粒的粒度小于0.2毫米。可以中空微球的形式提供颗粒。例如,这种颗粒的制备可参见EP1832560A2。
附图显示了电化学储能系统1,其可为用于车辆特别是用于机动车辆的电池。但是,它也可为以固定方式布置的电池。储存电池3在储能系统1中的储存壳体2中排布。例如,电池可为锂离子电池。在壳体内侧,设置了容器4,其中准备就绪地保存了优选地压实形式的有可膨胀体积的组合物。这种组合物可为用于防火或灭火的灭火剂。它可为用来防火或灭火的化学物质。通过推进剂用于防火或灭火的灭火剂在储存壳体2内侧分配。但是,也可为各储存电池3,或者为有多个储存电池3组成的各包装提供含可膨胀的组合物的容器4。容器4还可设置在储存壳体2的外侧之上。
作为一种灭火剂,壳体4内侧的可膨胀的组合物还可包括矿物或玻璃体颗粒。不仅是矿物或玻璃体颗粒,用于防火或灭火的化学物质也可用作灭火剂。
可通过传感器活化在容器4中提供的组合物的体积的膨胀。为了这个目的,可提供一个或多个传感器。例如可提供一个或多个温度传感器5和/或一个或多个加速度传感器6。这样,能检测储存壳体2中的任何过高的温度。还可检测任何过高的制动力或加速力,特别是对储能系统1或储存电池3造成的任何损坏。将传感器5,6连接到分析器/控制器7,其可为电子计算机设备,例如车辆中的车载计算机。在分析器/控制器7中,就储能系统1之内或之上的防火或灭火而言分析来自传感器的信号,并相应地提供用于引发容器4中保存的组合物体积膨胀的各控制信号。

Claims (13)

1.用于在含排布于储存壳体中的储存电池的电化学储能系统中的防火或灭火的设备,
其特征在于,
将包括用于防火或灭火的灭火剂的有可膨胀的体积的组合物,设置在一个或多个容器中的有限体积中,其中通过传感器活化组合物的体积膨胀;和
在储能系统上提供放电装置,或者将储能系统连接到放电装置;且使用所述放电装置的放电能来膨胀组合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述储存电池是锂离子电池。
3.如权利要求1所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述可膨胀的组合物设置在各储存模块的壳体内。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
作为涂料提供所述可膨胀的组合物。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
作为成形体提供所述可膨胀的组合物。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,用于防火或灭火的装置包括化学化合物,该化学化合物与通过火灾释放的自由基反应形成至少一种稳定的化合物。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述可膨胀的组合物包括至少一种碱金属化合物。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述可膨胀的组合物包括钾化合物。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述可膨胀的组合物包括硝酸钾。
10.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,用于防火或灭火的装置包括矿物或玻璃体颗粒。
11.如权利要求10所述的设备,
其特征在于,所述颗粒的粒度小于0.5毫米。
12.如权利要求1或2所述的设备,
其特征在于,
所述可膨胀的组合物包括干燥的推进剂,当所述推进剂膨胀时,它形成氮气。
13.一种电化学储能系统的储能系统,为其提供根据权利要求1-12任一项所述的设备。
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