CN104170032A - 纳米颗粒、永久磁铁、发动机和发电机 - Google Patents

纳米颗粒、永久磁铁、发动机和发电机 Download PDF

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CN104170032A
CN104170032A CN201380014238.3A CN201380014238A CN104170032A CN 104170032 A CN104170032 A CN 104170032A CN 201380014238 A CN201380014238 A CN 201380014238A CN 104170032 A CN104170032 A CN 104170032A
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G.里格
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Abstract

纳米颗粒（5）具有至少一个伸长的核（10），所述核利用至少一种可磁化的和/或被磁化的第一材料构成和包围所述核的壳（20），所述壳利用至少一种磁晶各向异性的第二材料构成。永久磁铁（40）包括大量（30）这样的纳米颗粒。发动机或发电机（60）具有至少一个这样的永久磁铁（40）。

Description

纳米颗粒、永久磁铁、发动机和发电机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纳米颗粒、一种永久磁铁以及一种发动机和一种发电机。
背景技术
对新型永磁的磁铁材料的寻找由于纳米工艺已经经历强烈的复苏。其原因在于，永磁特性除了高的磁化（磁极化）之外由于合适的原子和结晶的结构还在很大程度上依赖于介观尺度上的磁化过程。通过将微结构构建为纳米级的单磁畴微粒，有利于永磁特性，这在理论上被预言过并且实验上通过在应用快速凝固技术情况下的微结构构造而已知。
然而，由具有高自发磁化的纳米颗粒对永磁材料的合成构建由于纳米颗粒中增加的氧化敏感度而受到阻碍。此外，可通过所谓的形状各向异性实现的矫顽场强不可以在实验上实现。
在当今的基于稀土的永久磁铁（例如SmCo或NdFeB）中，通过在微晶的、以冶金方式产生的微结构中的高磁晶各向异性产生对于几乎所有当前的应用足够高的矫顽场强，而在这些系统中的剩余磁化保持限制到硬磁相的自发磁化（例如Nd2Fe14B是1.6T）上。
通过纳米工艺的合成方法，基于成型可能性可以制造被校准的单磁畴纳米颗粒的总体。然而，基于形状效应的各向异性场（作为矫顽场的上限）在此是受限的。
因为由于来自总体的影响、但是也由于矫顽场通过表面以及角和棱边处的缺陷而被减小这一事实而直至如今也不清楚各向异性在纳米颗粒的总体中是否可以被增加并且是否有其它同样导致更小矫顽场的反复磁化模式（卷曲、铺开）附加地显露。
发明内容
因此本发明的任务是实现一种改进的纳米颗粒，利用该纳米颗粒可以克服现有技术的前述缺点。特别是应该利用根据本发明的纳米颗粒使得能够实现改进的永磁磁铁材料。此外，本发明的任务是实现一种改进的永久磁铁以及一种改进的发动机和一种改进的发电机。
本发明利用具有在权利要求1中所说明的特征的纳米颗粒，利用具有在权利要求13中所说明的特征的永久磁铁以及利用具有在权利要求15中所说明的特征的发动机和发电机来解决。
根据本发明的纳米颗粒具有至少一个伸长的核，该核利用至少一种可磁化的和/或被磁化的第一材料来构成。
在此在本发明意义上的纳米颗粒可被理解为具有小于1000nm的横向直径的颗粒。特别是该纳米颗粒具有小于300nm的横向直径。
在本发明意义上的伸长的核可被理解为具有至少1.5的纵横比的核，该纵横比是纵向尺寸对横向尺寸的比值。适宜地，该纵横比是至少5，理想地是至少10。
根据本发明的纳米颗粒此外具有包围核的壳，该壳利用至少一种磁晶各向异性的第二材料来构成。适宜地，壳的第二材料利用界面与核的第一材料邻接。
根据本发明的纳米颗粒因此具有所谓的核壳结构，至少两种材料参与在该核壳结构中，这些材料有利地导致高永磁性能、即高剩磁，高矫顽场和高能产物以及高长久稳定性。具有第一材料的核（英文：Core）具有高磁化和/或可磁化性，其中壳（英文：Shell）的第二材料具有高磁晶各向异性。该磁晶各向异性使核的表面、特别是核和壳之间的适宜存在的界面稳定，并且防止由于在该表面或界面处的缺陷所导致的反复磁化。此外，通过第一和第二材料的选择实现磁交换耦合，该磁交换耦合导致单相的反复磁化行为并且因此在高矫顽场的情况下促进均匀的旋转。在此可以实现能量密度相对于现有技术增加至少一倍。因此可以利用根据本发明的纳米颗粒提供适合于构建改进的永久磁铁的总体。
优选地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中第一材料至少作为体积材料是软磁的。有利地，作为软磁的金属和合金已知的材料、如特别是铁磁体、如NiFe或CoFe作为体积材料由于形状各向异性而赢得具有显著的反复磁化稳定性的永磁特性。
在本发明的一种优选的改进方案中，在纳米颗粒中第一材料被利用铁磁材料、特别是Fe来构成。合适地，在此铁磁材料由或利用具有Fe的合金和/或混合晶体、特别是NiFe或CoFe来构成。适宜地，第一材料具有特别是具有高Fe组成的一种或多种过渡金属或FeCo。
适宜地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中第二材料是硬磁的。
优选地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中第二材料由或利用MnBi和/或MnAlC和/或FePt来构成。特别是在后一种情况下，第二材料借助将Pt沉积到Fe上以及随后的加热来构成。
替代地或附加地，第二材料由或利用CoPt、FePt、FePd、硬磁的稀土化合物如SmCo和NdFeB或由/利用硬铁氧体如SrBa铁氧体来构成。优选地，在此第一材料由或利用FeCo来构成。
纳米颗粒和/或纳米颗粒的核在本发明的一种优选的改进方案中被构造为纳米棒和/或纳米线（英文：Nanowire），适宜地被构造为伸长的椭圆体。
合适地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中，纳米颗粒的至少一半体积组成、优选地体积组成的大于百分之90落到该核上。有利地，从而可以实现纳米颗粒的特别高的永久磁化并且因此与纳米颗粒所占据的空间相比也可以实现纳米颗粒总体的高的永久磁化。适宜地，在此第二材料作为/利用自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）来构成。有利地，在壳的第二材料和核的第一材料之间的交换相互作用不依赖于壳的厚度。因此借助唯一的连续的单层作为壳已经可以实现核磁化的好的稳定。
根据本发明的纳米颗粒在一种有利的改进方案中具有外部的保护层，该保护层被构造用于保护免遭腐蚀、特别是氧化。因此避免了根据本发明的纳米颗粒的核被腐蚀、特别是被氧化。适宜地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中，保护层作为/利用自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）来构成。优选地，保护层利用FePt和/或MnAlC来构成。
特别优选地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中，在此壳构成保护层或保护层的至少一部分。理想地，在此选择FePt和/或MnAlC用于壳。有利地，壳在FePt的情况下通过将Pt沉积到Fe上以及紧接着的在界面中的热处理来制造。
替代地并且同样优选地，保护层作为其它的层被布置在壳处/上。优选地，保护层作为/借助自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）加以施加。
理想地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中保护层完全并且优选整面地覆盖壳的外表面。以该方式实现核磁化的有效的稳定。
有利地，在根据本发明的纳米颗粒中保护层利用FePt、特别是借助将Pt沉积到Fe上以及随后的加热来构成。
根据本发明的永久磁铁包括大量的如前面所描述的根据本发明的纳米颗粒。这些永久磁铁可以有利地被用在高效的驱动器和发电机中、例如驱动器和发电机的定子和转子中。
在根据本发明的永久磁铁的一种有利的改进方案中，纳米颗粒被布置为，使得纳米颗粒的最长尺寸的定向具有从优磁化方向。特别是纳米颗粒关于其最长尺寸被几乎单向地和/或平行地校准，即纳米颗粒的至少一半、优选地至少百分之90在其校准方向上几乎不、即特别是最高20度地偏离该从优磁化方向。
根据本发明的发动机具有如之前所描述的根据本发明的永久磁铁。
根据本发明的发电机具有如之前所描述的根据本发明的永久磁铁。
适宜地，在根据本发明的发动机或根据本发明的发电机中，至少一个转子和/或至少一个定子如本来已知地存在，该转子和/或定子/这些转子和/或定子利用一个或多个如上面所解释的根据本发明的永久磁铁来构成。
附图说明
随后借助在附图中示出的实施例进一步解释本发明。其中：
图1以原理图以纵剖面示出根据本发明的纳米颗粒，
图2示意地以原理图示出根据本发明的永久磁铁，和
图3示意地以原理图示出根据本发明的发电机。
具体实施方式
在图1中所示出的根据本发明的纳米棒（Nanorod）5具有由FeCo构成的伸长的核10。该核10具有大约5的纵横比（纵向尺寸对横向尺寸的比值）（在并非特意示出的实施例中纵横比是10，所述实施例此外对应于在此的描述）。纳米棒5的整个体积组成、在此体积组成的百分之90几乎落在核5上。该核承载高的磁化。
纳米棒5此外具有由磁晶各向异性材料、在所示出的实施例中由FePt构成的壳。壳20的磁晶各向异性使核10的表面稳定并且防止由于缺陷导致的核10的表面处的反复磁化。
在核10和壳20的材料之间存在磁交换耦合，该磁交换耦合导致纳米棒5的单相的反复磁化行为并且因此在高矫顽场的情况下导致均匀的旋转。
壳20在由FePt构成的情况下由于其合适的腐蚀特性同时用作保护层。该保护层保护核10以免被氧化。纳米棒5的壳20在此通过将Pt沉积到Fe上并且最后对界面的热处理来加以制造。
然而，壳20也可以例如借助自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）被构造为薄的、即在一个单层和五个单层之间厚度的层。
在一个替代的实施例中，该实施例此外对应于之前所描述的实施例，附加地将保护层施加到壳20上，该保护层借助自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）由MnAlC构成。
在另外的并非特意被示出的实施例中，根据本发明的纳米棒对应于之前所描述的纳米棒5，其中然而核不同地并非由FeCo组成而是由其它的软磁材料组成。
根据本发明的纳米棒的其它的没有单独图示的实施例对应于在之前的实施例中所描述的纳米棒，然而在这些实施例中壳不同地并非由FePt组成，而是由CoPt、FePd、MnAlC或硬磁的稀土化合物如SmCo或NdFeB或硬铁氧体如SrBa铁氧体组成。在MnAlC的情况下，壳在此同样同时用作纳米棒的防腐蚀保护层。
如之前所描述的纳米棒的总体30、例如纳米棒5的总体30是在图2中所示出的根据本发明的永久磁铁40的部分。
在此总体30的纳米棒5具有从优磁化方向。在所示出的实施例中，纳米棒5在此相互平行地被定向。总体30的纳米棒5为了该平行的定向而处于例如由铝构成的基质中（未详细示出）。该基质在表面处具有大量的细孔，所述细孔构成相互平行地延伸到基质中的纳米观不通孔的开口。纳米棒5处于这些相互平行延伸的不通孔中，其中纳米棒的最长尺寸沿着不通孔的延伸方向延伸。因此纳米棒5根据不通孔的相互平行的校准方向而被相互平行地校准。例如这样被校准的纳米棒的制造可以如Narayanan等人Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010 5， 164－168，特别是图1和所属的文字）所描述的那样进行。
由于纳米棒的平行的校准，各个纳米棒的永久磁场合计为纳米棒总体的相应被放大的总场，使得这样实现的永久磁铁40具有足够大的永久磁场。
在图3中所示出的根据本发明的发电机60以本身已知的方式具有借助永久磁铁40构成的转子定子装置50。区别于现有技术，在此转子定子装置50的永久磁铁利用根据本发明的永久磁铁40来构成。
在一个并非特意被示出的实施例中，转子定子装置50是根据本发明的发动机的组成部分。

Claims (15)

1.纳米颗粒，具有
－至少一个伸长的核（10），该核利用至少一种可磁化的和/或被磁化的第一材料构成，和
－包围所述核的壳（20），所述壳利用至少一种磁晶各向异性的第二材料构成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述第一材料至少作为体积材料是软磁的。
3.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述第一材料利用铁磁材料、特别是Fe，优选地利用具有Fe的合金和/或混合晶体、特别是NiFe或CoFe构成。
4.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述第二材料是硬磁的。
5.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述第二材料利用磁晶各向异性的材料、优选MnBi和/或MnAlC和/或FePt特别是借助将Pt沉积到Fe上以及随后的加热来构成。
6.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，所述纳米颗粒被构造为纳米棒（5）和/或纳米线。
7.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中纳米颗粒的至少一半的体积组成落在所述核（10）上。
8.根据上述权利要求之一所述的纳米颗粒，所述纳米颗粒具有被构造用于保护免遭腐蚀、特别是氧化的外部的保护层。
9.根据权利要求8所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述壳（20）构成保护层的至少一部分。
10.根据权利要求8所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述保护层完全地并且优选整面地覆盖所述壳（20）的外表面。
11.根据权利要求8至10之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述保护层利用自组装单层（SAM，self assembly monolayers）构成。
12.根据权利要求8至11之一所述的纳米颗粒，其中所述保护层利用FePt特别是借助将Pt沉积到Fe上以及随后的加热来构成。
13.永久磁铁，包括大量（30）的根据上述权利要求之一的纳米颗粒。
14.根据权利要求13所述的永久磁铁，其中所述纳米颗粒被布置为，使得纳米颗粒的最长尺寸的定向具有从优磁化方向。
15.具有至少一个根据权利要求13或14的永久磁铁（40）的发动机或发电机。
CN201380014238.3A 2012-03-15 2013-02-11 纳米颗粒、永久磁铁、发动机和发电机 Pending CN104170032A (zh)

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