CN104163906B - 一种用于异氰酸酯三聚,异氰酸酯与环氧成环反应的催化剂及其应用 - Google Patents

一种用于异氰酸酯三聚,异氰酸酯与环氧成环反应的催化剂及其应用 Download PDF

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CN104163906B
CN104163906B CN201410082417.7A CN201410082417A CN104163906B CN 104163906 B CN104163906 B CN 104163906B CN 201410082417 A CN201410082417 A CN 201410082417A CN 104163906 B CN104163906 B CN 104163906B
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张�杰
霍娜丽
杨帆
徐勉
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East China University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种可催化异氰酸酯三聚反应形成异氰脲酸酯,异氰酸酯与环氧反应形成恶唑烷酮的催化剂。该催化剂以取代或未取代的、直链或支链的、烷基的、芳基或者芳烷基的C3‑C60羧酸铬(Cr+3)为主催化剂,以有机碱为助催化剂,通过改变主催化剂和助催化剂的比例及用量、原料摩尔比、反应温度以及反应时间等,合成得到含异氰脲酸酯环/恶唑烷酮环的端环氧基或端异氰酸酯基的齐聚物、低聚物及高聚物等结构性能可控的材料,其中异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮的质量比为0:100~100:0可调。

Description

一种用于异氰酸酯三聚,异氰酸酯与环氧成环反应的催化剂 及其应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种羧酸铬(Cr+3)催化剂,在有机碱的协助下,可催化异氰酸酯的三聚反应,合成得到异氰脲酸酯;也可催化异氰酸酯与环氧反应,形成恶唑烷酮。通过该反应可将异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮结构引入到聚合物材料中,应用于如涂料、胶黏剂、密封胶和复合材料树脂基体,提高材料的强度、耐热性、与填料的粘结性以及介电性能等。
背景技术
本发明主要针对在一定温度下,羧酸铬(Cr+3)催化异氰酸酯的三聚反应生成异氰脲酸酯环(Isocyanate,IS)和异氰酸酯与环氧开环反应生成恶唑烷酮环(Oxazolidone,OX)。Kordomenos等研究表明,聚异氰脲酸酯(PIS)的热分解温度为380~420℃,聚恶唑烷酮(POX)的热分解温度为330~360℃,增加材料中这两种刚性环的含量可提高材料的热性能。其中,IS在催化剂作用下可低温合成得到,而OX的合成条件则比较苛刻,只有在130℃以上的高温以及合适的催化剂存在下才会发生。因此,寻找可低温催化OX生成的催化剂具有重要的现实意义。
1958年,Speranza等首次发现环氧化合物和异氰酸酯在季铵盐为催化剂条件下可生成OX后,人们先后发现了可用于催化恶唑烷酮环生成的合适催化剂。这些催化剂包括(1)亲核胺和铵盐;其中,亲核胺包括烷基胺类,如三乙胺、三甲胺、苄基二甲胺(BDMA)、2,4,6-三(二甲氨基)苯酚(DMP-30,US4766158);含氮杂环类催化剂,如,1,8-二氮杂二环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU,US 2013016865);咪唑及其衍生物,如2-苯基咪唑,2-甲基咪唑,2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑和4,4’-亚甲基-双(2-乙基-5-甲基咪唑)(US 5112932);其它杂环如二氮杂双环辛稀、六亚甲基四胺、吗啉、哌啶、4-N,N二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP);季铵盐类,如氯化三乙铵,氯化四乙铵,乙酸四乙铵,溴化四乙铵,氯化苄基三乙胺;(2)膦(US 3702839),如三苯基膦、三甲基苯基磷、三乙基磷、乙酸三苯基膦、碘化三苯基膦、碘化乙基三苯基膦和溴化苄基三苯基膦;(3)Lewis酸/碱络合物,如AlCl3/HMPA3、AlCl3/OP(C6H4OCH3)3;(4)金属有机化合物,公开或已使用的有溴化锌(Sandler,J.Polymer Science A-1,5,1481,1967);K.Gulbins发现氯化锂可催化芳香族异氰酸酯和环氧开环生成恶唑烷酮环(Chem.Ber.93,1875,1960);R.R.Dileone发现正丁基锂具有催化恶唑烷酮环生成的活性(J.Polymer Science,Part A-1,Vol.8,p.609,1907);J.E.Herweh和W.J.Kauffmand则报道了溴化锂的催化性能(Tetrahedron Leters,No.12,p,809,1971);US 3817938公开了元素周期表中ⅡA、ⅢA族元素的烷氧基-或者苯氧基化合物催化剂;US 4066628公开的二烷基锌、羧酸锌、有机锌螯合化合物、三烷基铝;US 005238016公开的新型催化剂卤化锌;US 4658007公开了原位生成的有机碘化锑+5催化剂可催化恶唑烷酮环的生成。在最新的研究中,S.Tanimori等发现了新型催化剂[Pd(η3-C3H5)Cl]2可催化恶唑烷酮环的生成,但其反应物不是异氰酸酯与环氧之间的反应(Tetrahedron Leters,Vol.41,p.6785,2000);F.Marjorie等研究了新型三氟甲磺酸镱(Yb(OTf)3)催化异氰酸酯和环氧的反应(Thermochimica Acta,Vol.543,p.188,2012)。这些催化剂催化异氰酸酯和环氧反应生成IS和OX时,通常需要较高的温度或者较长的时间,而关于Cr+3作为催化剂催化IS/OX的生成未见文献报道,本发明涉及的Cr+3催化剂是一种制备异氰脲酸酯和恶唑烷酮的高效催化剂。
值得注意的是,Cr+3类化合物应与有毒性的Cr+6化合物区分开来,因为前者在民业、工业上应用广泛,如在药店和保健食品商店出售的吡啶羧酸铬,是一种维他命添加剂;Cr+3在石油工业上有大量的应用也是基于其环境友好性。
专利US 6359147揭示了羧酸铬Cr+3催化剂催化开环的相关反应,如氮杂环丙烷,氧杂环丁烷,环氧乙烷分别与羧酸,酸酐,酰亚胺,内酯和碳酸酯的反应;以及含羟基化合物与酸酐,内酯,和碳酸酯的反应,环硫乙烷与酸酐的反应。但是,未提到该催化剂催化异氰酸酯三聚以及异氰酸酯与环氧的反应。
发明内容
本发明涉及使用三价铬催化剂(Cr+3),优选羧酸铬,在有机碱助催化剂协同作用下,催化异氰酸酯三聚形成异氰脲酸酯,催化异氰酸酯与环氧形成恶唑烷酮的反应。通过控制催化剂浓度、助催化剂的量、反应温度、反应时间以及原料配比,得到含异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮的端环氧低聚物,含异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮的端异氰酸酯低聚物,以及含异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮的高聚物等结构性能可控的聚合物材料,其中异氰脲酸酯/恶唑烷酮的质量比为0:100~100:0。
所述的Cr+3羧酸盐,主要为C3-C60,直链的或支链,芳基,烷基或者芳烷基的羧酸盐。其中,芳基是指含6~20个C的芳香烃,优选含单芳基的6~16个C取代基,如苯基;或者含两个或多个共轭环,如萘基;或者被单键相连的两个或多个芳基,如联苯;其中,芳基可以分别含少量支化或者支链烷基,含3~13个C的环烷基,氟基,氯基,溴基,三聚甲烷基,氰基,或者二氟甲氧基等取代基。其中优选己酸铬,戊酸铬,2-乙基己酸铬,油酸铬,硬脂酸铬,甲苯苯甲酸铬,甲酚铬,苯甲酸铬,烷基苯甲酸铬,烷氧基苯甲酸铬,环烷酸铬,烷氧基铬,醋酸铬,丁酸铬,丙酸铬,辛酸铬和癸酸铬。其中更优选,C3-C10,直链或支链,烷基,芳基或芳烷基的羧酸盐,如醋酸铬,丁酸铬,丙酸铬,苯甲酸铬,辛酸铬或癸酸铬。优选辛酸铬,支链或直链的C8,或者为两者的混合物,如2-乙基己酸铬或正辛酸铬。
所述的辛酸铬可以为其纯的化合物或者其在溶剂或稀释剂中的溶液,如邻苯二甲酸酯类或高沸点石油馏分。其中,Cr+3的浓度可以为0.5%至其在化合物中的浓度,如辛酸铬的10.8%,其中优选4%~8%。在反应体系中,以质量百分比计,Cr+3催化剂的浓度为0.01%~5%,其中优选0.02%~1%。
所述的助催化剂为有机碱类助催化剂,包括N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、吡啶、4-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑、4-乙基二甲基咪唑、二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)、DBU、NEt3等有机碱,其中优选DMF、DMAC、吡啶、4-甲基咪唑、DMAP、DBU。在催化体系中,以质量百分比计,助催化剂的用量为Cr+3催化剂的0.01~20倍,其中优选0.5~10倍。
所述的异氰酸酯为分子结构中包含一个或多个异氰酸酯根(-NCO)且通常用于制备氨基甲酸酯的一类化合物,包括芳香族异氰酸酯、脂肪族或脂环族异氰酸酯及其衍生物的一种或几种的混合物。芳香族异氰酸酯,如2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(2,4-TDI),2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯(2,6-TDI),4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),连甲氧基苯胺二异氰酸酯,甲苯胺二异氰酸酯,间苯二甲基异氰酸酯,1,5-萘二异氰酸酯(NDI),对苯二异氰酸酯(PPDI),1,4-二乙基苯-β,β'-二异氰酸酯;脂肪族异氰酸酯,如HDI(六亚甲基二异氰酸酯),IPDI(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯),4,4’-亚甲基二(环己烷二异氰酸酯)等;异氰酸酯的衍生物包括聚合的和改性的异氰酸酯,可以是双官能度或高官能度异氰酸酯。
所述的异氰酸酯可以为上述异氰酸酯的改性产物,如含少量(<15%)2,4’-异构体的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯;二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯或者含少量2,4’-异构体的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯混合物在催化剂作用下生成的聚合异氰酸酯。除此之外,聚合异氰酸酯还可包含亚甲基相连的多苯基多异氰酸酯与二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物。多苯基多异氰酸酯的结构式如下图所示:
其中:n为0~10的整数。
所述的异氰酸酯,其中优选2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯及其异构体,或者二者的混合物;4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯及其异构体,或者二者的混合物。
所述的异氰脲酸酯为含异氰酸根化合物三聚反应而成,其典型反应方程式及结构如下图所示:
其中,R表示芳基,脂肪族,脂环族,芳烷烃二价基团,n为数均聚合度,为1~4。
所述的环氧为结构中含一个或多个如下结构环氧基团的化合物,
其中,R是包括饱和的或不饱和烷烃,芳香族,或者脂环族、卤代基团,n为1~5的整数。优选环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷、2,2-二(2-羟苯基)丙烷缩水甘油醚(双酚A型),2,2-二(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)丙烷缩水甘油醚(通常为四溴双酚A),或者多种环氧的混合物;更优选环氧氯丙烷,双酚A型环氧树脂。
所述的恶唑烷酮环为含环氧基化合物与含异氰酸根化合物聚合而成,其典型反应方程式及结构如下图所示:
其中,m,n分别为异氰酸根和环氧基的摩尔数,当m:n>2时,得到含IS/OX的端异氰酸酯低聚物;当m:n<0.5时,得到含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物;当0.5<m:n<2时,得到含IS/OX的高聚物。其中,IS/OX的质量比为0:100~100:0。
其中,催化反应时所需的温度为50~200℃,优选50~150℃;催化反应时所需的时间为0~72h,优选2~24h。
附图说明
图1是实例2中含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物的红外谱图;图2是实例3中含IS/OX的端环氧产物的红外谱图;图3是实例4中含IS/OX的端异氰酸酯基低聚物的红外谱图;图4是实例5中含IS/OX的高聚物的红外谱图。
具体实施方式
下面采用实例进一步说明本发明,并非对本发明的限制。
通过傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)谱图证明IS,OX的生成及其相对强度,其中1705cm-1、1750cm-1处为IS环、OX环上羰基(C=O)的特征振动吸收峰,1600cm-1为芳香族化合物苯环特征振动吸收峰,2800~3100cm-1为甲基亚甲基特征振动吸收峰,可做参比峰计算其他特征振动吸收峰相对强度的变化,异氰酸酯基(N=C=O)的特征吸收峰在2242~2274cm-1处;环氧基上醚键(C-O-C)的特征吸收峰在890~939cm-1处。
下面是对实例中用到的仪器及试剂说明:
Nicolet 5700型红外光谱仪,溴化钾压片,扫描32次,扫描范围400-4000cm-1,分辨率4cm-1
双酚A型环氧树脂E54,环氧当量187g/eq,工业品,无锡树脂厂;
环氧氯丙烷,分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;
MDI-50(二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯),Mn=250g/mol,工业品,亨斯曼聚氨酯(上海)有限公司;
Cr+3催化剂HYCATTM 3000S,试剂级,Dimension Technology Chemical Systems,Inc.;
DMF,分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;
二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP),试剂级,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;
吡啶,分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;
4-甲基咪唑,分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司;
DBU,分析纯,美国空气化工公司;
以上试剂均经脱水干燥处理。
实例1:含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物的合成
在通氮气、带机械搅拌和温度计的100ml烧瓶中,加入56.1g(3eq.)E54和12.5g(1eq.)MDI-50,油浴加热至50℃,搅拌均匀后加入0.2%的催化剂HYCATTM3000S和1%的DMF。继续将油浴升温,直到反应体系维持在100℃,每隔1h取样测FTIR,直到2242~2274cm-1处NCO特征峰消失。5h后得到含IS/OX的端环氧基低聚物,IS/OX相对强度为58.3:41.7。
实例2:含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物的合成
在通氮气、带机械搅拌和温度计的250ml烧瓶中,加入46.75g(2.5eq.)E54和12.5g(1eq.)MDI-50,油浴加热体系至50℃,搅拌均匀。0.1%的催化剂HYCATTM 3000S溶解于50gDMF,将催化剂溶液加入反应体系。继续将油浴升温,直到反应体系维持在115℃,每隔1h取样测FTIR,直到2242~2274cm-1处NCO特征峰消失,如附图1所示。3h后得到含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物,室温下为浅黄色粘稠液体,IS/OX相对强度45.6:54.4。
实例3:含IS/OX的端环氧低聚物的合成
在通氮气、带机械搅拌和温度计的250ml烧瓶中,加入46.75g(2.5eq.)E54和12.5g(1eq.)MDI-50,油浴加热体系至50℃,搅拌均匀。0.1%的催化剂HYCATTM 3000S溶解于50gDMF,将催化剂溶液加入反应体系。继续将油浴升温,直到反应体系维持在130℃,每隔1h取样测FTIR,直到2242~2274cm-1处NCO特征峰消失,如附图2所示。2h后得到含IS/OX的端环氧根预聚体,室温下为浅黄色粘稠液体,IS/OX相对强度41.1:58.9。
实例4:含IS/OX的端异氰酸酯基低聚物的合成
在通氮气、带机械搅拌和温度计的250ml烧瓶中,加入18.7g(1eq.)E54和31.2g(2.5eq.)MDI-50,油浴加热体系至50℃,搅拌均匀。0.1%的催化剂HYCATTM 3000S溶解于50gDMF,将催化剂溶液加入反应体系。继续将油浴升温,直到反应体系维持在120℃,每隔1h取样测FTIR,直到890~939cm-1处环氧基上醚键(C-O-C)的特征吸收峰消失。4h后得到含IS/OX的端异氰酸酯基低聚物,室温下为浅黄色粘稠液体,IS/OX相对强度67.8:32.2,如附图3所示。
实例5:含IS/OX高聚物的合成
在通氮气、带机械搅拌和温度计的250ml烧瓶中,加入18.7g(1eq.)E54和12.5g(1eq.)MDI-50,油浴加热体系至50℃,搅拌均匀后,加入0.1%溶解于2g的DMF,继续将油浴升温,直到反应体系维持在100℃,每隔1h取样测FTIR,观测体系粘度变化,当粘度增至10000cp左右时,将反应物移至四氟板上浇片固化,跟踪2242~2274cm-1处NCO特征峰变化,直到特征振动峰消失。24h后得到含IS/OX的高聚物,室温下为棕色固体,IS/OX相对强度为48.5:51.5,如附图4所示。
实例6-8:助催化剂(DMF)对MDI-100/环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
在通氮气、磁力搅拌的100ml单口烧瓶中,加入20.4g(2.2eq.)环氧氯丙烷和25g(1eq.)MDI-100,加入催化剂,催化剂种类及用量见表1所示。油浴加热反应物料至60℃,搅拌均匀后保持2h,然后将油浴升温至80℃维持2h,最后升温至100℃维持13h,每隔1h取样测FTIR,观测体系粘度状态变化。FTIR谱图中取2920cm-1处甲基亚甲基特征振动吸收峰的峰高作内标参比,计算其它特征振动峰的相对强度,2270cm-1处为NCO的特征振动峰,结果如表1所示。
表1不同催化体系对MDI-100/环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
a hycat3000s催化剂用量为反应物总量的0.1%,DMF为0.5%;
b OX,IS特征振动吸收峰分别位于1755cm-1,1710cm-1处;
实例9-14:助催化剂(DMF)对其它异氰酸酯与环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
在通氮气、磁力搅拌的100ml单口烧瓶中,加入20.4g(2.2eq.)环氧氯丙烷和相应的异氰酸酯,以及催化剂,催化剂和异氰酸酯种类及用量见表2所示。油浴加热物料体系至60℃,搅拌均匀后保持2h,然后将油浴升温至80℃维持2h,最后升温至100℃维持13h,每隔1h取样测FTIR,观测体系粘度状态变化。在FTIR谱图中取2800cm-1~3100cm-1处甲基亚甲基特征振动吸收峰作内标参比,计算其它特征振动峰相对强度,结果如表2、3、4所示。
表2助催化DMF对TDI与环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
ahycat3000s催化剂用量为反应物总量的0.1%,DMF为1%;
bOX,IS特征振动吸收峰分别位于1755cm-1,1710cm-1处;
表3助催化DMF对HDI与环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
a hycat3000s催化剂用量为反应物总量的0.1%,DMF为1%;
b OX,IS特征振动峰分别位于1722cm-1,1689cm-1处,参比峰为2940cm-1处振动峰
表4助催化DMF对IPDI与环氧氯丙烷反应的催化效应
a hycat3000s催化剂用量为反应物总量的0.1%,DMF为1%;
b OX,IS特征振动吸收峰分别位于1765cm-1,1690cm-1处,参比峰为2956cm-1处振动峰;
实例15-16:不同助催化剂催化异氰酸酯自聚反应
在通氮气、磁力搅拌的100ml单口烧瓶中,加入15g异氰酸酯,有机碱种类及用量见表2所示。油浴加热物料至70℃,搅拌均匀后保持1h,观察现象;随后,将适量的hycat3000s加入反应体系,观测体系粘度状态变化,并取样测FT-IR。FTIR谱图中取1600cm-1处苯环特征振动吸收峰的峰高作内标参比,计算其它特征振动峰的相对强度,结果如表5,6所示。
表5不同助催化对MDI-100自聚反应的催化效应
a.hycat3000s为原料的0.1%,有机碱的用量为0.6%;
b.IS特征振动吸收峰分别位于1700cm-1
表6不同催化体系对HDI自聚反应的催化效应
a.有机碱的用量为3%。

Claims (9)

1.一种Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂在有机碱助催化剂的作用下,催化异氰酸酯三聚形成异氰脲酸酯,催化异氰酸酯与环氧化合物反应生成噁唑烷酮的反应的用途,其中,Cr3+的浓度为0.5%至其在化合物中的浓度,催化剂用量为反应物的0.01~5wt%,反应温度为50~200℃,反应时间大于0且小于等于72h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其特征为C3-C60、直链的或支链的、芳基的、烷基的或者芳烷基的羧酸盐。
3.根据权利要求1所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,包括如下化合物的一种或几种的混合物,己酸铬,戊酸铬,2-乙基己酸铬,油酸铬,硬脂酸铬,甲苯苯甲酸铬,苯甲酸铬,烷基苯甲酸铬,烷氧基苯甲酸铬,环烷酸铬,醋酸铬,丁酸铬,丙酸铬,辛酸铬和癸酸铬。
4.根据权利要求1所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其中助催化剂包括如下化合物中的一种或几种的混合物,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、吡啶、4-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑、4-乙基二甲基咪唑、二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)、DBU、NEt3
5.根据权利要求1所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其中助催化剂的用量为Cr3+羧酸盐催化剂的0.01~20倍,以质量计。
6.根据权利要求1所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其特征在于通过控制催化剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间以及原料配比,得到含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的端环氧基低聚物,含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的端异氰酸酯基低聚物,以及含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的高聚物的结构性能可控的材料,结构中的异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的质量比为0:100~100:0(wt/wt)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其中异氰酸酯为分子结构中包含一个或多个异氰酸酯根(-NCO)且通常用于制备氨基甲酸酯的一类化合物,包括芳香族异氰酸酯、脂肪族或脂环族异氰酸酯及其衍生物的一种或几种的混合物。
8.根据权利要求6所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其中环氧化合物为结构中含一个或多个如下环氧结构的化合物,
其中,R是包括饱和的烷烃或不饱和烷烃,芳香族、脂环族、卤代基团,n为1~5的整数。
9.根据权利要求6所述的Cr3+的羧酸盐催化剂的用途,其中异氰脲酸酯为含异氰酸酯基化合物三聚反应而成,其典型反应方程式及结构如下图所示:
其中,R表示芳基、脂肪族、脂环族、芳烷烃二价基团,n为数均聚合度,为1~4,
所述的噁唑烷酮为含环氧基化合物与含异氰酸酯基化合物开环聚合而成;当异氰酸酯基与环氧基的摩尔数之比大于2时,得到含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的端异氰酸酯基低聚物;当异氰酸酯基与环氧基的摩尔数之比小于0.5时,得到含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的端环氧基低聚物;当异氰酸酯基与环氧基的摩尔数之比小于2且大于0.5时,得到含异氰脲酸酯/噁唑烷酮的高聚物。
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