CN104159764B - 车辆 - Google Patents

车辆 Download PDF

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CN104159764B
CN104159764B CN201280068217.5A CN201280068217A CN104159764B CN 104159764 B CN104159764 B CN 104159764B CN 201280068217 A CN201280068217 A CN 201280068217A CN 104159764 B CN104159764 B CN 104159764B
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vehicle
monocell
accumulator
housing
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CN104159764A (zh
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木村健治
林强
草场幸助
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0007—Measures or means for preventing or attenuating collisions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
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    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
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    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M10/643—Cylindrical cells
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    • H01M10/6551—Surfaces specially adapted for heat dissipation or radiation, e.g. fins or coatings
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    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
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    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

本发明提供一种车辆，其目的在于，在抑制零件数量增加的前提下保护蓄电池免受车辆碰撞的影响。该车辆搭载有蓄电池，其特征在于，上述蓄电池包括电池组和保持构件，上述电池组具有多个单电池，单电池在圆筒形状的壳体内容纳有电解液和发电元件；上述保持构件自径向保持各上述单电池；在自车辆的高度方向观察时，上述电池组位于比上述保持构件的边缘靠内侧的区域。各单电池可以沿着车辆的高度方向配置。保持构件可以是容许单电池间的热交换的散热板。

Description

车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及搭载有蓄电池的车辆，特别是涉及保护蓄电池免受车辆碰撞的影响的技术。
背景技术
在电动汽车、混合动力车等电动车辆上搭载有使车辆行驶的马达，马达由自蓄电池供给来的电力所驱动。专利文献1公开了搭载有由多个圆筒型形状的电池单体构成的蓄电池的车辆。电池单体以使其轴向朝向车宽方向的状态配置。
在先技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本特开2007－050803号公报(参照图4等)
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
但是，在上述结构中，需要用于在车辆碰撞时保护蓄电池的加强构件等，因此零件数量增多。
因此，本发明其目的在于，在抑制零件数量增多的前提下保护蓄电池免受车辆碰撞的影响。
用于解决课题的方案
为了解决上述课题，本发明的车辆为：(1)一种车辆，其搭载有蓄电池，其特征在于，上述蓄电池包括电池组和保持构件，上述电池组具有多个单电池，单电池在圆筒形状的壳体内容纳有电解液和发电元件；上述保持构件自径向保持各上述单电池；在自车辆的高度方向观察时，上述电池组位于比上述保持构件的边缘靠内侧的区域。
(2)在上述(1)的结构中，各上述单电池可以以使与上述径向正交的轴向成为车辆的高度方向的朝向配置。
(3)在上述(2)的结构中，上述保持构件可以是容许上述单电池间的热交换的的散热板。根据(3)的结构，能够抑制单电池间的温度不均。
(4)在上述(3)的结构中，可以采用如下结构：上述散热板具有在自车辆的高度方向观察时沿车宽方向延伸的第1缘部和与车宽方向正交而沿车辆的前后方向延伸的第2缘部。
(5)在上述(3)的结构中，在车辆的高度方向上，上述单电池的正极位于上侧，上述单电池的负极位于下侧。根据(5)的结构，能够抑制电解液透到壳体的外部。由此，能抑制各单电池的寿命变短。
(6)在上述(3)的结构中，该车辆可以具有容纳上述蓄电池的蓄电池壳体；上述散热板以与上述蓄电池壳体接触的状态固定于该蓄电池壳体。根据(6)的结构，能借助散热板使电池组的热量向蓄电池壳体扩散。由此，能更有效地抑制电池组的温度上升。
(7)上述(3)所述的蓄电池可以搭载于车辆的行李箱。
发明效果
根据本发明，能够在抑制零件数量增多的前提下保护蓄电池免受车辆碰撞的影响。
附图说明
图1是自车宽方向观察时的车辆的外观图。
图2是蓄电池的立体图。
图3是蓄电池的俯视图。
图4是单电池的一部分的剖视图。
图5是变形例1的蓄电池的剖视图。
图6是变形例2的蓄电池的剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1是自车宽方向观察时的车辆的外观图，蓄电池由剖面线以透视状态图示。图2是蓄电池的立体图，对于蓄电池壳体仅图示了一部分。图3是车辆的概略俯视图，以省略蓄电池壳体的方式进行了图示。在上述图中，附图标记H为车辆的高度方向，附图标记W为车宽方向，附图标记L为与车宽方向W正交的车辆的前进方向。车辆1可以是具有利用蓄电池10的的输出来驱动车辆行驶用马达的动力机构的混合动力车、电动汽车。其中，蓄电池10可以是为搭载于车辆1上的辅机负荷供给工作电力的辅机蓄电池。在该情况下，车辆1也可以是混合动力车、电动汽车以外的车辆(例如，作为动力机构仅具有内燃机的汽车)。
蓄电池10可以配置于行李箱LR处。行李箱LR是指形成于车辆1的后座的车辆后方的行李舱。在此，当车辆1自车宽方向W、车辆前进方向L或车辆后退方向(以下，存在将车辆前进方向L及车辆后退方向统称为车辆前后方向的情况)受到冲击时，蓄电池10可能会与变形了的车架等抵接而受到负荷。蓄电池10通过具有下述结构能够在碰撞时受到保护。
参照图2及图3，蓄电池10包括电池组21和保持电池组21的保持板22(相当于保持构件)。电池组21包括多个单电池30。图4是单电池的一部分的剖视图，仅图示了正极和负极的附近。参照图4，单电池30包括壳体31、正极端子32、负极端子33、发电元件37及电解液。壳体31形成为圆筒形状。发电元件37包括片状的正极体、片状的负极体以及配置于正极体和负极体之间的隔膜，以绕着单电池30的轴向卷绕的状态容纳在壳体31的内部。
电解液容纳于壳体31的内部，一部分含浸于隔膜中，余下的积存在壳体31的底部。积存在壳体31的底部的电解液称为自由电解液。
正极端子32形成为在车辆的高度方向H上凸出的形状，其外缘部在车辆的高度方向H上与阀体34相接触。阀体34形成为平板形状。
封口板35形成为朝向与车辆的高度方向H相反的方向凸出的形状，其外缘部夹着正极端子32的外缘及阀体34的外缘。封口板35配置于堵塞壳体31的开口部的位置，在封口板35和壳体31之间配置有垫片36。由此，单电池30的内部成为密闭状态。
封口板35具有贯通形状的气体通路35a，正极端子32具有贯通形状的排出口32a。封口板35和发电元件37借助导线38相连接。发电元件37所产生的电力借助导线38、封口板35及正极端子32被取出到单电池30的外部。
自发电元件37产生的气体通过气体通路35a进入到形成于封口板35和阀板34之间的空间S1中。当单电池30的内压达到阀板34的工作压时，阀板34断裂，气体向形成于正极端子32和阀板34之间的空间S2移动。移动到空间S2中的气体通过形成于正极端子32上的排出口32a排出到单电池30的外部。
各单电池30以使其轴向即与壳体31的径向正交的方向成为车辆的高度方向H的朝向配置。在车辆的高度方向H上，正极端子32位于比负极端子33靠上侧的位置。需要说明的是，负极端子33及壳体31的电位彼此相等。因此，自由电解液积存在壳体31的底部，即，不是积存在正极端子32侧而是积存在负极端子33侧。在此，作为比较例，在以使单电池30的轴向朝向车宽方向W等水平方向地排列电池组21时，自由电解液的一部分会与垫片36接触。因此，自由电解液的一部分可能会经由垫片36透到壳体31的外部，从而导致单电池30的寿命变短。与此相对，在本实施方式中，自由电解液积存在远离垫片36的壳体31的底部，因此，能抑制自由电解液透到壳体31的外部。
再次参照图2及图3，保持板22自壳体31的径向保持各单电池30。需要说明的是，在保持板22和单电池30之间的间隙中也可以有未图示的绝缘层。保持板22具有自车辆的高度方向H观察时沿车宽方向W延伸的第1缘部22a和沿车辆的前进方向L延伸的第2缘部22b。保持板22由金属构成，具有使温度高的单电池30的热量向温度低的单电池30传递的散热功能。由此，能抑制单电池30间的温度不均。单电池30随着温度上升而老化速度会增加，因此，通过抑制温度不均，能有效抑制单电池30间的寿命不均。
保持板22可以使用金属。通过用金属构成保持板22，能够提高散热效果。金属可以使用铝、铜、铁。铝具有热导率高、重量轻、成本低的优点。因此，通过用铝构成保持板22，能更有效地抑制单电池30间的温度不均，实现蓄电池10的轻量化及低成本化。
单电池30彼此借助未图示的母线并联。与串联的情况相比，在并联的情况下，单电池30间的温度差有容易扩大的倾向。其理由如下。单电池30随着温度上升其内部电阻会减小。因此，在并联的情况下，温度高的单电池30的电流值要高于温度低的单电池30的电流值。单电池30的发热温度是通过将电流值的平方乘以内部电阻来计算。因此，温度高的单电池30和温度高的单电池30之间的温度差时时刻刻在扩大。根据本实施方式的结构，能利用保持板22的散热作用抑制单电池30间的温度差扩大，因此，能抑制上述不良情况。需要说明的是，通过将单电池30彼此并联，能提高蓄电池10的容量。
也可以通过将蓄电池10与其他多个蓄电池10串联而做成组电池。由此能提高功率。
如图2所示，保持板22固定于蓄电池壳体23。需要说明的是，图2图示了蓄电池壳体23的一部分结构。在保持板22的四角形成有用于紧固未图示的紧固构件的紧固孔部22c。通过将紧固构件紧固于这些紧固孔部22c中，将保持板22以与蓄电池壳体23接触的状态固定于蓄电池壳体23。蓄电池壳体23可以使用金属。根据上述结构，能够使自电池组21传递到保持板22的热量向蓄电池壳体23扩散。由此，能进一步提高冷却单电池30的冷却功能。
在此，有时由于车辆1自车宽方向W或车辆前后方向受到冲击，车辆的车架等(以下称为车辆构造物)会朝向与蓄电池10碰撞的方向变形。在此，由于电池组21在车辆的高度方向看时位于比保持板22的边缘靠内侧的位置，即比第1缘部22a、第2缘部22b靠内侧的位置，因此，变形了的车辆构造物不会与电池组21抵接，而是与保持板22的第1缘部22a及第2缘部22b抵接。并且，保持板22通过弹性变形或塑性变形而吸收冲击。由此，能保护电池组21不受冲击。这样，保持板22具有抑制单电池30间的温度不均的作用、保持电池组21的作用和保护电池组21免受车辆碰撞的影响的作用，因此，能够通过功能集约化而简化构造以及谋求削减成本。即，能够省去用于保护电池组21的独立的加强构件等。
(变形例1)
在上述实施方式中，单电池30沿着车辆的高度方向H配置，但本发明不限定于此，只要以在自车辆的高度方向H观察时，电池组21位于比保持板22的边缘靠内侧的区域，即电池组21不露出到比保持板22的边缘靠外侧的位置的方式进行配置即可。例如，即使在如图5所示那样使保持板22及电池组21相对于车辆的前进方向L以角度θ1倾斜的情况下，只要在自车辆的高度方向H观察时，电池组21被限制在比保持板22的边缘靠内侧的区域即可。
(变形例2)
此外，即使在如图6所示那样仅使电池组21及保持板22中的电池组21相对于车辆的前进方向L以角度θ2倾斜的情况下，只要在自车辆的高度方向H观察时，电池组21被限制在比保持板22的边缘靠内侧的区域即可。根据上述变形例1及变形例2所图示的结构，在车辆碰撞时自车宽方向W、车辆前后方向朝蓄电池10变形的车辆构造物会与保持板22抵接，因此，能保护电池组21不受冲击。
(变形例3)
在上述实施方式中，蓄电池10配置在行李箱LR中，但本发明不限定于此，也可以将蓄电池10配置在其他位置。该其他位置可以是后座下的地板。在该情况下，对于自车辆前后方向L及车宽方向W施加的冲击，保持板22会成为防护壁，从而保护电池组21。因此，在将蓄电池10配置在后座下的情况下也能保护电池组21不受碰撞。
(变形例4)
在上述实施方式中，保持板22形成为矩形，但本发明不限定于此，也可以是其他结构。该其他结构可以是圆形、椭圆形、矩形以外的多边形。即使是这些形状，通过将电池组21配置于在自车辆的高度方向观察时比保持板22的边缘靠内侧的位置，也能保护电池组21不受车辆碰撞时的冲击。
(变形例5)
在上述实施方式中，保持板22用紧固构件固定于蓄电池壳体23，但本发明不限定于此，也可以是其他固定方法。该其他固定方法例如可以是焊接、铆接。即使是该其他固定方法，通过使保持板22和蓄电池壳体23彼此接触，也能借助保持板22使电池组21的热量向蓄电池壳体23扩散。
(变形例6)
在上述实施方式中，保持板22具有散热功能，但本发明不限定于此，也可以是热导率极低的板材。在该情况下，可以通过在每个单电池30上设置换热元件(例如珀尔帖元件)等方法来抑制单电池30间的温度不均。
1：车辆；10：蓄电池；21：电池组；22：保持板；22a：第1缘部；22b：第2缘部；22c：紧固孔部；23：蓄电池壳体；30：单电池；31：壳体；32：正极端子；33：负极端子。

Claims (4)

1.一种车辆，其搭载有蓄电池，其特征在于，
上述蓄电池具有电池组和保持构件，
上述电池组具有多个单电池，该单电池在圆筒形状的壳体内容纳有电解液和发电元件；
上述保持构件自径向保持各上述单电池；
在自车辆的高度方向观察时，上述电池组位于比上述保持构件的边缘靠内侧的区域，
各上述单电池以使与上述径向正交的轴向成为车辆的高度方向的朝向配置，
上述保持构件是容许上述单电池间的热交换的散热板，
在车辆的高度方向上，各上述单电池的正极端子位于上侧，各上述单电池的负极端子位于下侧，
在封口板和上述壳体之间配置有垫片，
上述封口板夹着上述正极端子的外缘，
上述壳体的底部是上述负极端子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，
上述散热板具有在自车辆的高度方向观察时沿车宽方向延伸的第1缘部和与车宽方向正交而沿车辆的前后方向延伸的第2缘部。
3.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，
该车辆具有容纳上述蓄电池的蓄电池壳体；
上述散热板以与上述蓄电池壳体接触的状态固定于上述蓄电池壳体。
4.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，
上述蓄电池搭载于车辆的行李箱。
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