CN104137200B - 铁氧体烧结磁铁以及具备该铁氧体烧结磁铁的发动机 - Google Patents
铁氧体烧结磁铁以及具备该铁氧体烧结磁铁的发动机 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104137200B CN104137200B CN201380010190.9A CN201380010190A CN104137200B CN 104137200 B CN104137200 B CN 104137200B CN 201380010190 A CN201380010190 A CN 201380010190A CN 104137200 B CN104137200 B CN 104137200B
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- -1 wherein Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 60
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- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910002402 SrFe12O19 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910020854 La(OH)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/0302—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity characterised by unspecified or heterogeneous hardness or specially adapted for magnetic hardness transitions
- H01F1/0311—Compounds
- H01F1/0313—Oxidic compounds
- H01F1/0315—Ferrites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
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- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
- C04B35/6262—Milling of calcined, sintered clinker or ceramics
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/10—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites, e.g. [(Ba,Sr)O(Fe2O3)6] ferrites with hexagonal structure
- H01F1/11—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites, e.g. [(Ba,Sr)O(Fe2O3)6] ferrites with hexagonal structure in the form of particles
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
- H02K1/02—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
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- C04B2235/3201—Alkali metal oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/3208—Calcium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. lime
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- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3213—Strontium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3215—Barium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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Abstract
本发明提供一种铁氧体烧结磁铁10,该铁氧体烧结磁铁10含有具有六方晶结构的Sr铁氧体,其中,将Na和K分别换算成Na2O和K2O时,Na和K的总计含量为0.01~0.09质量%,Si的含量换算成SiO2为0.1~0.29质量%,并且满足下述式(1)。2.5≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤5.4 (1)[式(1)中,SrF是除了构成Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr的摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K分别表示各元素的摩尔基准的含量。]。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及铁氧体烧结磁铁以及具备该铁氧体烧结磁铁的发动机。
背景技术
作为被用于铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁性材料,已知有具有六方晶系晶体结构的Ba铁氧体、Sr铁氧体以及Ca铁氧体。近年来,这些当中作为发动机用等的磁铁材料主要是采用了磁铅石型(M型)的Sr铁氧体。M型铁氧体例如由通式AFe12O19来表示。Sr铁氧体在晶体结构的A位点具有Sr。
为了改善铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁特性,而尝试通过分别用La等稀土元素和Co来置换A位点的元素和B位点的元素的一部分来改善磁特性。例如,在专利文献1中公开了通过用特定量的稀土元素和Co置换A位点和B位点的一部分来提高剩余磁通密度(Br)和矫顽力(HcJ)的技术。
作为铁氧体烧结磁铁的代表性用途可以列举发动机。虽然被用于发动机的铁氧体烧结磁铁要求在Br和HcJ两特性上表现优异,但是已知通常Br与HcJ处于一种权衡(trade-off)关系。因此,要求确立能够进一步提高Br和HcJ两特性的技术。
作为表示考虑了Br和HcJ两特性的磁特性的指标,已知有Br+1/3HcJ的计算式(例如参照专利文献1)。可以说该值越高越是适合发动机等要求高磁特性的用途的铁氧体烧结磁铁。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开平11-154604号公报
发明内容
发明想要解决的技术问题
如上述专利文献1所示,控制构成铁氧体烧结磁铁的主要晶粒组成来改善磁特性是有效的。然而,如果仅仅控制晶粒的组成也难以大幅度改善现有的铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁特性。另外,包含于铁氧体烧结磁铁中的副成分可能具有改善磁特性或烧结性的作用。然而,会有由于副成分的种类或量损坏铁氧体烧结磁铁的优异强度或外观等可靠性的情况。例如,如果将强度低的铁氧体烧结磁铁或者表面容易析出异物的铁氧体烧结磁铁用于发动机的话,则铁氧体烧结磁铁在发动机的使用中可能发生破损或剥落。为此,寻求不仅仅是磁特性而且还具有高可靠性的铁氧体烧结磁铁。
本发明是鉴于上述技术问题而完成的发明,其目的在于提供一种在剩余磁通密度(Br)和矫顽力(HcJ)两个特性上都优异并且具有高可靠性的铁氧体烧结磁铁。另外,其目的在于提供一种效率高且可靠性优异的发动机。
解决技术问题的手段
本发明人等不仅针对晶粒的组成,而且还针对铁氧体烧结磁铁的整体组成以及晶界的组成来探讨提高磁特性。其结果发现通过含有规定的副成分能够提高铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁特性和可靠性,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供一种铁氧体烧结磁铁,是一种含有具有六方晶结构的Sr铁氧体的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,将Na以及K分别换算成Na2O和K2O时,Na和K的合计含量为0.01~0.09质量%,Si的含量换算成SiO2为0.1~0.29质量%,并且满足下式(1)。
2.5≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤5.4 (1)
在此,式(1)中SrF是除了构成Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr的摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K分别表示各元素的摩尔基准的含量。
上述本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁在Br和HcJ两个特性上优异并且具有高可靠性。能够获得这样效果的理由不一定明确,但是本发明人认为是铁氧体烧结磁铁的晶界组成所作的贡献。即,认为在铁氧体烧结磁铁的晶界形成了以与构成Sr铁氧体的Sr不同的Sr,和Ba、Ca、Na和K中至少一种作为构成元素的硅酸玻璃。认为本发明的铁氧体烧结 磁铁具有能稳定形成该硅酸玻璃的比率的晶界组成。为此,认为铁氧体烧结磁铁容易成为稳定而且致密的组织,并且具有高Br、HcJ以及高可靠性。
本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁优选满足下述式(2)。由此,就能够进一步提高Br+1/3HcJ的值。还有,在式(2)中,SrF是除了构成Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K分别表示各元素的摩尔基准的含量。
2.9≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤3.5 (2)
本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁优选满足下述式(3)。由此,就能够成为在磁特性方面更优异的铁氧体烧结磁铁。
Br+1/3HcJ≥5.2 (3)
上述式(3)中,Br和HcJ分别表示剩余磁通密度(kG)以及矫顽力(kOe)。
本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁中,Sr铁氧体晶粒的平均粒径为1.0μm以下且粒径为2.0μm以上的晶粒的个数基准的比例优选为1%以下。由此,就能够以更高的水平来兼备磁特性和可靠性。
本发明还提供一种具备上述铁氧体烧结磁铁的发动机。该发动机由于具备具有上述特征的铁氧体烧结磁铁,从而兼备高效率和高可靠性。
发明效果
通过本发明,能够提供一种在Br和HcJ两个特性方面表现优异并且具有高可靠性的铁氧体烧结磁铁。另外,能够提供一种效率高并且可靠性优异的发动机。
附图说明
[图1]是示意性地表示本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁的优选实施方式的立体图。
[图2]是描绘本发明的实施例和比较例中的多个铁氧体烧结磁铁的Br(G)和HcJ(Oe)的关系的图表。
符号说明
10.铁氧体烧结磁铁
具体实施方式
以下根据需要参照附图并就本发明的优选实施方式进行详细说明。
图1是示意性地表示本实施方式的铁氧体烧结磁铁的立体图。铁氧体烧结磁铁10具有以端面成为圆弧状的方式弯曲的形状,一般具有被称作圆弧段形状、C形形状、瓦形形状或者弓形形状的形状。铁氧体烧结磁铁10例如优选作为发动机用的磁铁使用。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10是作为主要成分含有具有六方晶结构的M型Sr铁氧体的Sr铁氧体烧结磁铁。作为主要成分的Sr铁氧体例如由下述式(4)进行表示。
SrFe12O19 (4)
上述式(4)的Sr铁氧体中A位点的Sr和B位点的Fe的一部分可以被不纯物或者有意添加的元素置换。另外,A位点与B位点的比率可以有一点偏离。在这种情况下,Sr铁氧体例如能够由下述通式(5)表示。
RxSr1-x(Fe12-yMy)zO19 (5)
在上述式(5)中x和y为例如0.1~0.5,z为0.7~1.2。
通式(5)中的M例如是选自Co(钴)、Zn(锌)、Ni(镍)、Mn(锰)、Al(铝)以及Cr(铬)中的一种以上的元素。另外,通式(5)中的R为稀土元素,例如是选自La(镧)、Ce(铈)、Pr(镨)、Nd(钕)和Sm(钐)中的一种以上的元素。另外,在这种情况下,SrF能够通过以M和R如通式(5)所示构成Sr铁氧体来计算。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10中的Sr铁氧体的质量比率优选为90质量%以上,进一步优选为95质量%以上,更加优选为97质量%以上。这样通过降低不同于Sr铁氧体的结晶相的质量比率就能够进一步提高磁特性。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10中,作为副成分含有不同于Sr铁氧体的成分。作为副成分可以列举氧化物。作为氧化物可以列举具有作为构成元素的选自K(钾)、Na(钠)、Si(硅)、Ca(钙)、Sr(锶)和Ba(钡)中的至少一种的氧化物以及复合氧化物。作为氧化物例如可以列举SiO2、K2O、Na2O、CaO、SrO、BaO。另外,还可以包含硅酸玻璃。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10中,将Na和K分别换算成Na2O以及K2O时,Na和K的总计含量为0.01~0.09质量%。将Na和K分别换算成Na2O以及K2O时,Na和K的总计含量的下限优选为0.02质量%,更加优选成为0.04质量%。如果Na和K的总计含量过低则不能降低烧结温度,有晶粒生长从而难以充分获得高磁特性的倾向。
将Na和K分别换算为Na2O和K2O时,Na和K的合计含量的上限优选为0.075质量%。如果Na和K的合计含量过高则有铁氧体烧结磁铁10的表面上容易产生白色粉体的倾向。如果在铁氧体烧结磁铁10的表面上产生粉体,则例如发动机部件与铁氧体烧结磁铁10的粘结力降低,并且会有铁氧体烧结磁铁10从发动机部件上剥离的可能性。即,铁氧体烧结磁铁10的可靠性被损坏。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10中,Si的含量如果换算为SiO2则为0.1~0.29质量%。Si的含量的下限如果换算为SiO2则优选为0.15质量%,更加优选为0.2质量%。如果Si的含量过低则有烧结体不充分致密化优异的磁特性损坏的倾向。如果Si的含量过高则会有充分优异的磁特性被损坏的倾向。
从进一步提高磁特性和可靠性的观点出发,铁氧体烧结磁铁10中,Sr含量如果换算为SrO则优选为10~13质量%,更加优选为10.2~11质量%。另外,从同样的观点出发,铁氧体烧结磁铁10中Ba的含量如果换算为BaO则优选为0.01~2.0质量%,进一步优选为0.01~0.2质量%。
从进一步提高磁特性和可靠性的观点出发,铁氧体烧结磁铁10中的Ca的含量如果换算为CaO则优选为0.05~0.5质量%,进一步优选为0.1~0.3质量%。另外,在铁氧体烧结磁铁10中,除了这些成分之外还可以含有包含于原料中的杂质或来自制造设备的不可避免的成分。作为这样的成分,例如可以列举Ti(钛)、Cr(铬)、Mn(锰)、Mo(钼)、V(钒)和Al(铝)等的各氧化物。
副成分主要是包含于铁氧体烧结磁铁10中的Sr铁氧体的晶粒的晶界中。如果包含于副成分的各元素的比率发生变化,则晶界的组成变化,其结果可能影响到铁氧体烧结磁铁10的磁特性或可靠性。本实 施方式的铁氧体烧结磁铁10通过将包含于副成分中的特定元素的比率调整至规定的范围,从而就会具有优异的磁特性和高可靠性。另外,铁氧体烧结磁铁10的各个成分的含量可以通过荧光X射线分析和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICP分析)来进行测定。
从进一步提高磁特性和可靠性的观点出发,铁氧体烧结磁铁10满足下述式(1),优选满足下述式(1)’,进一步优选满足下述式(6),更加优选满足下述式(7),特别优选满足下述式(2)。
2.5≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤5.4 (1)
2.5≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤4.1 (1)’
2.7≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤4.0 (6)
2.8≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤3.8 (7)
3.2≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤3.5 (2)
在上述式(1)、(1)’、(2)、(6)以及(7)中,SrF是表示除了构成Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K表示各元素的摩尔基准的含量。SrF是在铁氧体烧结磁铁10的制造过程中使Sr源相对于Fe源的比例增加到多于Sr铁氧体的理论比[SrFe12O19或者RxSr1-x(Fe12-yMy)zO19]的情况下产生的。在Sr的含量少于Sr铁氧体的理论比[SrFe12O19或者RxSr1-x(Fe12-yMy)zO19]的情况下,SrF成为小于0的数值即负的数值。即使在这种情况下也优选满足上述各式。
在铁氧体烧结磁铁10的晶界中,认为生成了将作为副成分列举的元素作为构成元素的硅酸玻璃。认为铁氧体烧结磁铁10通过满足上述式(1)、(1)’、(2)、(6)或者(7)从而晶界的组成稳定化,并且有助于磁特性以及可靠性的提高。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10中的Sr铁氧体晶粒的平均粒径优选为2.0μm以下,进一步优选为1.0μm以下,更加优选为0.3~1.0μm。如果Sr铁氧体的晶粒的平均粒径超过了2.0μm则有难以获得充分优异的磁特性的倾向。另一方面,又难以制造Sr铁氧体晶粒的平均粒径小于0.3μm的铁氧体烧结磁铁。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10的Sr铁氧体的晶粒的平均粒径可以使用SEM或者TEM来测定。在用SEM测定的情况下,将铁氧体烧结磁铁的截面进行镜面研磨并用氢氟酸等酸进行腐蚀处理。然后,用SEM观察腐 蚀面。在包含数百个晶粒的SEM或者TEM的观察图像中,使晶粒的轮廓清晰化之后进行图像处理等并测定c面的粒径分布。本说明书中“粒径”是指a面上的长径(a轴方向的直径)。该长径是作为外接于各个晶粒的“面积成为最小的长方形”的长边来求得的。另外,长边相对于“面积成为最小的长方形”的短边之比为“长宽比”。此外,除了用酸来腐蚀之外,也可以替换为加热样品进行腐蚀的所谓热腐蚀。
根据测定的个数基准的粒径分布来计算晶粒的粒径的个数基准平均值。另外,由测定的粒径分布和平均值来计算标准差。在本说明书中,将它们作为Sr铁氧体晶粒的平均粒径和标准差。晶粒的粒径为2μm以上的晶粒相对于Sr铁氧体晶粒整体的个数基准的比例优选为1%以下,进一步优选为0.9%以下。由此,就能够制得具有充分高的磁特性的铁氧体烧结磁铁。从同样的观点出发,各晶粒的长宽比的个数平均值(平均长宽比)优选大约为1.0。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10优选满足下述式(3),进一步优选满足下述式(8)。本实施方式的铁氧体烧结磁铁10中Sr铁氧体晶粒足够细微而且具有特定的组成,所以具有满足式(3)或者(8)的高磁特性。满足式(3)或者(8)的铁氧体烧结磁铁具有充分优异的磁特性。通过这样的铁氧体烧结磁铁能够提供具有更高效率的发动机。
Br+1/3HcJ≥5.2 (3)
Br+1/3HcJ≥5.3 (8)
式(3)以及式(8)中,Br和HcJ分别表示剩余磁通密度(kG)和矫顽力(kOe)。
图2是描绘本发明的实施例和比较例中的多个铁氧体烧结磁铁的Br(G)与HcJ(Oe)的关系的图。图2只描绘符合Hk/HcJ>90%的数据。从该图2可知,铁氧体烧结磁铁通过改变组成、添加条件和烧成温度等制造条件通常可以改变Br和HcJ等的磁特性。而且,Br和HcJ处于互相权衡的关系并且沿着规定的斜率(Br+1/3HcJ)变动。铁氧体烧结磁铁10优选具有图2的虚线1(Br+1/3HcJ=5.2)之上或者比虚线1更右上的磁特性(Br、HcJ),更加优选具有直线2(Br+1/3HcJ=5.3)之上或者比直线2更右上的磁特性(Br、HcJ)。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10例如能够作为燃油泵用、电动窗用、ABS(防 抱死制动系统)用、风扇用、刮水器用、动力转向装置用、主动(制导)悬挂系统用、起动器用、门锁用、电动反光镜用等汽车用发动机的磁铁来使用。另外,能够作为FDD主轴用、VTR主导轴用、VTR旋转头用、VTR卷盘用、VTR加载(loading)用、VTR摄像机主导轴用、VTR摄像机旋转头用、VTR摄像机变焦距用、VTR摄像机聚焦用、收录机等主导轴用、CD/DVD/MD主轴用、CD/DVD/MD加载用、CD/DVD光拾波器用等OA/AV设备用发动机的磁铁使用。再有,还能够作为空调压缩机用、冷冻库压缩机用、电动工具驱动用、电吹风风扇用、电动剃须刀驱动用、电动牙刷用等家电机器用发动机的磁铁来使用。再有,还能够作为机器人轴、关节驱动用、机器人主驱动用、工作机器工作台驱动用、机器工作皮带驱动用等FA机器用发动机的磁铁来使用。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10粘结于上述发动机构件并被设置于发动机内。具有优异磁特性的铁氧体烧结磁铁10由于能够充分抑制裂纹的发生以及表面上的异物(白粉)的发生,所以能够充分牢固地与发动机构件相粘结。这样就能够充分抑制铁氧体烧结磁铁10从发动机构件上发生剥离。为此,具备铁氧体烧结磁铁10的各种发动机兼备有高效和高可靠性。
铁氧体烧结磁铁10的用途并不限定于发动机,例如还能够作为下述构件来使用,例如摩托车用发电器、扬声器·耳机用磁铁、磁控管、MRI用磁场发生装置、CD-ROM用夹持器、配电盘用传感器、ABS用传感器、燃料·燃油液位传感器、磁锁、或隔离器等。另外,还能够作为在用蒸镀法或者溅射法等来形成磁记录介质的磁性层的时候的靶材(小球)来使用。
接下来,说明铁氧体烧结磁铁10的制造方法。铁氧体烧结磁铁10的制造方法具有调配工序、预烧工序、粉碎工序、磁场中成型工序以及烧成工序。以下对各个工序进行详细说明。
调配工序是调制预烧用混合粉末的工序。在调配工序中首先秤量初始原料并按规定比例进行调配,用湿式磨碎机或者球磨机等进行1~20小时左右的混合并且进行粉碎处理。作为初始原料准备具有作为主成分的Sr铁氧体的构成元素的化合物。
在调配工序中也可以添加作为副成分的SiO2、CaCO3、Na2CO3以及K2CO3等的粉末。作为具有Na或K的构成元素的化合物除了碳酸盐之外还可以使用硅酸盐或含有Na或者K的有机化合物(分散剂)。
作为具有Sr铁氧体的构成元素的化合物能够使用氧化物或者通过烧成会变成氧化物的碳酸盐、氢氧化物或者硝酸盐等化合物。作为这样的化合物例如可以列举例如SrCO3、La(OH)3、Fe2O3以及Co3O4等。初始原料的平均粒径不特别限定,例如是0.1~2.0μm。初始原料不需要在预烧前的调配工序中全部混合,可以在预烧之后添加各化合物的一部分或者全部。
预烧工序为预烧在调配工序中获得的原料组合物的工序。预烧能够在空气等氧化性气氛中进行。预烧温度优选为800~1450℃,进一步优选为850~1300℃,更加优选为900~1200℃,预烧温度下的预烧时间优选为1秒钟~10小时,更加优选为1分钟~3小时。通过预烧获得的预烧物中的Sr铁氧体的含量优选为70质量%以上,更加优选为90质量%以上。预烧物的一次粒径优选为10μm以下,更加优选为2.0μm以下。
粉碎工序是通过粉碎预烧物来获得铁氧体磁铁的粉末的工序。粉碎工序既可以以一个阶段来进行又可以分成粗粉碎工序和微粉碎工序两个阶段来进行。预烧物因为通常是颗粒状或者块状,所以优选首先进行粗粉碎工序。在粗粉碎工序中使用振动棒磨机等并在干式下进行粉碎,从而调制出平均粒径为0.5~5.0μm的碎粉。将这样调制的碎粉使用湿式磨碎机、球磨机或者喷射研磨机等并在湿式下进行粉碎,得到平均粒径为0.08~2.0μm,优选为0.1~1.0μm,更加优选为0.2~0.8μm微粉末。
通过微粉末的BET法测得的比表面积优选为5~14m2/g,进一步优选为7~12m2/g。粉碎时间例如在使用湿式磨碎机的情况下为30分钟~10小时,在使用球磨机的情况下为5~50小时。这些时间最好是根据粉碎方法来适当调整。
在粉碎工序中除了作为副成分的SiO2、Na2CO3和K2CO3的至少一种粉末之外,还可以添加CaCO3、SrCO3以及BaCO3等粉末。作为具有Na或K的构成元素的化合物除了碳酸盐之外还可以使用硅酸盐或 含有Na或者K的有机化合物(分散剂)。通过添加这样的副成分能够提高烧结性并且能够提高磁特性。还有,由于这些副成分在以湿式来成型的情况下可能会与浆料的溶剂一起流出,所以优选调配多于铁氧体烧结磁铁中目标的含量。
为了提高铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁取向度,优选除了上述副成分之外还在微粉碎工序中添加多元醇。多元醇的添加量相对于添加对象物为0.05~5.0质量%,优选为0.1~3.0质量%,更加优选为0.3~2.0质量%。还有,所添加的多元醇在磁场中成型工序后的烧成工序中被热分解除去。
磁场中成型工序为在磁场中将由粉碎工序所获得的微粉末进行成型从而制作成型体的工序。用干式成型或者湿式成型的任一种方法都能够进行磁场中成型工序。从提高磁取向度的观点出发,优选湿式成型。在进行湿式成型的情况下,可以用湿式来进行微粉碎工序,并将所获得的浆料调节到规定的浓度从而作为湿式成型用浆料。浆料的浓缩可以通过离心分离或压滤等来进行。
湿式成型用浆料中的微粉末的含量优选为30~85质量%。作为浆料的分散媒介可以使用水或者非水系溶剂。在湿式成型用浆料中除了水之外还可以添加葡糖酸、葡糖酸盐、或者山梨糖醇等表面活性剂。使用这样的湿式成型用浆料来进行磁场中成型。成型压力例如为0.1~0.5吨/cm2,施加的磁场例如为5~15kOe。
烧成工序为烧成成形体获得烧结体的工序。烧成工序通常是在空气等氧化性气氛中进行的。烧成温度优选为1050~1300℃,进一步优选为1150~1250℃。在烧成温度条件下的烧成时间优选为0.5~3小时。由以上所述工序可以得到烧结体即铁氧体烧结磁铁10。另外,本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁的制造方法并不限定于上述方法。
以上就本发明的优选实施方式进行了说明,但是本发明的铁氧体烧结磁铁以及发动机并不限定于上述内容。例如,铁氧体烧结磁铁的形状并不限定于图1的形状,可以适当变更成适合上述各种用途的形状。
实施例
参照实施例以及比较例来进一步详细说明本发明的内容,不过本发明并不限定于以下的实施例。
[实施例1~8、比较例1~17]
(铁氧体烧结磁铁的制作)
首先,准备以下的初始原料。
·Fe2CO3粉末(一次粒径:0.3μm)
·SrCO3粉末(一次粒径:2μm)
·SiO2粉末(一次粒径:0.01μm)
·CaCO3粉末
·Na2CO3粉末
用湿式磨碎机粉碎并混合1000g的Fe2CO3粉末、161.2g的SrCO3粉末以及2.3g的SiO2粉末,并且进行干燥以及制粒。在空气中在1250℃下对这样获得的粉末进行烧成3小时,从而得到了颗粒状的预烧物。使用干式振动棒磨机对该预烧物进行粗粉碎,从而调制出用BET法测得的比表面积为1m2/g的粉末。
在130g的粗粉碎的粉末中添加规定量的山梨糖醇、SiO2粉末以及CaCO3粉末,用球磨机进行21小时的湿式粉碎从而得到浆料。山梨糖醇的添加量是以粗粉碎的粉末的质量作为基准为1质量%。包含于浆料中的微粉末的比表面积为6~8m2/g。相对于粉碎结束后的浆料添加规定量的Na2CO3粉末并进行搅拌。之后,调整浆料的固体成分浓度,使用湿式磁场成型机在12kOe的外加磁场中进行成型从而获得成型体。制作出4个这样的成型体。在空气中分别在1180℃、1200℃、1220℃和1240℃下烧成这些成型体,从而获得烧成温度不同的4种圆柱形状的铁氧体烧结磁铁。在空气中1180~1240℃下烧成该成型体从而获得圆柱形状的铁氧体烧结磁铁。这样制作了实施例1的铁氧体烧结磁铁。另外,除了改变浆料调制时的SiO2粉末和CaCO3粉末的添加量、以及添加到浆料中的Na2CO3粉末的添加量之外,其余均与实施例1同样制作出组成与实施例1不同的实施例2~8以及比较例1~17的铁氧体烧结磁铁。在各个实施例和比较例中,制作出烧成温度不同的4种铁氧体烧结磁铁。
(铁氧体烧结磁铁的评价)
〈组成分析〉
由电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICP分析)以及荧光X射线分析来测定所制作的各实施例和各比较例的铁氧体烧结磁铁的组成。铁氧体烧结磁铁除了含有Fe、Sr、Si、Ca之外还被检测出来自包含于初始原料的杂质的元素(Ba等)。在表1和表2中示出了将被检测出的Na、Al、K、Si、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Sr和Ba分别换算成Na2O、Al2O3、K2O、SiO2、CaO、Cr2O3、MnO、Fe2O3、NiO、SrO和BaO时的含量。这些含量是将铁氧体烧结磁铁整体作为基准的值(质量%)。还有,这些含量的总计值不是100质量%的原因在于铁氧体烧结磁铁除了这些成分之外还含有杂质等微量成分以及会有各氧化物的构成元素的氧化值不同的情况。
在上述组成分析中检测出的Al、Cr、Mn以及Ni与Fe一起构成通式(5)所表示的Sr铁氧体的B位的前提下,基于Fe、Al、Cr、Mn以及Ni的含量计算出构成通式(5)所表示的Sr铁氧体的A位的Sr含量。还有,由于没有包含稀土元素R,所以通式(5)中的x为0。从而从上述组成分析中求得的Sr的含量减去按上述计算出的构成A位的Sr的含量,从而求得不构成Sr铁氧体的Sr(SrF)的含量(质量%)。在将该Sr含量(质量%)和Ba、Ca以及Na的含量(质量%)全部以摩尔基准换算之后求得摩尔比a[=(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si]。这些结果分别示于表1以及表2中。
〈外观评价〉
将所制作的铁氧体磁铁在空气中放置7天之后,目视其表面进行观察,并以以下的基准对其进行评价。评价结果示于表1以及表2中。
A:在磁铁的表面既没有发生裂纹也没有发生白粉。
B:在磁铁的表面发生了裂纹,但是没有发生白粉。
C:在磁铁的表面发生了裂纹并且附着有白粉。
〈磁特性的评价〉
在加工了所制作的圆柱形状的铁氧体烧结磁铁的上下面之后,使用最大外加磁场为25kOe的B-H描绘仪(B-H tracer)来测定磁特性。在测定中,求得Br、HcJ、bHc、4PImax以及(BH)max并测定成为Br的90%时的外部磁场强度(Hk),据此求得Hk/HcJ(%)。将在各实施例和比较例中,在烧成温度1180℃、1200℃、1220℃以及1240℃下分别制作的铁氧体烧结磁铁中满足Hk/HcJ>90%,并且表示最高的Br+1/3HcJ的铁氧体烧结磁铁的磁特性与烧成温度一起示于表1以及表2中。
如表1以及表2所示,实施例的铁氧体烧结磁铁没有发生裂纹或白粉,并且Br+1/3HcJ的值为5.2以上。另外,Na2O和K2O的总计含量超过0.09质量%的铁氧体烧结磁铁不仅容易发生裂纹而且被确认如果在空气中放置规定时间则会析出白粉的情况。另外,确认到如果摩尔比a的比率过大或者过小则会有磁特性降低的现象。
在对实施例1~8的铁氧体烧结磁铁的截面(a面)进行镜面研磨之后用氢氟酸进行腐蚀。之后,用FE-SEM来观察腐蚀面。在使所观察到的图像中的Sr铁氧体晶粒的轮廓清晰化之后用图像处理来测定Sr铁氧体晶粒的个数基准的粒度分布。
根据粒度分布的数据求得Sr铁氧体晶粒的个数基准的平均粒径以及标准差。其结果为,实施例1~8的铁氧体烧结磁铁的平均粒径都为1.0μm以下,标准差都为0.42以下。粒径为2.0μm以上的晶粒相对于Sr铁氧体晶粒整体的个数基准的比例都是1%以下。这样确认了包含于实施例1~8的铁氧体烧结磁铁中所含的Sr铁氧体晶粒足够细微且具有高度均匀性。
产业上的利用可能性
通过本发明可以提供一种在Br和HcJ两个特性方面都优异并且具有高可靠性的铁氧体烧结磁铁。另外,可以提供一种效率高且可靠性优异的发动机。
Claims (7)
1.一种铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
所述铁氧体烧结磁铁含有具有六方晶结构的M型Sr铁氧体,
其中,分别将Na和K换算成Na2O和K2O时,Na和K的总计含量为0.01~0.09质量%,
Si的含量换算成SiO2为0.1~0.29质量%,
Ca的含量换算为CaO为0.1~0.3质量%,
并且满足下述式(1),
2.5≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤5.4 (1)
式(1)中,SrF是除了构成所述Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr的摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K分别表示各元素的摩尔基准的含量,
所述Sr铁氧体的晶粒的平均粒径为1.0μm以下,
粒径为2.0μm以上的所述晶粒的个数基准的比例为1%以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
满足下述式(2),
3.2≤(SrF+Ba+Ca+2Na+2K)/Si≤3.5 (2)
式(2)中,SrF是除了构成所述Sr铁氧体的Sr以外的Sr的摩尔基准的含量,Ba、Ca、Na和K分别表示各个元素的摩尔基准的含量。
3.如权利要求1或者2所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
满足下述式(3),
Br+1/3HcJ≥5.2 (3)
式(3)中,Br和HcJ分别表示剩余磁通密度和矫顽力,其中,剩余磁通密度单位为kG,矫顽力单位为kOe。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
含有Na和K两者。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
Sr含量换算为SrO为10~13质量%,Ba的含量换算为BaO为0.01~2质量%。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁,其中,
晶界中具有将选自K、Na、Si、Ca、Sr和Ba中的至少一种元素作为构成元素的硅酸玻璃。
7.一种发动机,其中,
具备如权利要求1~6中任一项所述的铁氧体烧结磁铁。
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