CN104093628A - Method for the operation of a marine propeller - Google Patents

Method for the operation of a marine propeller Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104093628A
CN104093628A CN201380008038.7A CN201380008038A CN104093628A CN 104093628 A CN104093628 A CN 104093628A CN 201380008038 A CN201380008038 A CN 201380008038A CN 104093628 A CN104093628 A CN 104093628A
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sensor
noise
ship propellers
processing unit
signal processing
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Granted
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CN201380008038.7A
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CN104093628B (en
Inventor
约阿希姆·霍夫曼
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H1/00Propulsive elements directly acting on water
    • B63H1/02Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type
    • B63H1/12Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type with rotation axis substantially in propulsive direction
    • B63H1/14Propellers
    • B63H1/18Propellers with means for diminishing cavitation, e.g. supercavitation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H21/00Use of propulsion power plant or units on vessels
    • B63H21/22Use of propulsion power plant or units on vessels the propulsion power units being controlled from exterior of engine room, e.g. from navigation bridge; Arrangements of order telegraphs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63HMARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H3/00Propeller-blade pitch changing

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the operation of a marine propeller (1) comprising the following steps: - detection, by means of a sensor (11), of noise on a solid body (1, 4, 8) caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation, - transmission of a measurement signal of the sensor (11) by means of a contactless transmission method from the sensor (11) to a signal processing unit, and - generation of control commands by the signal processing unit depending on the received measurement signal to change the propeller speed by means a drive motor and/or to change the angle of attack of the blade of the marine propeller (1) by means of an actuator.

Description

For moving the method for ship propellers
Technical scope
The present invention relates to a kind of for moving the method for ship propellers.
Background technology
Hole is generally understood to be in formation cavity in liquid.In the situation that surging hole, be because the variation that the static pressure in liquid causes because shoving forms cavity.
Any object being promoted by water all can start to cause hole effect reaching certain specific speed.In the time that operation is generally also referred to as the ship propellers of " quant ", start just to observe hole effect from reaching certain specific rotating speed.In most cases, hole is a problem, because the percussive pressure therefore causing in water may cause propeller blade to corrode and erosion.In addition, cavitation may form interference under different application scenarios, and causes moving limited.Therefore,, in the time using the ship being promoted by screw propeller as exploration ship, cavitation may disturb the surveying work in water.In addition, this noise also may disturb marine life, for example may limit to thus the motion diameter that patrols foreign ship or ferry boat.Cavitation also makes it possible to find by sound the position of ship, for example, in Submarine, may not expect so.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is, provide a kind of improvement, for moving the method for ship propellers.
This object is solved by one method according to claim 1 and a kind of device according to claim 4.
Comprise the following steps for the method for moving ship propellers according to of the present invention: survey the noise on solid being caused by gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation by sensor; By contactless transmission method by the measurement signal of sensor from sensor transmissions to signal processing unit, namely assessment unit; And generate control command for changing the rotating speed of screw propeller and/or for change the blade incidence of ship propellers by servomotor by drive motor.Wherein, exactly, generate control command according to the measurement signal receiving by signal processing unit.
Comprise sensor device, signal transmission unit and signal processing unit according to of the present invention for moving the device of ship propellers.Sensor can be surveyed the noise being caused by gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation on solid.Signal transmission unit is applicable in discontiguous situation measurement signal from sensor transmissions to signal processing unit.Signal processing unit be applicable to drive motor generate control command for change propeller speed and/for generating control command to servomotor to change the blade incidence of ship propellers, wherein, control command generates according to the measurement signal receiving.
The present invention has utilized the following fact,, in the time surging hole, conventionally can observe three kinds of different cavitations: being the steam hole that is called as " hard hole " or " Cold Boiling is risen " on the one hand, is gas cavities and the pseudocavitation being summarized under " soft hole " this concept on the other hand; The Ph D dissertation for example published in 2000 referring to the Sauer J ü rgen of Karlsruhe university (TH) Major of Mechanical Manufacture " unsettled hole stream-new model, based on interface trapping and cavity dynamically ( kavitierende -Ein neues Modell, basierend auf Front Capturing (VoF) und Blasendynamik) " network address http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/3122000.
Steam hole refers to because the static pressure of liquid declines and forms the cavity (=vaporous cavitation) that is full of steam: according to Bernoulli's law, the speed of flowing liquid is faster, and hydrostatic pressure is less.If the static pressure of liquid drops to below liquid vapor pressure, just form vaporous cavitation.Then and then most vaporous cavitation is taken to together with flowing liquid the region that pressure is higher.If static pressure exceedes steam pressure again, vaporous cavitation just breaks with the form (being with sound wave propagation velocity in practice) of blast.Because cavity is vanished, so may form very high percussive pressure.Conventionally there is cavitation at explosion time, because the energy that a part discharges discharges with the form of sound wave simultaneously.
On the contrary, another of gas cavities as basic phenomenon is: along with the decline of hydrostatic pressure, the solubility that is dissolved in the gas (for example air) of liquid also reduces.In the time that dissolved gases arrives non-dissolved state by diffusion transition, in liquid, form cavity little, that filled by gas.Therefore,, in gas cavities, there is diffusion in various degree according to saturated pressure in dissolved gases in liquid.
In the time of pseudocavitation, wherein, having illustrated as prefix " puppet ", at " formations " cavity in liquid not truly, just due to the static pressure of liquid decline make to have existed in liquid, still the cavity that is not yet noted so far due to the size of their microscope ranks has expanded their volume.Therefore, pseudocavitation does not refer to " formation " cavity, and the cavity that refers to undissolved gas in liquid is because pressure drop and " expansion ".
Only, in those completely degassed and cleaned liquid, cavity is just only filled steam.In practice, namely, in real liquid, hole occurs with the array configuration in gas cavities, pseudocavitation and steam hole conventionally.Particularly gas cavities and steam hole occur with mixed form.First on so-called void nucleation because gas cavities and pseudocavitation growth cavity closes bond radius until reach certain, along with reaching this radius, and therefore drop to below vapor curve thereupon, just start steam hole.
Although the hole form (steam hole, gas cavities and pseudocavitation) described in all three kinds is appearance simultaneously actually, they are very large for the importance difference of the technology for moving ship.
For example, with regard to the infringement potentiality of the material (metal) with regard to them to manufacture ship propellers, consider, compare steam hole and pseudocavitation, gas cavities is a very very long process.In gas cavities process, bubble is not just again to dissolve in moment in the scope of elevated pressures.Therefore, gas cavities can not cause damage of material conventionally; The effect of bubble is even as a kind of energy disperser, it can relax the high-frequency percussion in steam hole, machine manufacture referring to Karlsruhe university (TH) is Vortmann, the Ph D dissertation Untersuchungen zur Thermodynamik des Phasen ü bergangs bei der numerischen Berechnung kavitierender that Claas published in calendar year 2001 (in the time calculating the numerical value of jet pipe fluid in hole, the heat of phase transformation being measured dynamically), network address http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/3202001.
Be similar to gas cavities, pseudocavitation can not damage ship propellers conventionally yet, because the cavity of being filled by gas just increases and dwindles, but can not explode.
With regard to noise generates, steam hole is also very large with gas cavities and pseudocavitation difference.Percussive pressure in the time of steam hole can cause more serious noise to generate, i.e. typical cavitation, and other two kinds of hole type (gas cavities and pseudocavitation) only can cause smaller noise.
The difference of steam hole and gas/pseudocavitation is: only have in the time that static pressure exceedes the boiling point curve from liquid state to gaseous state transition, just there will be steam hole.But, always only have in principle in the time that pressure in water changes, just there will be gas cavities and pseudocavitation, and therefore occur their " noise ".But boiling point and gas solubility are to be mutually related: in the preproduction phase in steam hole, the solvable decline of gas, departs from dissolved gases.In the time being about to reach boiling point, gas solubility declines very violently, to such an extent as to starts a large amount of formation cavitys, and therefore starts to occur observable noise.Namely detach procedure causes the noise that occurs that needs are surveyed.
Therefore, the invention enables can detect threat, that is to say be about to start steam hole.Therefore, can take in time counter-measure, and avoid the disadvantageous satellite phenomenon in steam hole.
In this process, be not by under the liquid state that surrounds ship propellers, carry out acoustics or press force measurement to carry out the measurement of the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation are caused, but by intercept and capture on solid (as screw propeller originally with it, on prop shaft or be related on the hull of hull), the namely acoustic signal on the solid under liquid environment.Because the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause is as on the solid of sound conductor, for example, on axle drive shaft, record in the mode of acoustics; Wherein, gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation have been quoted at liquid backspin because of ship propellers.
Under dangerous situation, for example, near enemy's detecting ship, that the vehicle in water (for example Submarine) must leave is as early as possible current, found position likely, and does not produce the noise that can help to find vehicle position in water.In this case, the invention provides following possibility, that is, in the case of the cavitation of avoiding steam hole and therefore avoid thereupon forming, at utmost optimize water in the speed of the vehicle, the namely rotating speed of ship propellers.
Favorable structure scheme of the present invention and improvement project are by drawing in dependent claims.Also can improve the method according to this invention according to the dependent claims that relates to device, vice versa.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, solid refers to ship propellers and/or for driving prop shaft and/or the hull (Schiffshaut) of ship propellers.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, contactless transmission method is to utilize electromagnetic wave, preferably utilizes radiowave or light wave.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, sensor unit is arranged in water on the vehicle, particularly on ship propellers and/or for driving on the axle drive shaft of screw propeller and/or the hull (Rumpf) of the water vehicle.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, the sensor that is applicable to the noise being caused by gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation in detecting liquid is provided, in the time detecting noise, send measurement signal by sensor to signal processing unit, and energizing signal processing unit generated data in the situation that receiving measurement signal, these data relate to the variation of at least one operation parameters of ship propellers.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, result of detection is used as the indicating device changing for the static pressure of liquid.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of this method, result of detection is used to measured value scope, within liquid, the content of dissolved gases is in this value scope.
On the front side of propeller blade, form overvoltage (propelling), and on the dorsal part of propeller blade, occur low pressure (rising)." ship propellers " this concept comprises the be useful on screw propeller that drives the vehicle (for example ship or Submarine) in water here.In operation ship propellers in the situation that, the noise of gas cavities and pseudocavitation can be used for showing, variation has occurred the static pressure of the liquid in propeller area.Particularly the decline of static pressure is very important in this process, is about to start steam hole because this may mean.
If detect noise and therefore confirm that the static pressure (particularly carrying in the water of marine communication means) in liquid declines, in the time of ship propellers, can reduce so the angle of attack of the rotating speed of screw propeller and/or at least one propeller blade of ship propellers as a kind of possible counter-measure, thereby the pressure on lifting dorsal part, and therefore can not enter in the scope in steam hole.Other have for the measure that promotes the pressure on propeller blade dorsal part: Xiang Shuili blows; Or open the passage through propeller blade, allow water can pass these passages from overvoltage effluent to low pressure side.
Possible, while adopting in this way, provide sensor in the time of operation ship propellers, it can survey noise on the prop shaft for driving ship propellers.Be fixedly connected with prop shaft and propeller machine, thereby can make its rotation.Sensor preferably contacts prop shaft.Also possible, at least a portion sensor is fixed on axle.
Possible, in the time of use the method in service of ship propellers, provide sensor, it can survey noise on hull.Wherein, hull forms the outer cover of marine communication means, and it moves by ship propellers.Sensor preferably contacts hull.Also possible, at least a portion sensor is fixed on hull.
Possible, while adopting in this way, provide sensor in the time of operation ship propellers, it can survey noise on ship propellers.Sensor preferably contacts prop shaft.Also possible, at least a portion sensor is fixed on screw propeller, for example, on propeller blade.
According to the preferred structural scheme of the one of detector, on the vehicle, particularly on screw propeller and/or on the axle of driving screw propeller and/or on the hull of marine communication means, arrange sensor unit on the water.
Because the static pressure P of cavitation in liquid is also relevant with n with fluid temperature T, the namely quantity of dissolved gases or concentration in liquid, so profit can be derived content or the saturation conditions of dissolved gases in liquid in this way.Screw propeller energizing gas hole and/or pseudocavitation, and noise in the liquid causing thus.Preferably slowly promote the rotative speed of screw propeller, until be able to detect that point of pink noise for this reason.Therefore,, by screw propeller being packed into heat radiation or heating system, for example cold water or hot water conduit, just can adopt the method according to this invention to find gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation.
According to the preferred structural scheme of one, this operational mode comprises more step: calibrate, now, for the different content value of dissolved gases in liquid is measured respectively a corresponding terminal speed; And in the corresponding paired value of storing gas content and terminal speed for the next step of described derivation work.By the step of calibration, the noise that there will be gas cavities in liquid and pseudocavitation for different gas concentration measurings and therefore cause under which kind of rotative speed of screw propeller.The paired value of measuring is like this stored in memory cell, can select with other extrapolation or the added value of interpolation together with store.If the terminal speed while having found for the liquid of wherein dissolved gases content the unknown the noise that there will be gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation and therefore cause afterwards so just can be derived the content value scope of dissolved gases from the paired value of having stored.
Possible, in this operational mode, the intermittent operation of screw propeller, or move with this terminal speed continuously after the speed of reaching capacity.People can for good and all move screw propeller continuously under limit speed; If gas content exceedes critical limitation, will cause occurring gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation and typical noise.
Brief description of the drawings
In conjunction with below to by reference to the accompanying drawings more the explanation of the embodiment of elaboration make above-mentioned feature of the present invention, feature and advantage and realize mode and the method for these feature and advantage clearer and easier to understand.In figure respectively schematically and step out on original size and show
Fig. 1 is the phasor of water;
Fig. 2 is ship propellers;
Fig. 3 is signal processing chain; And
Fig. 4 is regulating loop.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 shows the p-T-phasor of water, and wherein, the phase boundary representing with lines is separated three kinds of solid-state S of different states of matters, liquid L and gaseous state V.Line between triple point T3 and transformation point C, the namely phase boundary between liquid L and gaseous state V, forms the boiling curve SPK that represents steam hole.
From the first state point P1, the static pressure p in liquid reduces, for example, because the rotation of ship propellers.In the time that static pressure p drops to the second state point P2 reaching on boiling curve SPK, start steam hole, in the further decline process of pressure, for example, until before third state point P3, steam hole still keeps existing always.
In liquid alpha region L, when pressure changes between the first state point P1 and the second state point P2, there is gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation, and be accompanied by corresponding noise.Pressure P in liquid alpha region L more approaches boiling curve SPK along section P1-P2, because the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause is just clear.
For fear of harmful satellite phenomenon in steam hole, for example corrosion and noisy shot noise, in being necessary for example to avoid water in the time that ship propellers moves, static pressure p drops to below boiling pressure SPK, namely along the state of the section P2-P3 dotting.
Fig. 2 shows the birds-eye view of ship propellers 1, and it comprises screw propeller wheel hub 2 and multiple propeller blade being fixed thereon 3.In the time that screw propeller 1 moves in water 5, driven and start rotation by axle 3 with the screw propeller 1 of propeller blade 3.Axle 4 is through inside 9 that seal up with sealing member 10 in hull 8, that opening that stop water 5 to be invaded stretches into hull, and it here can be driven and be rotated by drive motor.
Any motion of blade 3 in water 5 all can cause the variation of static pressure in water 5.But only, from reaching certain specific speed, this pressure changes just can be greatly to the appearance that causes steam hole.In contrast, when pressure variation is very little in water 5, just there are these hole type of gas cavities and pseudocavitation, in water 5, produced thus the cavity 6 of being filled by gas (particularly air).In the time that screw propeller 1 moves, the bubble 6 corresponding with gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation constantly increases and reduces.Therefore the noise causing is propagated in water 5 with the form of sound wave 7.
Because the sound wave that cavity 6 causes 7 arrives the pressure sensor 11b being arranged on propeller blade 3.Sound wave 7 also runs into hull 8, and impels its vibration.These vibrations can be by detecting in the vibration sensor 11c of contact condition with hull 8.In addition, sound wave 7 also propagates on screw propeller 1, and impels its vibration.By being fixedly connected with of screw propeller 1 and axle 4, these vibrations also can be detected with axle 4 in the vibration sensor 11c of contact condition.
Fig. 3 shows signal processing chain, is made up of sensor 11, signal processing unit 12 and control unit 13.Sensor 11 is at one of sensor 11a, the 11b shown in Fig. 2 and 11c.When sensor 11 detects the noise causing because of the bubble 6 associated with gas cavities and pseudocavitation, it just sends corresponding measurement signal 14 to signal processing unit 12.Possible, only have in the time that the sound pressure level of noise exceedes default threshold value, sensor 11 just sends measurement signal 14 to signal processing unit 12.But also possible, sensor 11 produces the measurement signal 14 that sends to signal processing unit 12 in the case of not considering the sound pressure level of noise.In this case, can complete by signal processing unit 12 assessment or the filtration of measurement signal 14.
Preferably the in the situation that of line, complete the signal transmission from sensor 11 to signal processing unit 12, for example, by electric wire, because the radio transmission being undertaken by the electromagnetic wave in water may occur more serious weakening because absorb.If sensor is arranged on the screw propeller of rotation, just can keep electrical connection by the moving contact part being for example arranged on screw propeller wheel hub.
If signal processing unit 12 receives the measurement signal 14 that is equivalent to the noise that sound pressure level is minimum, it just generates the data relevant with the variation of static pressure in liquid.These data 15 can exist with the form of indexed variable (flag-Variable), and they have shown whether detected noise simply.Instead or as additional, these data 15 can contain the information about the sound pressure level of noise, mode of vibration, frequency and other feature.These data 15 also can comprise for for example, output data in the upper output of output instrument (screen or loudspeaker), thereby allow user understand the information about the noise being detected.
In the example shown, the data 15 that generated by signal processing unit 12 are containing the input data that are useful on control unit 13, control unit 13 for example reduces rotating speed when the motor driving shaft 4 according to these input data, or in the time that control apparatus drives control propeller blade 3, the angle of attack of propeller blade 3 is changed.The object of these measures is, makes the decline of static pressure in the water 5 of noise representative stop or reversing, thereby avoids the appearance in steam hole.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 4 shows the regulating loop for moving ship propellers.In on the scene 30, by for surveying water because the sensor of the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause completes the measurement to acoustic pressure or vibration.This sensor 11 can be at sensor 11a, 11b and the 11c shown in Fig. 2.
In on the scene 31, check whether sensor has detected in water because the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause.For example can be by the symbolic characteristic of observed reading, for example frequency, amplitude, mode of vibration etc., complete the associated of tested noise and gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation.By this way can be by because the noise that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause separates with other noise range.
If the inspection of carrying out in 31 shows, sensor detects in water because the noise Y that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause, with regard to inquiry on the scene 32, whether this noise has exceeded default threshold value, for example, by sound pressure level or Oscillation Amplitude so.If exceeded Y, reach so 34, wherein generate control signal 35, for example to send on motor, for reduce screw propeller rotating speed order or to send on control apparatus, for reducing the order of the angle of attack of propeller blade.Because the noise giving great volume shows to exist the danger that enters steam cavitation area, thus must promote static pressure by these measures, and therefore reduce the propelling movement power of screw propeller.With it abreast, get back to field 30 by loop 36 simultaneously, thereby can re-start measurement.
On the contrary, if the inquiry result in field 32 is that the noise being detected does not exceed default threshold value N, in so on the scene 33, generate control signal 37, for example to start on motor, for promoting the order of propeller speed, or to start on control apparatus, for increasing the order of the angle of attack of propeller blade.Because the noise that volume is little shows not exist the danger that enters steam cavitation area, thus the propulsive force of screw propeller can further be promoted by these measures, and therefore further reduce static pressure.With it abreast, get back to field 30 by loop 38 simultaneously, thereby can re-start measurement.
On the other hand, if being sensor, the check result in field 31 do not detect in water because the noise N that gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation cause so just can directly advance and show up 33.
Although more at large set forth and illustrated details of the present invention by preferred embodiment, the present invention is not subject to the limitation of disclosed example, and professional and technical personnel can therefrom derive other change programme, and does not leave protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. for moving a method for ship propellers (1), comprise the following steps:
-survey the noise on solid (Isosorbide-5-Nitrae, 8) being caused by gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation by sensor (11);
-measurement signal of described sensor (11) (14) is transferred to signal processing unit (12) from described sensor (11) with contactless transmission method; And
-generate control command by described signal processing unit (12) and according to the described measurement signal (14) that receives, for changing propeller speed by drive motor and/or for change the blade incidence of described ship propellers (1) by servomotor.
2. method according to claim 1, wherein, described solid (Isosorbide-5-Nitrae, 8) is described ship propellers (1) and/or for driving prop shaft (4) and/or the hull (8) of described ship propellers (1).
3. method according to claim 1 and 2, wherein, described contactless transmission method utilization be electromagnetic wave, the preferably electromagnetic wave in a-n radio range a-n or in optical range.
4. one kind for moving the device of ship propellers (1), comprise sensor unit (11), signal transmission unit and signal processing unit (12), wherein, described sensor (11) can detect the solid (1 being caused by gas cavities and/or pseudocavitation, 4, 8) noise on, described signal transmission unit is applicable to contactlessly make measurement signal (14) to be transferred to described signal processing unit (12) from told sensor (11), and described signal processing unit (12) is applicable to be created on the control command on drive motor or servomotor according to the described measurement signal (14) receiving, be used for changing the blade incidence of propeller speed and/or described ship propellers (1).
5. device according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described sensor unit (11) can be arranged on marine communication means, is particularly arranged in described ship propellers (1) upper and/or for driving the hull (8) of the upper and/or described marine communication means of the axle (4) of screw propeller (1).
CN201380008038.7A 2012-02-02 2013-01-29 Device and method for running ship propellers Expired - Fee Related CN104093628B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE102012201539.6 2012-02-02
DE201210201539 DE102012201539A1 (en) 2012-02-02 2012-02-02 Gaining data about a state of a liquid
PCT/EP2013/051636 WO2013113681A1 (en) 2012-02-02 2013-01-29 Method for the operation of a marine propeller

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CN104093628A true CN104093628A (en) 2014-10-08
CN104093628B CN104093628B (en) 2017-06-13

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KR (1) KR101643833B1 (en)
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