CN104093564B - 光伏装配玻璃 - Google Patents

光伏装配玻璃 Download PDF

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CN104093564B
CN104093564B CN201380005596.8A CN201380005596A CN104093564B CN 104093564 B CN104093564 B CN 104093564B CN 201380005596 A CN201380005596 A CN 201380005596A CN 104093564 B CN104093564 B CN 104093564B
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glass
automobile assembling
photovoltaic device
layer
sheet glass
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CN104093564A (zh
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O·阿古斯森
B·勒孔特
N·乔林
R·休伯特
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AGC Glass Europe SA
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B32B17/10045Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets with at least one intermediate layer consisting of a glass sheet
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10183Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer being not continuous, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B17/10192Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer being not continuous, e.g. in edge regions patterned in the form of columns or grids
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10807Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
    • B32B17/10889Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor shaping the sheets, e.g. by using a mould
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03CCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/22Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03CCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C27/00Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
    • C03C27/06Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
    • C03C27/10Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing with the aid of adhesive specially adapted for that purpose
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/048Encapsulation of modules
    • H01L31/0488Double glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种汽车装配玻璃,包括利用热塑中间层装配为层状的弯曲玻璃片(1、2)组合件,这个组合件的至少一部分包括由一个或多个半导体层和在每侧形成电极的薄导体层形成的光伏器件,在车顶中包括所述一个或多个半导体层的所述光伏器件的至少一部分在基本上平坦的玻璃片(2)上形成,该基本上平坦的玻璃片在层状装配中与事先弯曲的至少一个更厚的玻璃片(1)相关联。

Description

光伏装配玻璃
技术领域
本发明涉及汽车装配玻璃,包括在层状玻璃叠层中的光伏发电机,采取由玻璃衬底支持的若干层的形式。
背景技术
为了改进车辆的能源经济,关于在车体上适于这种用途的若干区域上加入光伏电池已经提出了许多建议。尤其是已经提议将电池放入参与车顶的组成或后窗玻璃中的装配玻璃中。下面,为了简洁起见针对车顶,但是提议的布局也可以应用到其他装配玻璃。
为了使产出能量最优化,包括光伏器件的暴露区域覆盖了车顶的大部分甚至全部。这样的布局适用于任何机动车辆,尤其是电动汽车。
对于位于车辆上的光伏系统,最常遇到的实践在于暴露它们同时以尽可能对光化射线透明的薄片保护它们免受外部影响,这种薄片传统上由玻璃制成。不仅如此,由于常规电池不透明,所以它们通常包含在对光不透明的组合件中。用涂层保护所述器件并防止从乘客席看到它可能是一个问题。
关于传统电池的能效令人满意的经济解决方案的研究已经引起它们由新器件取代,这些器件包括在两个电极之间放置的一层或多层光敏半导体材料,两个电极中至少在入射光一侧的一个对光透明。在这些半导体材料中,硅可用且相对便宜。所以它是特别能够满足这种需求的材料。允许它被应用的技术也是公知的,并且使它们自身很适于开发包括也必须为透明的载体上的叠层的系统。
再者,最近已经增加了车顶包括大面积玻璃的选择。对于建造者来说,提供为了使乘客席的空间进一步对外部开发而允许一部分入射光通过的车顶首先是一个问题。甚至低至5%的透射也获得了“开放”的感觉,如果透射为大约10%或更多的级别,“开放”的感觉会变得非常明显。
将光伏系统整合到车顶的选择必须考虑这些车顶的配置。确切地说,由于空气动力学和审美的原因,车顶无一例外地普遍不平坦而至少轻微地弯曲。这个特性对玻璃制造商很熟悉。为车顶生产装配玻璃,尤其是层状装配玻璃,是常见的做法。
光伏层和与之相关联的那些层,特别是导体层,必须有可能放置在不平坦而至少轻微弯曲的载体上。为了沉积高度均匀薄层,使用仅仅能够在平坦衬底上执行的技术是否是一个问题,例如真空阴极溅射技术、气体或液相先驱体高温分解或者类似的技术……。从在平坦衬底上形成开始,该衬底必须能够变形以符合建造者选择的模型。
使玻璃衬底变形遇到的一个困难是这样的事实:它涉及在不低于600℃并且最经常在650-700℃之间温度下的热处理,而光伏层特别是基于硅的光伏层通常不能承受高于200-300℃的温度。
发明内容
为了解决这个困难,发明人提议以形成权利要求1的主题的方式进行。
所提议的装置利用了这样的事实:玻璃片特别是在其厚度不是非常大时可以经受弹性形变而不破裂,只要由这些形变引起的应力很好地保持在一定限度内。通过将平薄片与至少一个更厚的弯曲片相关联,叠层被弯曲而不需要对所述薄片热处理,装配过程中所用的烘干处理除外。传统上后面的烘干处理允许所述片利用热塑材料如聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)或乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)永久地固定在一起,不需要高于120℃的温度,此温度不会导致光伏材料的退化。
如果要使该光伏装置的支撑薄片的机械形变成为可能,薄片的厚度必须保持在一定限度之内。片的厚度越大,保持在可接受的引发应力的限度之内的获得的形变越小。实际上,这薄片的厚度不超过1mm。优选情况下,厚度不超过0.6mm,并且特别优选情况下不超过0.4mm。
生产厚度为0.1mm或更小的玻璃片是有可能的。确切地说,在一定的厚度以下的困难起因于为形成光伏系统而实施的涂层技术中使用这些薄片。厚度非常小的片具有在它们自身重量情况下变形的趋势。为了在这些涂层操作中保持它们完美的平坦,需要将它们放在足够坚硬的临时载体上,从而使生产技术实质上复杂化。
尽管平薄片必须相对薄,但是相反事先已经被弯曲的一个或多个相关联的片必须足够坚硬以给予层状叠层的曲率为这个或这些厚层实际上的曲率。作为指示,优选情况下平薄片的厚度不超过事先弯曲片厚度或若干事先弯曲片总厚度的三分之一。
车顶中使用的装配玻璃也必须遵守该规则特别是依据机械强度以及它们的重量必须不能形成重大的障碍,尤其对于功耗必须最小化的车辆。由于这些不同的约束,所以弯曲片的厚度必须受限。单一弯曲片的厚度最好不超过3.2mm并且优选情况下不超过2.1mm。
在总成中呈现两个弯曲片时,平薄片被放置在这两个薄片之间。两个弯曲片的总厚度不超过4.8mm并且优选情况下不超过4.2mm。这两片不一定具有一致的厚度。优选情况下,两个弯曲片都不具有超过2.6mm的厚度并且优选不超过2.1mm。
除了玻璃片的厚度,施加于这些车顶的曲率也必须不过度,至少在包含所述平薄片的部位。实际上在这些部位中施加的曲率的半径不小于2m,并且优选情况下不小于4m,以便将应力保持在不危害结构可靠性的限度内。对于其设计要求实质上更夸张的曲率尤其在边缘处以便与车体耦合的车顶,优选情况下仅仅在曲率保持在指明限度之内的部位中放置承载光伏系统的片。这种装配玻璃的一个实施方式在下面的说明书中以实例给出。
由于施加的形变,支持光伏系统的玻璃片必须能够抵御永久的机械应力。在保持很大安全余量的同时可以施加的应力的限度也取决于片的力学性质。如众所周知,为了增加强度玻璃片可以被淬火。通过在片的表面部分与核心之间产生应力差异,破坏极限被大幅增加。
常规使用两种淬火方法,热淬火和化学淬火。在所用薄片的情况下,热淬火呈现出许多困难。此外,装配过程期间的烘干处理易于减小应力的强度。因此,根据本发明,优选情况下对此玻璃片执行化学淬火。化学淬火对随后应用到此玻璃片的处理,尤其是最后装配期间实际上不敏感。
在未淬火的片中,可能由拉伸机械形变施加的应力优选情况下必须不超过10MPa。在淬火的片中这些应力可以高达50MPa而没有过高风险。
根据本发明的光伏系统优选情况下基于半导体硅。在这些系统中可以是非晶硅也可以是晶体硅,取决于生产这些层所用的方式。这两种结构类型的辐射吸收谱不一致。对于非晶结构吸收更多蓝光而对于微晶结构吸收更趋向红光。
根据本发明,为了获得最高转换效率,优选情况下通过叠合非晶硅与微晶硅使两种类型结合。
形成车顶的装配玻璃包括朝外的片,它尽可能的透明以便使能效最优化。在这方面优选情况下由3mm厚度的光透射不低于90%的透明玻璃制成这种片。也有可能使用“超透明”玻璃,但是对于透射进而能量来说收益有限,对于3mm厚度光透射增长到至少92%。当然有可能使用着色玻璃,尽管这样将会损害光伏系统的性能。
外部玻璃片的厚度受制于建造者要求的机械强度与以上引用的透射之间的必要折衷。太薄的片可能不会强到足以抵御小石子的随机撞击。即使车顶不是最多暴露于这些随机撞击,建造者也不希望这个片太薄。由于这个原因,正如在以下的实例中所指示,平薄片不是朝着层状总成的外部放置,即使这种布局将在能效方面有利。
附图说明
以下参考附图详细介绍本发明,其中:
-图1示意地显示了根据本发明参与车顶组成的元件;
-图2是装配了图1中元件后获得的车顶;
-图3显示了根据本发明具有另一种组成的车顶的类似视图;
-图4是根据本发明的车顶,也是另一种组成;
-图5显示了比如图3或图4所示的光伏系统及其玻璃载体的一部分的透视图。
-图6是前一视图的类似视图,具有改进车顶光透射的布局;
-图7以剖面显示了图6中布局的细节;
-图8是曲线图,显示了与太阳光谱(SS)相比,非晶(A)和微晶(M)硅层的吸收谱。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的车顶的基本组成包括至少两个玻璃片1、2。较厚的片1以常规操作事先被弯曲。相对于所用的实际形状,曲率被非常强调地示出,唯一目的在于使本发明的特性更加清楚。实质上较薄的片2是平坦的或实质上平坦的。它在朝向片1的表面承载着光伏组合件(图中未显示)。PVB热塑中间层3完成了组合件并确保完成后车顶的结合力。
所述片例如在袋中装配,其中使用真空使薄片2变形,在对着弯曲片1的面上承载插入的层间片3。在炉中烘焙此组合件使这些片相互粘附,从而玻璃片2保持由片1施加的形状,如图2中示意地显示。
如上指明,较厚的片被放置为暴露于外部。这种结构保证了对可能撞击的更好抵御,尤其是来自小石子的撞击。由于光透射取决于片的厚度,所以在这种机械强度与所产生能量最优化之间有一个折衷。显然优选情况下选择外部玻璃片1使得在对光伏系统有用的范围内它的透射尽可能高。在这方面,透明玻璃比着色玻璃更可取。对于薄玻璃片2没有由其功能引起的限制,只不过下面将见到关于对车顶建立一定的光透射所做出的选择。
在图1和图2中,光伏系统被放置在经受形变的片2的凸面上。在这个位置,这些层受到拉伸。由于对承受形变的玻璃片的变形施加的限制,这些形变关于这些层的连续不呈现风险。同样,层叠装配内部的张力保持足够小从而没有剥落的风险。
不过如果优选情况下将光伏系统压缩地变形,有可能选择诸如图3和图4中所示的结构。由于光伏系统位于片2的凹面,假设使用两个玻璃片,此系统将直接暴露于乘客席。所以需要提供附加的保护。
在图3和图4的实例中,结构包含第三玻璃片5,覆盖着乘客席一侧的组合件。换言之,承载光伏系统的平坦片2被夹在两个片1与5之间。在这个组合件中这两个片1和5以高度互补的曲率被事先弯曲。这两片通过施加它们上面的曲率对片2正确成形作出贡献。
片1和5可以厚度相同或不同。在后者的情形下,优选情况下将较厚的片朝外。
为了形成包括3个玻璃片的这种组合件,第二热塑材料中间片4被插入在承载光伏系统的平坦片2与转向乘客席的片5之间。
图1到图4以截过装配玻璃中间部位的剖面显示了所述装配玻璃。所展示的曲率被夸大了。不过它们显示了真实的趋势,即曲率在整个宽度上并不均匀。在中心,曲率是适度的,对应于半径R1。在两侧,曲率往往增大以允许接合到车体,具有比R1小得非常多的第二半径R2。
在横向曲率会导致过度的应力施加到平坦片的情况下,有可能限制片2的曲率半径大的中心部位的范围。这个结构显示在图4中。在这种布局中,装配通过呈现环绕承载光伏系统的片2的附加中间层9和10来完成。有可能的问题是被切割为正好是片2尺寸的孔之后的材料的条带或整片环绕片2的放置。为了装配的需要,优选情况下将附加的中间层9,10的厚度选择为等于片2的厚度。
为了使图4所示类型的装配玻璃组成的车顶保持显著的功能,平坦片的面积为弯曲玻璃片面积的至少50%,优选情况下为此面积的至少65%。这种结构的光学性质在包括光伏系统的部位与不包括所述系统的部位之间实质上差异非常大。使用非常浓重着色的片5可以部分地掩蔽透射中的这些差异。不过这些差异可以使得优选情况下可以将不透明的涂层放置在不对应于存在光伏系统的部位上。例如涂层为深色釉。它可以涂敷到片1或5之一上。
图1到图4以剖面显示。车顶的装配玻璃通常具有沿纵向的曲率。在这种情况下正是这些曲率的组合决定了玻璃片2中的应力级别。实际上,沿横向和纵向之一的至少一个曲率根本不显著,从而施加的应力保持在上述限度之内。
前述附图没有详细显示光伏系统。因为这些系统的厚度非常小,最多几微米,它们对这些装配玻璃的整个结构的影响不大。为了展示这些系统的组成,以下附图中它们的厚度有意地不按比例。为了简单起见,这些附图根据本发明显示了光伏组合件的若干片段而没有显示在装配玻璃中对其施加的曲率。
这些系统的布局对应于图3和图4中的布局。不过在组成方面,只包括两个玻璃片车顶中会发现相同的元件。
图5的片段显示了厚的弯曲片1,和热塑中间层3,它用于保证与承载光伏系统元件的平坦玻璃片2的装配。光伏系统元件包括半导体层7,例如基于硅,以及分别在每侧的两个电极6和8。
电极6本质上透明。优选情况下由薄导体氧化物(TCO)层形成。这些层在本领域公知,通常直接涂敷到玻璃片,并且最经常是在生产过程中该玻璃片离开浮槽(float)的时刻。优选情况下通过气体热解(CVD)进行涂敷。不过,其他技术特别是真空阴极溅射技术也适用。氟掺杂氧化锡或氧化铟锡(ITO)层是这种类型的层的实例。
TCO层具有的厚度为几纳米或几十纳米并且是很弱的吸收剂。它们可以均匀地覆盖片2的表面,但是也可以按设定的图案切割以便形成隔间的传导电路。例如此图案由均匀层的烧蚀形成,沿着图中的参考线12。
半导体材料7被直接施加到导体层。层7比TCO层传导性差很多,所以即使这个层7中填充了层6中切割的线12并与薄片2接触,然而电池元件仍然表现为由切割线12分隔。图5和图6中的示意展示没有显示层7与片2接触以便使这些附图更容易阅读。这并不是为了展示图7所示的这些层的情况。
生产半导体层所用的方式与上述技术类似:CVD、阴极溅射等。如上所述,使用硅基半导体时,优选情况下多合多种结晶性质以便使光伏转换最优化,这两种结构的光吸收有充分的不同。
图8的曲线图展示了这两种类型的吸收和它们的互补。两个层的重叠,其中一个是非晶硅而另一个是微晶硅,实质上改进了系统效率同时保持了大约几微米的相对薄的厚度。半导体层即使在相对薄时也对光透射形成了实际的障碍。这种透射在任何情况下都通过使用第二电极8被排斥,优选情况下它除了导电特性外必须能够反射通过半导体层7而没有被吸收的辐射,使所述辐射再次通过半导体层7以便提高效率。这种类型的电极可选为反射性足够强的导体氧化物层,例如基于掺杂了铝、镓或硼的ZnO的层。特别可能的问题是系统进一步包含形成镜的层。
半导体层(或多层)可选由并列元件组成以便形成的组合件能够提供期望的电压,如图5、6和7所示。
再者,根据本发明,需要保留一定的光透射。这种光透射优选情况下保持在入射光的5与30%之间,优选情况下8到20%。由于半导体层和电极8是本质上不透明的,所以需要打破其连续性。
图5和图6显示的光伏元件由线13分隔,分裂了层7和8。这些线或者由掩模元件在层的形成期间直接形成迹线,或者通过局部消融在均匀层中形成,例如通过使用激光的技术。
线13的存在必然减小了光伏元件的有用面积从而这些线,如上所述,必须不占所述面积的太大比例。
细线12的存在可能不足以获得所要求的透射级别。更宽线的存在可能导致太大的反差,使所关注区域上的透射均匀性缺失明显可见。为了增大光透射良好区域的尺寸,同时使表现为光源的部位分布得更加均匀,有可能在光伏系统的层中产生开口11。这样的开口也可以采取线的形式,特别是由激光烧蚀产生的线。
图7以剖面显示了层6、7和8中线12和13以及开口11的分布。
为了给出透射在所述区域上分布良好的印象,线和开口自身在这个区域上尽可能地均匀分布。

Claims (18)

1.一种汽车装配玻璃,包括利用热塑中间层装配为层状的弯曲玻璃片组合件,该组合件的至少一部分包括光伏器件,该光伏器件由一个或多个半导体层和在每侧形成电极的薄导体层形成,在车顶中包括所述一个或多个半导体层的所述光伏器件的至少一部分在基本上平坦的玻璃片上形成,该基本上平坦的玻璃片在层状装配中与事先弯曲的至少一个更厚的弯曲玻璃片相关联。
2.根据权利要求1所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,光伏器件的半导体层的材料基于硅。
3.根据上述任一项权利要求所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,所述一个或多个半导体层在其上形成的基本上平坦的玻璃片具有的厚度不超过1mm。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,所述基本上平坦的玻璃片的厚度不超过所述弯曲玻璃片的厚度的三分之一或者多个所述弯曲玻璃片的厚度之和的三分之一。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,存在有单一弯曲玻璃片,该单一弯曲玻璃片的厚度不超过3.2mm。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,参与车顶的组成,其中两个弯曲玻璃片用在装配中,这两个弯曲玻璃片的总厚度不超过4.8mm。
7.根据权利要求6所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,每个所述弯曲玻璃片具有的厚度都不超过2.6mm。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,施加到与所述事先弯曲的一个或多个弯曲玻璃片相关联的所述基本上平坦的玻璃片的最小曲率半径不小于2m。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,承载所述光伏器件的所述基本上平坦的玻璃片是化学淬火的玻璃片。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,对所述基本上平坦的玻璃片施加的曲率不会对未淬火片引起高于10MPa的张力,不会对淬火片引起高于50MPa的张力。
11.根据权利要求6所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,从外部开始,所述汽车装配玻璃包括事先弯曲的第一玻璃片、热塑中间层、承载所述光伏器件的层的玻璃片、第二热塑中间层和事先弯曲的第二玻璃片。
12.根据权利要求11的汽车装配玻璃,其中,承载所述光伏器件的层的所述玻璃片仅仅延伸在所述车顶的一部分表面上,该部分表面不小于总表面的50%。
13.根据权利要求12所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,承载所述光伏器件的层的所述玻璃片被放置在曲率最小的部分中。
14.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,形成所述电极的导体层包括对可见辐射本质上透明的至少一个薄氧化物层TCO,所述薄氧化物层被置于照射方向上所述一个或多个半导体层之上。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,位于照射方向相反侧的所述一个或多个半导体层的面之上的导体层包括导体氧化物层以及至少部分地反射在通过所述半导体层时未被吸收的辐射的金属层。
16.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,所述光伏器件包括包括两层的组合件,其中一层由非晶硅构成,另一层由微晶硅构成。
17.根据权利要求1或2所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,在包括所述光伏器件的部分中,光透射通过所述光伏器件的中断保持在5%与30%之间,所述中断呈现为支撑所述光伏器件的基本上平坦的玻璃片的涂层中的线和/或点缺陷。
18.根据权利要求17所述的汽车装配玻璃,其中,所述中断通过利用激光消融和/或在这些层形成时的掩模来产生。
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