CN104059705B - 用于低级燃料的整体蒸汽气化和夹带流气化系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于低级燃料的整体蒸汽气化和夹带流气化系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN104059705B
CN104059705B CN201410081980.2A CN201410081980A CN104059705B CN 104059705 B CN104059705 B CN 104059705B CN 201410081980 A CN201410081980 A CN 201410081980A CN 104059705 B CN104059705 B CN 104059705B
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A.马宗达
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于低级燃料的整体蒸汽气化和夹带流气化系统和方法。在一方面,提供一种用于与低级燃料一起使用的气化系统(10)。系统包括定位成接收低级燃料进料(14)的第一气化器(22),第一气化器构造成使低级燃料气化,以产生烃(26)和固定碳(24)。系统还包括构造成使用接收到的固定碳来产生合成气流(46)的第二气化器(34)、构造成接收和冷却合成气流的冷却器(52),以及联接在冷却器和第一气化器之间的第一管道(80)。第一管道构造成使合成气流的至少一部分再循环到第一气化器,以有利于在第一气化器内加热低级燃料。再循环合成气流与烃混合,以产生富烃合成气流(82)。系统还包括联接于第一气化器用于接收富烃合成气流的第二管道(90)。

Description

用于低级燃料的整体蒸汽气化和夹带流气化系统和方法
技术领域
本发明的领域大体涉及气化系统,并且更特别地,涉及用于用低级燃料产生合成天然气(SNG)的气化系统。
背景技术
可使诸如煤、石油焦炭、生物质量、木基材料、农业废料、焦油、焦炉煤气和沥青和其它含碳物的给料气化,用于在发电、生产化学品、合成燃料中使用,以及用于多种其它应用。气化一般包括使含碳燃料和氧在非常高的温度下反应,以产生合成气、包含一氧化碳和氢的燃料。合成气典型地比处于其气化之前的原始状态的燃料更高效地燃料,并且更干净。合成气可用于功率发生、化学品生产和任何其它适当的应用。
但是,通常被称为低级给料的一些含碳固体给料与一些已知气化系统结合起来使用是不适当和/或效率低的。低级给料典型地是不合乎需要的,因为它们的加热值低,并且氧含量比典型地在气化系统中使用的燃料固有地更高。另外,低级燃料典型地形成水分非常多的浆料,并且典型的夹带式气化系统用这样的燃料产生合成气是效率低的。
发明内容
在一方面,提供一种用于与低级燃料一起使用的气化系统。系统包括定位成接收低级燃料进料的第一气化器,第一气化器构造成使低级燃料气化,以产生烃和固定碳。系统还包括构造成使用接收到的固定碳来产生合成气流的第二气化器、构造成接收和冷却合成气流的冷却器,以及联接在冷却器和第一气化器之间的第一管道。第一管道构造成使合成气流的至少一部分再循环到第一气化器,以有利于在第一气化器内加热低级燃料。再循环合成气流与烃混合,以产生富烃合成气流。系统还包括联接于第一气化器用于接收富烃合成气流的第二管道。
在另一方面,提供一种整体气化联合循环功率发生装置。装置包括至少一个气化系统,其包括:构造成接收低级燃料的第一气化器,第一气化器进一步构造成使低级燃料气化,以产生烃和固定碳;构造成使用固定碳来产生合成气流的第二气化器;以及构造成冷却合成气流的冷却器。至少一个气化系统进一步包括:联接在冷却器和第一气化器之间的第一管道,第一管道构造成使合成气流的至少一部分再循环到第一气化器,以有利于在第一气化器内加热低级燃料,再循环合成气流与烃混合,以产生富烃合成气流;以及第二管道,其联接于第一气化器,并且构造成接收富烃合成气流。装置还包括至少一个燃气涡轮发动机,其联接成与冷却器处于流连通,以接收合成气流的至少一部分。
在又一方面,提供一种使低级燃料气化的方法。该方法包括将低级燃料进料提供给第一气化器,使低级燃料进料气化,以产生烃和固定碳,以及将固定碳提供给第二气化器。该方法进一步包括使固定碳气化,以产生合成气流,通过使合成气流的至少一部分再循环到第一气化器来对第一气化器提供加热,以及从第一气化器中移除烃和再循环合成气流,作为富烃合成气流。
附图说明
图1是示例性功率发生系统的示意图;以及
图2是图1中显示的系统的详细示意图。
具体实施方式
图1是示例性气化设施10的示意图,例如整体气化联合循环(IGCC)功率发生系统,其产生和/或燃烧合成气体(即,合成气),以产生电和/或制造化学品。系统10包括燃料源12,燃料源12是低级燃料。燃料源12可包括低级煤、石油、焦炭、生物质量、木基材料、农业废料、焦油、焦炉煤气和沥青和/或其它含碳给料。如本文所用,具有“低级”的煤典型地具有比烟煤(例如,亚烟煤或褐煤)更低的等级。在一些情况下,低级煤可具有相对高的氧含量,诸如从大约16重量%至25重量%。低级煤可具有其它特性,包括相对高的水分含量(诸如范围为大约10%至40%)和相对高的干灰含量(诸如范围为大约12%至40%)。在美国中陆地区(如粉河盆地煤)和中国(如褐煤)大量存在低级煤。但是,低级给料对于在一些已知气化器(例如夹带流气化器)中使用可为不够的,因为这种煤固有的加热值低且水含量高。
在示例性实施例中,将给料14(例如低级煤)运送到给料碾磨单元16,给料碾磨单元16通过对给料14进行剁碎、研磨、切碎、粉碎、压块和/或码垛来重新设置给料14的大小或形状,以产生气化燃料17。接着,将给料17运送到干燥单元18,其中,煤暴露于高温,该高温有利于从煤中移除水分。干燥单元18产生干给料20,将干给料20运送到气化器22。
在示例性实施例中,气化器22是蒸汽气化器,该蒸汽气化器使用热解过程使干给料20气化。备选地,气化器22可为使得系统10能够如本文描述地起作用的任何类型的气化器。气化器22内部的温度可在大约150℃至大约800℃的范围中,这取决于所使用的气化器的类型。在热解过程期间加热干给料20基本上移除低级燃料中的水分和挥发物,并且可产生固体24(例如木炭、固定碳)和烃26(例如甲烷)。来自热解过程的固定碳可重达原来的给料的重量的大约20%至40%。在示例性实施例中,不对气化器22添加氧,以便移除易挥发的烃,以及产生富甲烷产物82。
在示例性实施例中,将固定碳24引导到浆料准备单元28,其中,可将水30或另一种适当的液体添加到固定碳24,以产生浆料给料32。备选地,不对固定碳24添加液体,因而产生干给料。将浆料给料32从浆料准备单元28发送到气化器34。在示例性实施例中,气化器34是夹带流气化器。备选地,气化器34可为使得系统10能够如本文描述地起作用的任何类型的气化器。气化器34将浆料给料32转化成合成气,例如一氧化碳和氢的组合。可通过使燃料在升高的压力(例如介于大约20巴和90巴之间)和升高的温度(例如介于大约700℃和1600℃之间)下(取决于使用的燃料类型)经受受控制的量的适当的缓和剂和有限的氧来实现该转化。在热解过程期间加热燃料可产生渣36(例如湿灰材料)和残余气体(例如一氧化碳、氢和氮)。可从气化器34中移除渣36,并且将渣36处置为例如路基或另一种建筑材料。
在示例性实施例中,接着可在气化器34中进行部分氧化过程(即,气化)。为了有利于气化过程,将氧流38从空气分离单元(ASU)40供应到气化器34。ASU 40例如经由蒸馏技术使空气42分离成组成气体。ASU 40从空气42中分离出氧38和氮44,并且将分离的氧38传送到气化器34。ASU 40还可将分离的氮44传送到系统10的另一个部分或存储器和/或另一个设施。
在示例性实施例中,产生的合成气流46和渣36由气化器34产生。将渣36运送到粗渣处理系统48,粗渣处理系统48产生作为产品出售的粗渣50,并且将合成气流46运送到冷却器52,用于冷却和热传递。在示例性实施例中,冷却器52可为独立单元,或者冷却器52可与气化器34一体地形成。将合成气流46的第一部分54运送到洗涤器56,用于移除某些颗粒物质和其它污染物。在示例性实施例中,可使用任何适当的洗涤技术。接着,将清洁合成气58从洗涤器56发送到膨胀器60,以有利于通过合成气流54的膨胀回收能量。可进一步冷却、纯化和/或清洁(未显示)合成气流54,以及将其引导到功率系统或功率岛62中,供产生功率和/或生产化学品时使用。例如,功率岛62可包括适合使用合成气流54作为燃料且适合将燃料转换成旋转能的燃气涡轮64,该旋转能可由发电机65转换成电功率。
在示例性实施例中,功率发生系统10包括蒸汽涡轮发动机66和热回收蒸汽发生(HRSG)系统68。蒸汽涡轮发动机66可驱动负载70,负载70可为用于产生电功率的发电机。来自燃气涡轮发动机64的经加热的排气72传送到HRSG 68中,并且被用来加热水和产生蒸汽,该蒸汽用来对蒸汽涡轮发动机66提供动力,用于产生功率。另外,由HRSG 68产生的高压高温蒸汽还可供应到其中可使用蒸汽的其它过程,诸如经由管线74供应到气化器34、干燥单元18和/或气化器22,如本文更详细地描述的。备选地或另外,热传递管线76可热联接于气化器34和/或冷却器52,以将热传递流体(例如水)供应到干燥单元18和/或气化器22,以满足其加热要求的至少一部分。
图2示出用来产生合成天然气(SNG)的系统10的一部分的详细示意图。如本文描述的,系统10包括干燥单元18、蒸汽气化器22、浆料准备单元28、夹带流气化器34和冷却器52。在示例性实施例中,冷却器52是骤冷器和辐射式合成气体冷却器(RSC)的组合。但是,冷却器52可为使得系统10能够如本文描述地起作用的任何类型的冷却器。夹带流气化器34产生包含CO和H2的合成气流46,合成气流46在冷却器52中冷却,并且分成合成气的第一部分54和合成气的第二部分78。热的合成气流的一部分78再循环到蒸汽气化器22作为再循环合成气流80,以满足关于在气化器22中进行的热解过程的加热要求的至少一部分。再循环合成气80与由热解过程产生的烃26混合,并且接着从气化器22中运送出,作为主要包含甲烷的富烃合成气流82。虽然未显示,但流82的一些成分可从甲烷中分离出并且再循环回到气化器34。在示例性实施例中,富烃合成气流82运送到甲烷化单元84,其中,富烃合成气流82经受甲烷化过程,以产生SNG 86。另外,合成气流78的另一部分可绕过蒸汽气化器22,作为合成气旁通流88,以使得能够针对甲烷化过程来调节富烃合成气流82的浓度。
在运行中,碾磨单元16接收来自燃料源12的低级给料14(例如低级煤),以供应干燥单元18。给料14被加热且在干燥单元18中被干燥,以产生干给料20,干给料20供应到蒸汽气化器22。干给料20在气化器22中经受热解过程,气化器22被热能源加热。在示例性实施例中,热的合成气再循环流80对热解过程和蒸汽管线74、热传递管线76提供主要热能源,并且/或者任何其它适当的热源对气化器22提供补充热能源,用于热解过程。在热解期间,基本上从给料20中移除水分、挥发物和烃,以产生固定碳24。热解过程基本使给料20从低级燃料升级成固定碳24。接着,将固定碳24供应到浆料准备单元28,其中,固定碳24与水30或任何其它适当的液体混合,以形成适当的浆料给料32。备选地,供应固定碳24作为干进料。将浆料给料32运送到夹带流气化器34,其中,给料32与从ASU 40排出的空气42混合,并且经受高温高压气化过程,以产生合成气46和渣36。
在示例性实施例中,将渣36引导到粗渣处理单元48,以产生粗渣50,并且将合成气流46发送到冷却器52,其中,使用在HRSG 68和/或热传递管线76内循环的热传递流体(例如蒸汽)来传送热。接着,可经由管线74和/或管线76将从合成气流46中移除的热能传送到系统10的另一部分。在示例性实施例中,干燥单元18和气化器22的加热要求的至少一部分由HRSG管线74和/或热传递管线76供应。
在示例性实施例中,从冷却器52中移除合成气流46,并且使合成气流46分成第一合成气流54和第二合成气流78。将合成气流54运送到洗涤器56,其中,流54被洗涤,并且将产生的清洁合成气58发送到膨胀器60,以及/或者进一步清洁/冷却。将合成气58引导到功率岛62,以经由燃气涡轮64产生电功率。可将产生的涡轮排气72引导向HRSG 68,以有利于加热蒸汽,接着将该蒸汽引导到蒸汽涡轮66,以经由负载70(例如发电机)产生额外的电功率。系统10包括控制器(未显示),该控制器有利于取决于期望系统运行和需求来通过第一流54和第二流78控制合成气流的相对比例。备选地,可专门将合成气46引导到第一流54或第二流78。
在示例性实施例中,将第二合成气流78运送到气化器22,作为再循环合成气流80,以有利于加热气化器22。就此而言,再循环流80加热干给料20,与从给料20中分离出的烃(主要是甲烷)反应和/或混合,并且从气化器22中移除再循环流80,作为富烃合成气流82。在示例性实施例中,将富烃合成气流82运送到甲烷化单元84,其中,富烃合成气流82经受甲烷化过程,以将夹带在合成气中的H2和CO转换成SNG流86,SNG流86主要包含甲烷。第二合成气流78可以可选地绕过气化器22,作为旁通合成气流88,并且与富烃合成气流82混合,以在进入甲烷化单元84之前形成产物流90。控制器(未显示)可控制再循环流80和旁通流88之间的比例流,以提供具有适合甲烷化单元84中的甲烷化过程的H2和CO的比的产物流90。在一个实施例中,焦油和/或流80的其它成分经由浆料准备单元28再循环回到气化器34。
在示例性实施例中,用于产生SNG 86的生产系统可包括复合水-气体转移(WGS)-甲烷化反应器,其将WGS反应器和甲烷化反应器两者结合到单个单元中。备选地,WGS反应器和甲烷化反应器可为独立单元。甲烷化单元84可以以脱硫或含硫构造运行,其中,在将合成气转换成富SNG气体之前,已经从合成气中移除了硫,或者其中,在将合成气转换成富SNG气体时,在合成气中存在硫。以该方式,甲烷化单元84可利用未加工的合成气(包含硫的合成气)或清洁合成气(没有硫的合成气)来运行。另外,酸性气体移除系统可与甲烷化单元84一起利用。虽然未显示,但可将产生的SNG流86馈送到天然气联合循环(NGCC)动力装置的燃气涡轮的燃烧器中,并且点燃SNG流86,以对燃气涡轮提供动力,供在发电中使用,或者一般用来作为SNG产物出售。
如本文描述的,提供用于用低级给料产生SNG和合成气的系统和方法。低级给料被干燥,并且在低压低温蒸汽气化器中经受热解过程,以释放烃,以及产生适合在夹带流气化器中使用的固定碳。从夹带流气化器中产生的热合成气的至少一部分用作用于热解过程的热源,并且与烃反应以形成富烃合成气流,接着该富烃合成气流可经受甲烷化过程,以将合成气的一部分转换成甲烷。可通过来自冷却器的热传递流体对干燥单元和蒸汽气化器提供额外的加热,该冷却器冷却夹带流气化器的合成气产物。就此而言,本文描述的系统和方法使得气化系统能够利用成本较低的低级燃料来产生SNG和/或电功率。
该书面的描述使用实例以公开本发明(包括最佳模式),并且还使本领域技术人员能够实践本发明(包括制造和使用任何装置或系统并且执行任何并入的方法)。本发明的可专利范围由权利要求限定,并且可包括本领域技术人员想到的其它实例。如果这些其它实例具有不与权利要求的字面语言不同的结构元件,或者如果这些其它实例包括与权利要求的字面语言无显著差别的等同结构元件,则这些其它实例意图在权利要求的范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于与低级燃料一起使用的气化系统,所述系统包括:
定位成接收低级燃料进料(14)的第一气化器(22),所述第一气化器构造成使所述低级燃料气化,以产生烃(26)和固定碳(24);
构造成使用从所述第一气化器接收到的固定碳来产生合成气流(46)的第二气化器(34);
构造成接收和冷却来自所述第二气化器的所述合成气流的冷却器(52);
联接在所述冷却器和所述第一气化器之间的第一管道(80),所述第一管道构造成使所述合成气流的至少一部分再循环到所述第一气化器,以有利于在所述第一气化器内加热低级燃料,
所述再循环合成气流与所述烃混合,以产生富烃合成气流(82);以及
第二管道(90),其选择性地联接于所述第一气化器和热回收蒸汽发生系统(HRSG)之间,用于将来自所述热回收系统的蒸汽输送到所述第一气化器以有利于加热所述第一气化器里的所述低级燃料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括联接成与所述第一气化器流连通的干燥单元(18),所述干燥单元有利于在所述第一气化器接收所述低级燃料进料之前,使所述低级燃料进料干燥。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括热联接于所述冷却器和所述干燥单元和所述第一气化器中的至少一个的第三管道(76),所述第三管道构造成接收由所述合成气流加热的热传递流体,以及将经加热的热传递流体引导到所述干燥单元和所述第一气化器中的至少一个。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统,其特征在于,所述冷却器包括热联接于所述第三管道的骤冷器、辐射式合成气冷却器和热回收蒸汽发生器中的至少一个。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括联接到所述第一管道的旁通管道(88),所述旁通管道构造成将所述合成气流的至少一部分绕过所述第一气化器进行运送。
6.一种整体煤气化联合循环发电系统,其包括:
至少一个燃气涡轮发动机,其产生排气;
热回收蒸汽发生系统(HRSG),其与所述至少一个燃气涡轮发动机流体连通并接收所述排气,以加热产生蒸汽;
蒸汽涡轮,其与所述热回收蒸汽发生系统流体连通以接收所述蒸汽;和
用于与低级燃料一起使用的气化系统(10),所述系统包括:
定位成接收低级燃料进料(14)的第一气化器(22),所述第一气化器构造成使所述低级燃料气化,以产生烃(26)和固定碳(24);
构造成使用从所述第一气化器接收到的所述固定碳来产生合成气流(46)的第二气化器(34);
构造成接收和冷却所述合成气流的冷却器(52);
联接在所述冷却器和所述第一气化器之间的第一管道(80),所述第一管道构造成使所述合成气流的至少一部分再循环到所述第一气化器,以有利于在所述第一气化器内加热所述低级燃料,所述再循环合成气流与所述烃混合,以产生富烃合成气流(82);以及
第二管道(90),其联接于所述第一气化器和所述热回收蒸汽发生系统之间,用于从所述热回收蒸汽发生系统输送所述蒸汽到所述第一气化器,以有利于加热所述第一气化器内的所述低级燃料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括联接成与所述第一气化器流连通的干燥单元(18),所述干燥单元有利于在所述第一气化器接收所述低级燃料进料之前,使所述低级燃料进料干燥。
8.根据权利要求7所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括热联接于所述冷却器且热联接于所述干燥单元和所述第一气化器中的至少一个的第三管道(76),所述第三管道构造成接收由所述所述合成气流加热的热传递流体,以及将经加热的热传递流体引导到所述干燥单元和所述第一气化器中的至少一个。
9.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括联接到所述第一管道的旁通管道(88),所述旁通管道构造成将所述合成气流的至少一部分绕过所述第一气化器进行运送。
10.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其特征在于,进一步包括:在所述第一气化器和所述第二气化器之间处于流连通的浆料准备单元(28),所述浆料准备单元构造成接收所述固定碳和产生浆料进料(32),所述浆料进料被运送到所述第二气化器;以及联接于所述第二管道的甲烷化单元(84),所述甲烷化单元构造成由所述富烃合成气流产生合成天然气流(86)。
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