CN104011883B - 制造半导体微或纳米线的方法、包括所述微或纳米线的半导体结构和制造半导体结构的方法 - Google Patents

制造半导体微或纳米线的方法、包括所述微或纳米线的半导体结构和制造半导体结构的方法 Download PDF

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CN104011883B
CN104011883B CN201280063612.4A CN201280063612A CN104011883B CN 104011883 B CN104011883 B CN 104011883B CN 201280063612 A CN201280063612 A CN 201280063612A CN 104011883 B CN104011883 B CN 104011883B
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nano wire
cushion
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nitride
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CN104011883A (zh
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阿梅利耶·迪赛涅
菲利普·吉莱
弗朗索瓦·马丁
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Abstract

本发明涉及制造用于形成光电结构(10)的至少一个半导体微或纳米线的方法。所述方法包括如此步骤,提供半导体衬底(100)、在所述衬底(100)上形成晶态的所谓缓冲层(110),所述缓冲层(110)在部分厚度上具有主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成的第一区(110),所述方法还包括在所述缓冲层上形成至少一个半导体微或纳米线(150)的步骤。本发明还涉及包括微或纳米线(150)的光电结构(10),以及能够制造所述结构(10)的方法。

Description

制造半导体微或纳米线的方法、包括所述微或纳米线的半导 体结构和制造半导体结构的方法
背景技术
技术领域
本技术涉及电磁辐射的检测、测量和发射领域,以及用作电磁辐射检测、测量和发射的设备。
过去十年打上了光电子和源于光电子的设备迅猛发展的烙印。这些设备采用适用于电磁辐射检测、测量和发射的半导体结构。
这些结构包括基于微或纳米线的如此半导体结构,检测和测量时的电磁辐射接收或电磁辐射发射均有很高的潜在效率。这些效率也足够高了,以便能够设想这些结构用于光伏应用。
无论这些是否用于电磁辐射检测、测量或发射,或光伏应用,他们更普遍地被称为光电结构。
因此,在本文件的上面和剩余部分中,术语光电结构指适用于将电信号转换为电磁辐射(或反之亦然)的任何类型的半导体结构。
更具体地说,本发明适用于至少一种半导体微或纳米线、发射电磁辐射的半导体结构、能接受电磁辐射且将其转换为电信号的半导体结构的制造方法,以及光电结构的制造方法。
现有技术状态
基于微或纳米线的半导体光电结构通常包括被提供半导体微或纳米线和使得所述的微或纳米线电连接的装置的半导体支撑。所述的每个微或纳米线都有作为半导体结的有源区,它能够实现电信号向电磁辐射的转换,或反之亦然。
该有源区必须适用于电磁辐射吸收或发射,以便能够实现电磁辐射向电信号的转换,或反之亦然。在这两种情况下,适用特别要求,微或纳米线的每个有源区至少部分地由一个或几个直接带隙半导体材料制成。
直接带隙半导体材料意味着如此半导体材料,在所述半导体材料的能量色散图中价带最高能量和导带最低能量的波矢k值大致相同。
最常用作光电应用的直接带隙半导体材料是半导体氮化物,例如氮化镓(GaN)。对于这种有源区而言,由于微或纳米线的制造方法引起的技术局限,每个微或纳米线与支撑相连的那部分也要由直接带隙半导体氮化物制成。
由此,基于微或纳米线和有源区至少部分地由直接带隙半导体氮化物制成的光电结构制造方法,包括实现在衬底上形成微或纳米线方法的步骤,其中与衬底相接触的微或纳米线部分是由半导体氮化物制成。
形成微或纳米线的这种方法通常包括如下步骤:
提供包括第一和第二面的半导体衬底;
在衬底的第一面上形成所谓的缓冲层,该层由氮化铝构成;
在缓冲层上形成半导体微或纳米线,主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物制成的所述微或纳米线的所谓接触部分,该部分为与缓冲层相接触的微或纳米线部分。
缓冲层的形成步骤是这样的步骤,虽然对于与微或纳米线形成的恰当步骤相结合的某些类型衬底而言,该步骤是附加的,然而,它通常用来保证微或纳米线的晶态质量。
缓冲层能够用来形成衬底晶格和微或纳米线晶格之间的晶格兼容,由此减少与异质外延相关的限制。对于微或纳米线生长步骤中用到的某些类型的外延过程而言,它也能够保护衬底表面防止该表面和形成微或纳米线的某些元素之(例如能够引起衬底表面上缺陷的镓(Ga)间可能的相互作用。
一种已知的具有调整晶格参数和保护衬底作用的方法是用氮化铝(AlN)形成缓冲层。
然而,虽然这种缓冲层能够确保高质量微或纳米线的形成,没有任何污染衬底的危险,但是它也有一些缺点。氮化铝是具有很大带隙的半导体,因此它具有很低的电导率,由此它像是半绝缘材料。
所以,这就是衬底和微或纳米线之间的缓冲层为什么不能具有很低的电阻。结果是采用该缓冲层的光电结构通常有较高的工作电压。
而且,氮化铝缓冲层具有铝极化的成核表面。理想情况是,氮化镓微或纳米线的生长需要氮极化的成核表面。实际上,除了氮之外的极化,例如铝极化,必须严格确定微或纳米线的生长条件,以避免形成其他类型的结构,例如棱锥结构。因此,氮化铝缓冲层的使用需要微或纳米线制作方法中漫长且昂贵的校准过程,这样形成微或纳米线的步骤不会引起棱锥结构的生长而是微或纳米线。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服这些缺点。
本发明的一个目的是公布在衬底上制造至少一个微或纳米线的方法,该方法能够提供至少一个良好晶态质量和与现有技术方法获得的微或纳米线电阻相比具有更低电阻的微或纳米线,不用顾虑用作微或纳米线形成步骤的外延生长方法。
本发明的另一个目的是修饰制造至少一个氮化物半导体微或纳米线的方法,其包括在氮极化成核表面上形成微或纳米线的步骤,与利用之前技术方法获得的微或纳米线相比,衬底与该微或纳米线之间的电阻相对有所下降。为此,本发明涉及制造用于形成光电结构的至少一个半导体微或纳米线的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
提供包括第一和第二面的半导体衬底;
在衬底的第一面上形成晶态层,称为缓冲层,该缓冲层在至少部分厚度上具有与第二面相接触的第一区,该第一区主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成;
在缓冲层上形成至少一个半导体微或纳米线,所述微或纳米线的至少一个部分,称为接触部分,主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成,所述部分是与缓冲层相接触的微或纳米线部分。
“主要由氮化镁构成”指包括氮化镁比例大于或等于95%的构成,该比例优先大于99%。
“主要由材料构成”也意味着包括所述材料比例大于或等于95%的构成,该比例优先大于99%。
由于主要由MgxNy形式氮化镁构成的区域的存在,及其晶态质量,与半导体衬底,例如硅或碳化硅衬底相比,这种缓冲层能够使得主要由半导体氮化物构成的至少一个微或纳米线的成长具有良好的晶格参数匹配,由此,至少一个微或纳米线的成长晶态缺陷浓度很低。此外,因为该层的禁带小于之前技术中所用缓冲层,所以,与之前技术中使用的缓冲层相比,该层的层间电阻更低。由此,该层能够使得制造结构中微或纳米线的极化电压很低,每个微或纳米线和缓冲层之间的层间电阻很低。
此外,当微或纳米线具有多数载流子是电子的第一导电类型时,缓冲层中氮的相对比例能够得以控制,以便缓冲层具有与微或纳米线相同的导电类型。
该缓冲层还允许成核表面的附属物用于微或纳米线的形成,它是氮极化,且因此特别适应于半导体氮化物微或纳米线的生长。
微或纳米线的接触部分能够由氮化镓构成。
在成核表面上形成微或纳米线时,该方法尤其适合提供氮化镓微或纳米线,其中成核表面显示氮极化,这尤其适合制造微或纳米线,即线型结构。
实际上,显示这种极化的成核层允许获得线型的微或纳米线结构,而不是棱锥型的。由此,这种线型结构或微或纳米线示出至少一个沿m晶面的竖直部分。沿m晶面的竖直部分能够置于与成核层相接触的线部分的持平位置上。位于与缓冲层相接触表面上的微或纳米线的接触部分能够显现出氮极化。
在缓冲层形成步骤中,缓冲层主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
由此,在缓冲层形成步骤之后,与衬底第一面相对的缓冲层表面适合微或纳米线的生长,不必形成缓冲层的另一个区。
在缓冲层形成步骤中,缓冲层沿其厚度方向至少具有一个第二区,其包括衬底第一面相反的缓冲区表面,所述第二区主要由氮化镁之外的其他直接带隙半导体氮化物构成,且实际优选其构成与微或纳米线的接触部分相同。
这种包括缓冲层表面的第二区能够提供与形成微或纳米线接触部分材料有良好晶格兼容性的生长表面,由此限制了微或纳米线形成步骤中,在微或纳米线中产生晶态缺陷的风险。该第二区还具有与几乎等浓度的多数载流子的微或纳米线相同的导电类型,这限制了所述区和微或纳米线之间的层间电阻。
缓冲层形成步骤是形成厚度在1和100nm之间的层的步骤,厚度优选在2和10nm。
这种厚度的缓冲层能够提供相对半导体衬底良好的晶格兼容性。这种厚度还限制了采用例如金属有机气相外延(MOVPE)生长步骤的微或纳米线制造方法中的衬底污染风险。
在缓冲层形成步骤中,第一区主要由Mg3N2形式的氮化镁构成,优选单晶。
由镁和氮形成的这种构成能够提供很高晶态质量的缓冲层,用于微或纳米线生长。进而,这种质量的缓冲层能够提供具有恰当的多数载流子类型和浓度的微或纳米线。相似地,单晶缓冲层提供了沿与缓冲层晶面直接相关的给定方向上微或纳米线的生长。
缓冲层的形成步骤是形成多数载流子是电子的导电层的步骤,所述半导体氮化物至少形成与缓冲层相同导电类型的接触部分。
在至少一个微或纳米线的形成步骤中,形成至少接触部分的半导体氮化物可从包含氮化镓(GaN)、氮化铝(AlN)、氮化铟(InN)、氮化铟镓型InxGa1-xN,其中x在0和1之间,以及氮化铟镓铝型AlxInyGa1-x-yN,其中x+y在0和1之间的组中选择。
这些半导体氮化物能够形成适合从紫外至远红外范围内的电磁辐射检测、测量或发射的微或纳米线。
至少一个半导体微或纳米线的形成步骤包括如下子步骤:
在缓冲层上沉积所谓的掩膜层,形成掩膜层的材料适于使缓冲层上半导体氮化物能够选择性生长,在适宜的半导体氮化物的外延沉积中,掩膜层上没有任何沉积;
在掩膜层中形成至少一个通向缓冲层的开口;
利用选择性外延沉积,在每个开口中形成微或纳米线。
相对于衬底和该衬底中形成的其他结构而言,形成至少一个微或纳米线的这个步骤使得可能控制每个微或纳米线位置的选择性的和完美控制的生长成为可能。
本发明还涉及为发射电磁辐射而设计的半导体结构,包括:
包括第一面和第二面的半导体衬底;
与第一面相接触的晶态缓冲层;
至少一个与缓冲层相接触的半导体微或纳米线,主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成的所述微或纳米线的至少一个所谓的接触部分,所述接触部分是与缓冲层相接触的微或纳米线的部分,微或纳米线还具有极化时适宜发射电磁辐射的有源区;
使得微或纳米线导的电连接适于极化微或纳米线及其有源区的装置;
缓冲层在至少部分厚度具有与衬底第二面相接触的第一区,第一区主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
由此,因为每个微或纳米线良好的晶态性能,该结构能够具有良好的发射效率,然而,因为每个微或纳米线和衬底之间的电阻很低,该结构具有比现有技术结构更低的运作电源。
本发明还涉及能够接收电磁辐射且能将其转换为电信号的半导体结构,所述结构包括:
包括第一面和第二面的半导体衬底;
与第一面相接触的晶态缓冲层;
至少一个与缓冲层相接触的半导体微或纳米线,由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成的所述微或纳米线的至少一个所谓的接触部分,所述接触部分是与缓冲层相接触的微或纳米线的部分,微或纳米线还具有适宜接收电磁辐射且将其转换为电信号的有源区;
适宜使得微或纳米线能够导电连接以便追踪电信号的导电连接装置;
缓冲层在至少部分厚度具有与衬底第二面相接触的第一区,第一区主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
由此,因为每个微或纳米线良好的晶态性能,该结构具有良好的载流子生光效率,以便电磁辐射的检测和/或测量,因为每个微或纳米线和衬底之间的电阻很低,电磁辐射可能具有比现有技术结构更低的损耗。
本发明还涉及根据本发明制造光电结构的方法,所述制造方法包括如下步骤:
根据本发明制造微或纳米线的方法形成至少一个微或纳米线;
形成微或纳米线的导电连接方法。
因为每个微或纳米线具有良好的晶态质量,且具有较低的工作电压,所以该方法能够实现具有良好效率的光电结构,由于主要由氮化镁构成的第一区的存在,衬底和微或纳米线之间的层间电阻较低。
附图说明
在阅读下面的仅供参考且不受限制的示例实施例后,本发明将得到更好的理解,参照附图上:
图1示出了根据本发明第一个实施例的半导体结构;
图2A至2F示出了制造图1中所示半导体结构的各种步骤;
图3A至3F示出了制造半导体结构第二个实施例中的各种步骤;
图4示出了根据本发明一个可能性的微米线。
各个图形中相同、相似或相等的部分由相同的数字参考进行标记,以方便不同图形间的比较。
为了是图形更加易读,图中所示的不同部分不必同等比例地画出来。
具体实施方式
图1示意地示出了根据本发明第一个实施例的半导体结构10,其适宜发射电磁辐射。
该半导体结构10包括:
第一极化电极171;
包括第一面100a和第二面100b的半导体衬底100,第二面与第一极化电极171相连;
与衬底100的第一面100a相接触的所谓缓冲层110;
与缓冲层110相接触的掩膜层120,掩膜层120具有三个开口121;
三个半导体微或纳米线150都是通过一个开口121与缓冲层110相接触,每个微或纳米线150包括与缓冲层110相接触的称作接触部分的部分151,与接触部分151相接触的有源区152,以及与有源区152相接触的称作极化部分的部分153。
极化电极172与每个微或纳米线150在极化部分153处相接触。
在本文件的上面和剩余部分中,术语半导体纳或微米线指三维半导体结构,其中两维具有相同的数量级,在5nm和2.5μm之间,第三维比其他两维的最大值还要大至少10倍。
衬底100是半导体衬底,例如由碳化硅或锗构成的硅衬底。衬底100大概是平面。
衬底100具有第一导电类型。衬底100具有高浓度的多数载流子,以此来限制与衬底100和纳或微米线之间的电阻有关的电损耗。
由此,根据图1所示的实施例,其中衬底100是硅衬底,导电类型是大部分载流子是电子,多数载流子的浓度能够选为1019cm-3量级。
衬底100的第二面100b与第一金属电极171相接触。
第一电极171是导电层,它沿衬底100的第二面100b延伸。第一电极171由适于衬底100导电类型的导电材料构成,以此产生衬底100和第一电极171之间的欧姆接触。在图1所示的实施例中,衬底100由硅构成,其中多数载流子是电子,形成第一电极100的材料例如是硅化镍NiSi、铝Al或钛Ti。
衬底100的第一面100a与缓冲层110相接触。
缓冲层110是半导体层,沿衬底100的第一面100a延伸。缓冲层110主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成,换句话说,它是由至少95%氮化镁构成。缓冲层110是晶态层,优选单晶。缓冲层110的厚度在1和100nm之间,优选在1和10nm之间。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,缓冲层110主要由Mg3N2形式的氮化镁构成。
为了限制缓冲层110和衬底100之间的层间电阻,衬底100具有第一导电类型。在该第一个实施例中,第一导电类型是如下类型,其中多数载流子是电子,有额外部分的氮,由此缓冲层中多数载流子的浓度至少等于1x1018cm-3
缓冲层具有氮极化(由于其面与衬底100是相对的)。
这允许获得氮化物半导体微或纳米线的生长,例如,氮化镓。线是竖直结构,它包括沿m晶面的竖直部分。由此,竖直部分能够是与缓冲层110相接触的部分。掩膜层120延伸至缓冲层110的表面,它与衬底100是相对的。掩膜层120主要由某种材料构成,在其上面构成微或纳米线150的元素不是在外延沉积中被沉积的。形成微或纳米线150掩膜层120的材料可以是砷化镓(GaAs)、氮化硅(SiN)、钛(Ti)、氮化钛(TiN)或二氧化硅(SiO2)。掩膜层120的厚度可以在1至50nm之间。
掩膜层120包括三个贯穿的开口121,每个开口121均在缓冲层110表面上开口。开口121的形状近似为圆形,其直径选择为微或纳米线150直径的函数。
每个开口121包含一个微或纳米线150。
每个微或纳米线150都是沿与缓冲层110表面大致垂直方向上延长的半导体结构。通常,每个微或纳米线150都要延长,其形状为圆柱形。每个微或纳米线150的直径选择为包含它们在内的半导体结构10的应用函数。例如,在图1所示的实施例中,每个微或纳米线150的直径都在100nm和5μm之间。
每个微或纳米线150的高度比微或纳米线150的直径大至少10倍,在1和50μm之间。
每个微或纳米线150包括与缓冲层110表面相接触的接触部分151。
从图1中可见,每个接触部分151代表相应微或纳米线150的主要部分。每个接触部分151主要由第一导电类型的直接带隙半导体氮化物构成。其中构成接触部分151的半导体氮化物适宜作为包括微或纳米线150的半导体结构10的应用功能。
由此,在图1中所示的实施例中,每个接触部分151由氮化镓构成,其多数载流子浓度在1x1018和5x1018cm-3之间。基于目标应用,每个接触部分151的构成材料可从包括氮化镓(GaN)、氮化铝(AlN)、氮化铟(InN)和x在0和1之间的InxGa1-xN型氮化铟镓,以及x+y在0和1之间的氮化铟镓铝型AlxInyGa1-x-yN的组中选择。
每个有源区152与相对应的微或纳米线150的接触部分151相接触。每个有源区152是通过相对应的接触部分151的边缘部分和端部覆盖接触部分151的层,所述接触部分151的端部是与缓冲层110相对的端部。有源区152与相对应的接触部分151的一个端部和外围同时接触,它们的这种配置成为壳型。
有源区152至少部分地由与第一导电类型相反的第二导电类型的直接带隙半导体氮化物构成。
由此,每个有源区152与相对应的接触部分151形成半导体结。有源区152可包括例如多量子阱的限域工具,以此提高每个微或纳米线的发射效率。
在图1中所示的实施例中,有源区152由InxGa1-xN形式的镓和氮化铟构成。根据本实施例,多量子阱通过有源区152的厚度,交替铟In和镓Ga这两个不同的相关组合而获得。在该实施例中,每个有源区152的多数载流子的浓度在1x1016和1x1018cm-3之间,且可沿厚度方向进行变化。
有源区152是行业技术人员众所周知的,所以不在本实施例中做进一步的详细描述。
每个有源区152围绕其周围与相对应的微或纳米线的极化部分153相接触。
极化部分153使相对应的微或纳米线150能够接触,还作为如此情况下的电子阻挡层,其中结构10是适宜电磁辐射辐射的结构。
该电子阻挡层功能使得定位有源区152中的电子空穴复合,以增加每个微或纳米线150的发射效率成为可能。
极化部分153优选主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成。每个极化部分153都是第二导电类型。在每个极化部分153中多数载流子的浓度在1x1017和1x1018cm-3之间。
在图1所示的实施例中,极化部分153,也作为电子阻挡层,包括由氮化铝镓(AlGaN)构成,且与有源区152相接触的第一区153a。
根据本实施例,每个极化部分153还包括与极化部分153的第一区153a相接触,由氮化镓(GaN)构成的第二区153b,由此提供第二电极172和有源区之间良好的导电接触。
通过第二区153b,每个极化部分153都与第二电极172相接触,使每个微或纳米线150都能极化。
第二电极172适宜使每个微或纳米线150在它们的极化部分153处都能极化,还允许由微或纳米线153发射或接受的电磁辐射通过。
采用从两个不同的台阶形成的第二电极可获得这两个功能(未示出),由薄的且至少部分透明的导电层形成的,使得与微或纳米线的所有极化部分相接触的第一台阶,以及仅覆盖小部分导电层表面,例如为梳形的第二分布台阶。为了减小串联电阻,第二分布台阶的厚度高于形成第一台阶导电层的厚度。
根据该配置,第一台阶可由镍-金(Ni-Au)或氧化铟锡(ITO)形成。该配置的第二台阶可由镍-金形成。
第二电极和第一电极一起形成连接微或纳米线150的工具,适宜极化每个微或纳米线150和它们的有源区153。
采用图2A至2F中所示的制作方法等,能够获得这种半导体结构10。
根据第一实施例制造半导体结构10的方法包括如下步骤:
提供半导体衬底100;
在衬底100的第二面上形成第一电极171,图2A至2F中未示出;
如图2A中所示形成缓冲层110,缓冲层110主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成,所述层是晶态的;
沉积掩膜层120;
如图2B中所示,形成穿过掩膜层120的开口121,开口121的形成可由光刻子步骤和蚀刻子步骤的组合来获得;
如图2C至2E中所示,在开口121中形成微或纳米线150;
如图2F中所示,形成与微或纳米线150的每个极化部分153相接触的第二电极172。
根据沉积方法,例如金属有机气相外延、分子束外延、混合气相外延或活性阴极溅射,采用至少一个外延沉积子步骤,实现形成缓冲层110的步骤。
缓冲层110的沉积方法选作缓冲层110所需的化学计量的函数。由此,对于Mg3N2型化学计量,沉积方法可从例如金属有机气相外延、分子束外延和混合气相外延的沉积方法中选择。对于MgxNy型化学计量,沉积方法采用固体镁目标,例如活性阴极溅射和反应激光烧蚀。
微或纳米线150的形成步骤可由外延沉积子步骤完成,以便依次形成每个微或纳米线的接触部分151、有源区152和极化部分153。
这些外延沉积子步骤可利用沉积方法,例如金属有机气相外延、分子束外延和混合气相外延。因为这些子步骤是行业技术人员众所周知的,所以将不在本实施例中做进一步的详细描述。
图3A至3F示出了根据本发明第二个实施例的半导体结构10的形成方法。该结构不同于根据本发明第一个实施例的结构,因为缓冲层110包括主要由半导体氮化物构成的第二区112,所述第二区112包括与衬底100的第一面100a相对的缓冲层110的表面。
根据该第二个实施例的缓冲层110包括穿过其厚度,与衬底100的第一面100a相接触的第一区111,以及包括缓冲层110表面的第二区112。
缓冲层110的第一区111与根据第一个实施例的缓冲层110具有相同的性能。
缓冲层110的第二区112主要由第一导电类型的半导体氮化物构成。为了优化微或纳米线150形成步骤中微或纳米线150的生长,缓冲层110的这个第二区具有与微或纳米线150的接触部分151大致相同的成份。缓冲层110的第二区112的厚度在1nm至1μm之间,优选100nm的量级。
如图3A和3B中所示,因为缓冲层110的形成步骤包括缓冲层110沉积中沉积材料的改变,以便依次形成第一和第二区111、112,所以根据第二个实施例的制造半导体结构10的方法与根据第一个实施例的制造半导体结构的方法不同。如图3C至3F中所示,制作方法中剩下的步骤与根据第一个实施例制造结构方法中的步骤相同。
图4示出了发明的一种可能,其中微或纳米线的有源区152*是轴向式有源区152*,而不是壳型有源区。这些有源区152*与根据前述两个实施例的有源区不同,因为它们沿相对应接触部分的延伸方向分布,且所述有源区152*和相对应接触部分151之间的接触仅在接触部分151的端部。
根据这种可能性,每个极化部分153*也沿相对应接触部分151和有源区152*的延伸方向分布,每个极化部分153*和相对应有源区152*之间的接触仅只在有源区152*的端部处。
根据这种可能制造半导体结构10的方法和根据第一个实施例制造半导体结构的方法之间仅有的区别在于微或纳米线的形成步骤,其适宜包括轴向式有源区的微或纳米线的形成。
在上述各种实施例或可能中,微或纳米线150是采用有开口121的掩膜层120,通过选择性生长而获得的微或纳米线。然而,在不偏离本发明的范围下,借由催化剂或自组织生长,通过局部生长也能够形成微或纳米线150。
虽然上述各种实施例或可能性对于适宜发射电磁辐射的半导体结构10是可行的,但是本领域的技术人员很容易地就能够对该半导体结构10修改,用来接收电磁辐射和将其转换为电信号。通过修改每个微或纳米线150的有源区152和将恰当的极化加载到半导体结构,即可实现修改。实现半导体结构10的修改,以形成用于电磁辐射测量或检测的半导体结构10,或用于光伏应用的半导体结构10。可在不超出本发明的范围下,进行这些修改。
虽然在上述不同实施例和可能性中第一导电类型的多数载流子是电子,但是在不超出本发明的范围下,第一导电类型的多数载流子可能是空穴,在这种情况下,第二导电类型的多数载流子是电子。

Claims (12)

1.用于形成光电结构(10)的至少一个半导体微或纳米线(150)的制造方法,其中,所述制造方法包括以下步骤:
提供包括第一和第二面(100a,100b)的半导体衬底(100);
在所述衬底(100)的所述第一面(100a)上形成称为缓冲层的晶态层,所述缓冲层(110)在至少部分厚度上具有与所述第一面(110a)相接触的第一区(110,111),所述第一区(110,111)主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成;
在所述缓冲层(110)上形成所述至少一个半导体微或纳米线(150),所述微或纳米线(150)的至少一个部分(151)称为接触部分,主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成,所述接触部分(151)是所述微或纳米线(150)的与所述缓冲层(110)接触的部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,所述微或纳米线的所述接触部分由氮化镓构成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,在所述缓冲层的形成步骤中形成的缓冲层(110)主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,在所述缓冲层(110)的形成步骤中,所述缓冲层(110)沿其厚度方向至少具有一个第二区(112),所述第二区(112)包括与所述衬底(100)所述第一面(100a)相反的缓冲区(110)表面,所述第二区(112)主要由氮化镁之外的直接带隙半导体氮化物构成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,所述缓冲层(110)的形成步骤是形成厚度在1和100nm之间的层的步骤。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,在所述缓冲层(110)的形成步骤中,所述第一区主要由Mg3N2形式的氮化镁构成。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,所述缓冲层(110)的形成步骤是形成多数载流子是电子的导电层的步骤,所述半导体氮化物至少形成具有与所述缓冲层(110)相同的导电类型的所述接触部分(151)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,在至少一个微或纳米线(150)的形成步骤中,形成至少所述接触部分(151)的所述直接带隙半导体氮化物是从包括氮化镓(GaN)、氮化铝(AlN)、氮化铟(InN)、其中x在0和1之间的氮化铟镓型InxGa1-xN、和其中x+y在0和1之间的氮化铟镓铝型AlxInyGa1-x-yN的组中选择。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其中,所述至少一个半导体微或纳米线(150)的形成步骤包括如下子步骤:
在所述缓冲层(110)上沉积所谓的掩膜层(120),形成所述掩膜层(120)的材料适于在所述半导体氮化物的合适的外延沉积期间,在所述缓冲层(110)上使所述半导体氮化物能够选择性生长而在所述掩膜层(120)上没有任何沉积;
在所述掩膜层(120)中形成至少一个通向所述缓冲层(110)的开口(121);
利用选择性外延沉积,在每个开口(121)中形成微或纳米线(150)。
10.为发射电磁辐射而设计的半导体结构(10),包括:
包括第一面和第二面(100a,100b)的半导体衬底(100);
与所述第一面(100a)相接触的晶态缓冲层(110);
至少一个与所述缓冲层(110)相接触的半导体微或纳米线(150),所述微或纳米线(150)的至少一个所谓的接触部分(151)主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成,所述接触部分(151)是所述微或纳米线(150)的与所述缓冲层(110)相接触的部分,所述微或纳米线(150)还具有适于在极化时发射电磁辐射的有源区(152);
使得所述微或纳米线(150)的电连接适于极化所述微或纳米线(150)及其有源区(152)的装置,
其中,所述缓冲层(110)在至少部分厚度上具有与所述衬底的所述第一面(100a)相接触的第一区(110,111),所述第一区(110,111)主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
11.能够接收电磁辐射且能将其转换为电信号的半导体结构(10),所述结构(10)包括:
包括第一面和第二面(100a,100b)的半导体衬底(100);
与所述第一面(100a)相接触的晶态缓冲层(110);
至少一个与所述缓冲层(110)相接触的半导体微或纳米线(150),所述微或纳米线的至少一部分称为接触部分(151),主要由直接带隙半导体氮化物构成,所述接触部分(151)是所述微或纳米线(150)的与所述缓冲层(110)相接触的部分,所述微或纳米线(150)还具有适于接收电磁辐射且将其转换为电信号的有源区(152);
适于使得所述微或纳米线(150)能够电连接以便追踪所述电信号的电连接装置;
其中,所述缓冲层(110)在至少部分厚度上具有与所述衬底(100)的所述第一面(100a)相接触的第一区,所述第一区(110,111)主要由MgxNy形式的氮化镁构成。
12.制造光电结构(10)的方法,其中,所述结构是根据权利要求10或11的结构,所述制造方法包括如下步骤:
根据权利要求1的制造微或纳米线(150)的方法形成至少一个微或纳米线(150);
形成用于所述微或纳米线(150)的电连接装置。
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FR2984599B1 (fr) 2014-01-17
US20140327037A1 (en) 2014-11-06
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