CN104002868B - Vehicle front column structure - Google Patents
Vehicle front column structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104002868B CN104002868B CN201410042898.9A CN201410042898A CN104002868B CN 104002868 B CN104002868 B CN 104002868B CN 201410042898 A CN201410042898 A CN 201410042898A CN 104002868 B CN104002868 B CN 104002868B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- front column
- vehicle
- column
- fixing point
- lower plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
- B62D25/04—Door pillars ; windshield pillars
Abstract
Vehicle front column structure.There is provided a kind of in the vehicle including two front columns, i.e. front front column and rear front column, it is possible to the vehicle front column structure of the injury of the impact protecting occupant not caused more reliably when guaranteeing for occupant visual by frontal collision.Vehicle front column structure includes front front column (120) and rear front column (130), the front column lower plate (140A) downwardly extended from the lower end of front column and car neck side member (150) that by the first fixing point (162), the power from vehicle front surface is sent to front column lower plate (140A), from the lower end (184) of rear front column (130) to the distance (D1) of the first fixing point (162) less than any one from the lower end (186) of front front column to the distance (D2 and D3) of the first fixing point (162) and the second fixing point (164), and the area of section of front front column (120) is less than the area of section of rear front column (130).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to vehicle front column structure, it front front column (anteriorfrontpillar) of front spaced apart configuration along the longitudinal direction including opening front door at vehicle and rear front column (posteriorfrontpillar).
Background technology
Such as, patent documentation 1 describes the vehicle front column structure of a kind of triangular window having and being surrounded by two front columns, i.e. tilt frame portion and vertical frame portion.According to patent documentation 1, the vertical frame portion being used for rear front column as the tilt frame portion of front front column is thick.
[prior art literature]
[patent documentation]
[patent documentation 1]: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2003-237622 publication
Summary of the invention
The problem that invention to solve
In patent documentation 1, in order to ensure rigidity and improve opposing frontal collision time resistance to impact, front front column prepare thicker.But, in such a case, the visual reduction of the diagonally forward observed by occupant.On the other hand, if front front column prepares relatively thin, then rigidity reduces and there is the risk of the impact that can not bear frontal collision.
In view of these problems; it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of vehicle front column structure; it is in the vehicle including two front columns, i.e. front front column and rear front column, it is possible to protect occupant by the injury of the impact caused by frontal collision more reliably when guaranteeing the diagonally forward observed by occupant visual.
For solving the scheme of problem
In order to solve the problems referred to above, the vehicle front column structure of the present invention is a kind of vehicle front column structure, it includes front front column and rear front column, described front front column and described rear front column are arranged in the anterior and spaced apart along the longitudinal direction of the opening front door of vehicle, also including: front column lower plate, it constitutes the vehicular sideview that the lower end from described front front column and described rear front column downwardly extends；With car neck side member, it is fixed to described front column lower plate by one or more fixing points, and the power from vehicle front surface is sent to described front column lower plate by the one or more fixing point, the one or more fixing point includes the first fixing point of the lower end near described rear front column, and from the lower end of described rear front column to the distance of described first fixing point less than the distance of any one from the lower end of described front front column to the one or more fixing point, the area of section of described front front column is less than the area of section of described rear front column.
According to constructed above, front front column is thinner than rear front column, hence improves the visuality of diagonally forward observed by occupant.But, owing to it prepares thin, so compared with the rigidity of rear front column, the rigidity of front front column correspondingly reduces.
In consideration of it, as it has been described above, the present invention is provided with the first fixing point of any distance that the distance of the lower end of rear front column is shorter than the lower end of front front column.Therefore, among front front column and rear front column, it is conveyed directly to closer to the first fixing point the rear front column with relatively large area of section from the power of vehicle front surface during frontal collision.
The present invention has and energetically collision energy is sent to rear front column to make applying to the load minimizing structure of front front column.
Preferably, vehicle according to the invention front column structure farther includes Qianmen outer reinforcement, and it extends to central post along the stringcourse at described Qianmen from the lower end of above-mentioned rear front column.
This is because, according to constructed above, a part for energy during frontal collision is also dispersed to the stringcourse (beltline) at Qianmen via car neck (cowl) side member.Dispersed energy can be dispersed to the rear portion of vehicle body further via central post.
Preferably, the lower end of above-mentioned front front column is soldered to the dash side of the vehicle interior side being arranged in described front column lower plate.
According to constructed above, the lower end of front front column is soldered to dash side, so power backward is applied to pad place.Then, pad becomes center of rotation during frontal collision, and the top fine rotation of front front column is to top towards front orientation.Therefore, it is possible to prevent the movement to body tail.
Preferably, the intensity on the top of above-mentioned front front column is lower than the intensity of described rear front column.Therefore, the top of front front column is easier to be deformed, this movement that will prevent towards body tail.
The effect of invention
According to the present invention; can provide a kind of in the vehicle including two front columns, i.e. front front column and rear front column, it is possible to the vehicle front column structure of the injury of the impact protecting occupant not caused more reliably when guaranteeing the diagonally forward observed by occupant visual by frontal collision.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the oblique view of the vehicle of the embodiment applying vehicle according to the invention front column structure.
Fig. 2 is the perspective view of the internal structure illustrating the vehicle shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the figure illustrating the amplifier section in Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is along the sectional view intercepted of the line A-A in Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 is along the sectional view intercepted of the line B-B in Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is along the sectional view intercepted of the line C-C in Fig. 3.
Fig. 7 A and Fig. 7 B is the view of the Fig. 2 observed from vehicle interior.
Description of reference numerals
104 ... beater or beat-up；106 ... front engine cover；108 ... front bumper；
110 ... opening front door；120 ... front front column；130 ... rear front column；
132 ... front column glass；140 ... Vehicular side body outside plate；140A ... front column lower plate；
150 ... car neck side member；162 ... the first fixing point；164 ... the second fixing point；
166 ... car neck side member reinforcement；168 ... dash side panel；170 ... car light support member；
172 ... baffle plate (apron)；174,182 ... bolt；176 ... reinforcement before hinge upright；
178 ... separator；180 ... dash side；184 ... the lower end of rear front column；
186 ... the lower end (pad) of front front column；188 ... closed section；
190 ... central post；192 ... Qianmen outer reinforcement；194 ... central strength member outside Qianmen；
196 ... Qianmen beam tube；198 ... header board in front column；202 ... back plate in front column；
204 ... front column reinforcement；206 ... reinforcement before in front column
Detailed description of the invention
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is explained referring below to accompanying drawing.In embodiment, the size of explanation, material, other concrete numerical value etc. have been merely descriptive purpose, in order to contribute to the understanding of the present invention, unless otherwise defined, be not intended to the present invention.Note there is the element of roughly the same function or structure and be presented with like reference characters in entire disclosure and accompanying drawing and do not do unnecessary explanation, and the not shown element with the present invention without direct relation.
Front front column and rear front column
Fig. 1 is the oblique view of the vehicle 100 of the embodiment applying vehicle according to the invention front column structure.Vehicle front column structure is arranged at the both sides of vehicle 100, but owing to this structure is symmetrical, so the vehicle front column structure of vehicle right side is described below.As clearly illustrated in FIG, the area of section of front front column 120 is less than the area of section of rear front column 130, and this is the marked feature of present embodiment.Therefore, the visuality of the diagonally forward observed by occupant's (not shown) being sitting on operating seat significantly improves.
Fig. 2 is the perspective view of the internal structure illustrating the vehicle 100 shown in Fig. 1.In fig. 2, Qianmen 102, beater or beat-up 104, front engine cover 106 and front bumper 108 are eliminated from the vehicle 100 shown in Fig. 1.As in figure 2 it is shown, vehicle front column structure includes front front column 120 and the rear front column 130 of the spaced apart configuration along the longitudinal direction in the front of opening front door 110.
Front front column 120 and rear front column 130 all extend back and more tilt with raising.By two front columns 120 and 130 and connect respectively the quadrilateral area that the bottom and upper segment of top and bottom of front column 120 and 130 is defined be provided with the front column glass 132(that can not open see Fig. 1).
Vehicle front column structure farther includes front column lower plate 140A, which constitutes the vehicular sideview that the lower end from front front column 120 and rear front column 130 downwardly extends.For convenience, front front column 120, rear front column 130 and front column lower plate 140A are represented with different accompanying drawing labellings in the present embodiment.But, the front front column 120 shown in Fig. 2, rear front column 130 and front column lower plate 140A are made up of a Vehicular side body outside plate 140.It is to say, front column lower plate 140A is a part for Vehicular side body outside plate 140.
Car neck side member
Fig. 3 illustrates the figure of amplifier section in Fig. 2 and illustrates the zoomed-in view in region 160 in Fig. 2.Vehicle front column structure farther includes car neck side member 150, and it is fixed on front column lower plate 140A by one or more fixing points.Present embodiment has two fixing points, i.e. the first fixing point 162 and the second fixing point 164.Noting, the car neck side member reinforcement 166 as stiffener is installed on car neck side member 150.Car neck side member 150 is fixed to front column lower plate 140A and car neck side member reinforcement 166 by the first fixing point 162 and the second fixing point 164.
As in figure 2 it is shown, car neck side member 150 has a shape extending back and more raising, and it terminates towards the lower end of rear front column 130.In the first half of car neck side member 150, car neck side member 150 constitutes closed section (not shown) together with being positioned at the dash side panel 168 of inner side, and car neck side member 150 latter half of in, car neck side member 150 constitutes closed section 188(Fig. 5 together with front column lower plate 140A).
Constitute closed section and by the reinforced car neck side member 150 of car neck side member reinforcement 166, there is high rigidity.Therefore, frontal collision produce and the power that arrives via the car light support member 170 on vehicle front surface and baffle plate 172 is transmitted rearward by car neck side member 150.It is to say, power is sent to front column lower plate 140A by the first fixing point 162 and the second fixing point 164 by car neck side member 150.
First fixing point
Fig. 4 is the sectional view intercepted of the line A-A along Fig. 3.First fixing point 162 is in the fixing point on the top of the rear end of car neck side member 150.At the first fixing point 162 place, car neck side member reinforcement 166, car neck side member 150, front column lower plate 140A(Vehicular side body outside plate 140) and hinge upright before reinforcement 176 start with described order stacked from outside, and be latched into together with bolt 174.Note, be provided with dash side 180 in vehicle interior side further via the gap produced by separator 178.
Fig. 5 is the sectional view intercepted of the line B-B along Fig. 3.Second fixing point 164 is configured to more forward than the first fixing point 162 and on the lower.Same at the second fixing point 164 place, car neck side member reinforcement 166, car neck side member 150, front column lower plate 140A(Vehicular side body outside plate 140) and hinge upright before reinforcement 176 start with described order stacked from outside, and be latched into together with bolt 182.
As it is shown on figure 3, the first fixing point 162 is near the lower end 184 of rear front column 130.From the distance D1 of lower end 184 to the first fixing point 162 of rear front column 130 than the distance D2 from lower end 186 to the first fixing point 162 of front front column 120 and short to the distance D3 of the second fixing point 164.
Realize visual and impact resistance
As illustrated with reference to Fig. 1 before, according to present embodiment, the front front column 120 thinner than rear front column 130 improves the visuality of the diagonally forward observed by occupant's (not shown) being sitting on operating seat.But, owing to front column 120 prepares relatively thin, so compared with the rigidity of rear front column 130, the rigidity of front front column 120 correspondingly reduces.
In consideration of it, as it is shown on figure 3, be provided with the first fixing point 162 in the present embodiment, the distance D1 from this to rear front column 130 is shorter than distance D2 and the D3 to front front column 120.Therefore, in front front column 120 or rear front column 130, it is conveyed directly near the first fixing point 162 the rear front column 130 with relatively large area of section from the power of vehicle front surface during frontal collision.In the present embodiment, owing to having the structure that energetically collision energy is sent to rear front column 130 in like fashion so that in order to visual and prepare on relatively thin front front column 120 load minimizing.
Noting, as illustrated with reference to Fig. 2 before, the car neck side member 150 in present embodiment has the shape extending back and more raising.This shape install near the first fixing point 162 of the lower end 184 of rear front column time be preferred but not necessarily.As long as it is to say, meet D1 < D2 and the such condition of D1 < D3, car neck side member 150 can have any shape.
Qianmen outer reinforcement
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the vehicle front column structure according to present embodiment farther includes Qianmen outer reinforcement 192.This reinforcement starts to extend to central post 190 along the stringcourse at Qianmen 102 from the lower end 184 of above-mentioned rear front column 130.Note, the element of the such as dorsal part that be configured at Qianmen 102 of Qianmen outer reinforcement 192 grade is represented by dashed line in FIG, because cannot be seen them from outside.Further, in the Fig. 2 at not shown Qianmen 102, represent Qianmen outer reinforcement 192 etc. with double dot dash line, because they are virtual components.
According to constructed above, a part for energy during frontal collision can be sent to Qianmen outer reinforcement 192 via the car neck side member 150 in Fig. 2 along the stringcourse at Qianmen 102.Energy can be dispersed to the rear portion of vehicle body further via central post 190.
In the present embodiment, the rear of the bottom of the rear end of car neck side member 150 in fig. 2 is further configured with outside Qianmen central strength member 194.Outside Qianmen, central strength member 194 is provided with Qianmen beam tube (frontdoorbeampipe) 196 further below.Although unlike direct with Qianmen outer reinforcement 192, but a part for energy during frontal collision can also be passed through element 194 and 196 and be dispersed to the rear portion of vehicle body via central post 190 further.
The pad of the lower end of front front column
Fig. 6 is along the sectional view intercepted of the line C-C in Fig. 3.As shown in Figure 6, the lower end 186 of front front column 120 is soldered to the dash side 180 of the vehicle interior side being positioned at front column lower plate 140A.
As shown in Figure 6, slight distance is had from the closed section 188 being made up of car neck side member 150 to the lower end 186 of front front column 120.Front column lower plate 140A(Vehicular side body outside plate 140), header board 198 and dash side 180 start with described order welded together with the lower end 186 of front front column from outside in front column, wherein lower end 186 separates and plays the effect of pad with closed section 188 in the above described manner.In front column, header board 198 is attributed to be stacked in Vehicular side body outside plate 140 from vehicle interior side and define closed section and constitute the plate of front front column 120.
Noting, before hinge upright, reinforcement 176 is arranged between front column lower plate 140A with header board in front column 198 and does not still weld, because reinforcement 176 includes the opening around pad 186 before hinge upright.
According to constructed above, the lower end 186 of front front column 120 is soldered to dash side 180, so that power backward applies the lower end (pad) 186 to front front column 120.Then, as in figure 2 it is shown, center of rotation when pad 186 is frontal collision, and front front column 120 is along the direction fine rotation of upper side arrow 200 forwards.Owing to this deformation absorbs impulsive force, it is possible to prevent the movement towards rear view of vehicle.Noting, the periphery of pad 186, particularly top are owing to concaving in the vehicle width direction as shown in Figure 3, Figure 5 and Figure 6 and then likely suffering from deformation.
The intensity on the top of front front column
Fig. 7 A and Fig. 7 B is the view of the Fig. 2 observed from vehicle interior.Before hinge upright when Fig. 7 A is to be shown without dash side 180, figure, Fig. 7 B of reinforcement 176 does not include before hinge upright in reinforcement 176, front column the figure of back plate 202 etc. in header board 198, front column.
Before hinge upright in Fig. 7 A, the upper end of reinforcement 176 constitutes front column glass 132(Fig. 1) window frame or in other words shape close to window frame following of the shape of the parallelogram including front front column 120 and rear front column 130.In front column, back plate 202 is soldered to the flange (not shown) the edge that the upper end by reinforcement before hinge upright 176 of window frame is constituted inside vehicle-width direction.In front column, back plate 202 constitutes the following of window frame and back (part for rear front column 130).
Further, in front column, header board 198 is arranged in the inner side relative to vehicle-width direction in the front (part for front front column 120) of window frame.
In the front column of the rear front column 130 vehicle interior side shown in Fig. 7 A, the Vehicular side body outside plate 140 of the vehicle outside shown in back plate 202 and Fig. 7 B is constituted, and includes the closed section being made up of plate 202 and 140.As shown in Figure 7 B, in closed section, the front column reinforcement 204 as stiffener it is configured with from top to bottom.Which improve the rigidity of rear front column 130.
On the other hand, as shown in Figure 7 A, do not configure such stiffener on the top of front front column 120, and as shown in Figure 7 B, be only provided with in front column in bottom reinforcement 206.Therefore, on the top of front front column 120, only form closed section by header board 198 in front column and Vehicular side body outside plate 140, and at closed section place, stiffener is not installed.
So, according to present embodiment, the intensity on the top of front front column 120 is lower than the intensity of rear front column 130.Because so, the top of front front column 120 is easier to be deformed.Owing to this deformation absorbs impulsive force, it is possible to prevent the movement towards rear view of vehicle.
Noting, the lower end 186 of front front column is positioned at the leading section of instrument board (not shown), and owing to lower end 186 is not located in the space occupied by occupant, if so occupant is not also affected by lower end 186 slight deformation.
Although with reference to the accompanying drawings of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but, the present invention is certainly not limited to these examples.It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that and embodiment can be carried out various variants and modifications in without departing substantially from the scope of the appended claims, and these variants and modifications are certainly included in the scope of the present invention.
Industrial applicability
The present invention is applicable to the vehicle front column structure of front front column and the rear front column including the front spaced apart configuration along the longitudinal direction of the opening front door at vehicle.
Claims (4)
1. a vehicle front column structure, it includes front front column and rear front column, described front front column and described rear front column and is arranged in the front of opening front door of vehicle and spaced apart along the longitudinal direction, and described vehicle front column structure includes:
Front column lower plate, it constitutes the vehicular sideview that the lower end from described front front column and described rear front column downwardly extends；
It is characterized in that,
Described vehicle front column structure also includes:
Car neck side member, it is fixed to described front column lower plate by one or more fixing points, and by the one or more fixing point, the power from vehicle front surface is sent to described front column lower plate,
The one or more fixing point includes the first fixing point in all fixing points near the lower end of described rear front column, and from the lower end of described rear front column to the distance of described first fixing point less than the distance of any one from the lower end of described front front column to the one or more fixing point
The area of section of described front front column is less than the area of section of described rear front column.
2. vehicle front column structure according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described structure farther includes:
Qianmen outer reinforcement, it extends to central post along the stringcourse at described Qianmen from the lower end of described rear front column.
3. vehicle front column structure according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that
The lower end of described front front column is soldered to the dash side of the vehicle interior side being positioned at described front column lower plate.
4. vehicle front column structure according to claim 3, it is characterised in that
The intensity on the top of described front front column is lower than the intensity of described rear front column.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013-035218 | 2013-02-25 | ||
| JP2013035218A JP6056543B2 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2013-02-25 | Front pillar structure for vehicles |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104002868A CN104002868A (en) | 2014-08-27 |
| CN104002868B true CN104002868B (en) | 2016-07-06 |
Family
ID=51349684
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410042898.9A Expired - Fee Related CN104002868B (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2014-01-29 | Vehicle front column structure |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP6056543B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN104002868B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102014203215B4 (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6418049B2 (en) * | 2015-04-15 | 2018-11-07 | スズキ株式会社 | Vehicle front structure |
| DE102016209186B3 (en) * | 2016-05-26 | 2017-10-05 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Body structure for a motor vehicle |
| JP6406370B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 | 2018-10-17 | マツダ株式会社 | Vehicle side body structure |
| JP6479087B2 (en) | 2017-04-25 | 2019-03-06 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Body front structure |
| JP6927055B2 (en) | 2018-01-16 | 2021-08-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Vehicle side structure |
| JP6965766B2 (en) * | 2018-01-22 | 2021-11-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Vehicle front pillar structure and vehicle side structure |
| JP7180293B2 (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2022-11-30 | スズキ株式会社 | Body front structure |
| CN109533037A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2019-03-29 | 山东国金汽车制造有限公司 | A kind of instrument board A column fit structure |
| JP6962952B2 (en) | 2019-03-11 | 2021-11-05 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Vehicle front structure |
| JP6956156B2 (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2021-10-27 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Body front structure |
| JP7226252B2 (en) * | 2019-11-05 | 2023-02-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | vehicle frame structure |
| JP6928069B2 (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2021-09-01 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Vehicle front structure |
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| JP3269298B2 (en) * | 1994-12-12 | 2002-03-25 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Car body structure |
| JP2001334955A (en) * | 2000-05-29 | 2001-12-04 | Toyota Motor Corp | Reinforcing structure of vehilce door |
| JP4120004B2 (en) * | 2002-02-14 | 2008-07-16 | 関東自動車工業株式会社 | Front pillar structure for vehicles with triangular windows |
| JP2005161938A (en) * | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-23 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Vehicle body front structure |
| JP5699574B2 (en) * | 2010-12-03 | 2015-04-15 | スズキ株式会社 | Body front structure |
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- 2013-02-25 JP JP2013035218A patent/JP6056543B2/en active Active
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- 2014-01-29 CN CN201410042898.9A patent/CN104002868B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-02-24 DE DE102014203215.6A patent/DE102014203215B4/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6139094A (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 2000-10-31 | Aluminum Company Of America | Rocker to pillar joint |
| DE102004010161A1 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2005-09-29 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Vehicle bodywork for drophead coupe has A-columns inclined away from direction of travel which are protected against being snapped off in event of vehicle overturning |
| FR2887185B1 (en) * | 2005-06-21 | 2011-03-11 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | GLAZING TO BE ADAPTED ON A VEHICLE BODY |
| GB2433730A (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-07-04 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Convertible vehicle body with strengthened A-column |
| CN101070078A (en) * | 2006-05-10 | 2007-11-14 | 马自达汽车株式会社 | Vehicle body structure |
| CN101269673A (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2008-09-24 | 福特环球技术公司 | Tube shaped A pole |
| CN201089483Y (en) * | 2007-09-30 | 2008-07-23 | 安徽江淮汽车股份有限公司 | Automobile's side frame having sealing function |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102014203215A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
| JP6056543B2 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
| CN104002868A (en) | 2014-08-27 |
| JP2014162361A (en) | 2014-09-08 |
| DE102014203215B4 (en) | 2016-10-13 |
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