CN103985778B - 具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents

具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN103985778B
CN103985778B CN201410217097.1A CN201410217097A CN103985778B CN 103985778 B CN103985778 B CN 103985778B CN 201410217097 A CN201410217097 A CN 201410217097A CN 103985778 B CN103985778 B CN 103985778B
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包健
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池及其制备方法,异质结太阳能电池包括N型晶体硅衬底、正面本征非晶硅层、轻掺杂P型非晶硅层、正面透明导电膜层、正面银栅极、重掺杂P型非晶硅层、背面本征非晶硅层、重掺杂N型非晶硅层、背面透明导电膜层和背面银栅极,N型晶体硅衬底具有一正面和一背面;其中,重掺杂P型非晶硅层,作为选择性发射极,设置于正面透明导电膜层和轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的接触部位,其具有多个重掺杂P型非晶硅单体,并且分别与正面银栅极的栅线一一对应,分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;重掺杂N型非晶硅层沉积在背面本征非晶硅层的下表面上。本发明能够降低载流子的复合,降低发射极对载流子的吸收,从而提高开路电压和短路电流,进而提高异质结电池的效率。

Description

具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池及其制备方法,属于异质结太阳能电池技术领域。
背景技术
目前,以N型晶体硅作为衬底制作异质结太阳能电池器件,一般使用的是本征型(intrinsic)的非晶硅薄膜(a-Si:H)钝化晶体硅(衬底)的上下表面,同时加上重掺杂的p+-a-Si:H形成发射极和n+-a-Si:H形成背场(BSF),但由于均匀发射极需要较高的掺杂浓度和较厚的发射极厚度,由于发射极的硼原子形成的缺陷存在,载流子在发射极区域的复合,使得钝化效果降低,导致开路电压和短路电流都会降低,进而使得整体电池的转换效率降低。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是克服现有技术的缺陷,提供一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,它能够降低载流子的复合,降低发射极对载流子的吸收,从而提高开路电压和短路电流,进而提高异质结电池的效率。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明的技术方案是:一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,它包括N型晶体硅衬底、正面本征非晶硅层、轻掺杂P型非晶硅层、正面透明导电膜层、正面银栅极、重掺杂P型非晶硅层、背面本征非晶硅层、重掺杂N型非晶硅层、背面透明导电膜层和背面银栅极,N型晶体硅衬底具有一正面和一背面;正面本征非晶硅层沉积在N型晶体硅衬底的正面上;轻掺杂P型非晶硅层沉积在正面本征非晶硅层的上表面上;正面透明导电膜层位于轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的上表面上;正面银栅极位于正面透明导电膜层的上表面上;重掺杂P型非晶硅层,作为选择性发射极,设置于正面透明导电膜层和轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的接触部位,其具有多个重掺杂P型非晶硅单体,并且分别与正面银栅极的栅线一一对应,分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;背面本征非晶硅层沉积在N型晶体硅衬底的背面上;重掺杂N型非晶硅层沉积在背面本征非晶硅层的下表面上;背面透明导电膜层沉积在重掺杂N型非晶硅层的下表面上;背面银栅极位于背面透明导电膜层的下表面上。
进一步,所述的正面透明导电膜层和/或背面透明导电膜层为ITO薄膜。
进一步,所述的N型晶体硅衬底的厚度为90~300μm。
进一步,所述的正面本征非晶硅层和/或背面本征非晶硅层的厚度为3~15nm,禁带宽度为1.6~1.8eV。
进一步,所述的轻掺杂P型非晶硅层和/或重掺杂N型非晶硅层的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV。
进一步,所述的正面透明导电膜层的厚度为60~90nm。
进一步,所述的背面透明导电膜层的厚度为80~150nm。
进一步,所述的重掺杂P型非晶硅层的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV,重掺杂P型非晶硅单体的宽度为20~150μm。
本发明还提供了一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备方法,其中,选择性发射极的制作步骤如下:a)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的上表面上沉积一层重掺杂的P型非晶硅;b)在该重掺杂的P型非晶硅的上表面上制备多个掩膜体,保证掩膜体分别与所要制备的正面银栅极的栅线一一对应,并且分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;c)通过反应离子刻蚀法,刻蚀掉除掩膜体下方之外的重掺杂的P型非晶硅,留下重掺杂P型非晶硅单体,形成作为选择性发射极的重掺杂P型非晶硅层。
本发明还提供了另一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备方法,其中,选择性发射极的制作步骤如下:
a)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的上表面上制备多个掩膜体,保证相邻的掩膜体之间形成的区域与所要制备的正面银栅极的栅线一一对应,并且所形成的区域分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;
b)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层的上表面上沉积重掺杂的P型非晶硅,从而在相邻的掩膜体之间形成的区域内得到重掺杂P型非晶硅单体,形成作为选择性发射极的重掺杂P型非晶硅层。
采用了上述技术方案后,该具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池由于保持了重掺杂P型非晶硅层,其与正面透明导电膜层接触可以降低钝化层的体电阻,从而保持电池的填充因子FF不变,同时,由于将与太阳光入射光线部分的均匀掺杂的重掺杂p+-a-Si:H替换为弱掺杂浓度的p-a-Si:H,即轻掺杂P型非晶硅层,可以降低载流子的复合,得到较好的钝化效果,从而保证获得更高的异质结电池开路电压(Voc);同时,降低了由于硼原子缺陷引起的光吸收导致的短路电流减少,与常规的均匀掺杂的发射极相比,短路电流更大(Isc),概括来说,通过形成选择性发射极的异质结太阳电池,可以降低载流子的复合,降低发射极对载流子的吸收,从而提高开路电压和短路电流,进而提高异质结电池的效率;另外,本制备方法的工艺流程与常规的PECVD沉积a-Si:H基本一致,只需在PECVD最后的沉积工艺部分,加掩膜,沉积一层高掺杂的p+-a-Si:H,即重掺杂P型非晶硅层,基本不额外增加成本,工艺简单实用。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实施例一中的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备图;
图2为本发明的实施例一中的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的流程图;
图3为本发明的实施例二中的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备图;
图4为本发明的实施例二中的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的流程图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的内容更容易被清楚地理解,下面根据具体实施例并结合附图,对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
实施例一
如图1所示,一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,它包括:
一N型晶体硅衬底1,其具有一正面和一背面;
一正面本征非晶硅层2,沉积在N型晶体硅衬底1的正面上;
一轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3,沉积在正面本征非晶硅层2的上表面上;
一正面透明导电膜层4,位于轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3的上表面上;
一正面银栅极5,位于正面透明导电膜层4的上表面上;
一重掺杂P型非晶硅层,作为选择性发射极,设置于正面透明导电膜层4和轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3的接触部位,其具有多个重掺杂P型非晶硅单体6-1,并且分别与正面银栅极5的栅线一一对应,分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;
一背面本征非晶硅层7,沉积在N型晶体硅衬底1的背面上;
一重掺杂N型非晶硅层8,沉积在背面本征非晶硅层7的下表面上;
一背面透明导电膜层9,沉积在重掺杂N型非晶硅层8的下表面上;
一背面银栅极10,位于背面透明导电膜层9的下表面上。
其中,正面透明导电膜层4和/或背面透明导电膜层9可以为ITO薄膜;N型晶体硅衬底1的厚度优先为90~300μm;正面本征非晶硅层2和/或背面本征非晶硅层7的厚度为3~15nm,禁带宽度为1.6~1.8eV;轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3和/或重掺杂N型非晶硅层8的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV;正面透明导电膜层4的厚度为60~90nm;背面透明导电膜层9的厚度为80~150nm;重掺杂P型非晶硅层的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV,重掺杂P型非晶硅单体6-1的宽度为20~150μm。
本实施例中的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备工艺可以如下:如图1、2所示,厚度约200微米的N型晶体硅经过标准的RCA清洗,制绒和HF酸液dip处理,在背面通过PECVD工艺沉积一层背面本征非晶硅层7,厚度为3~15nm,钝化N型晶体硅衬底1的背面,减小表面复合速率,再沉积一层重掺杂的n+-a-Si:H,典型厚度为3-20nm,形成重掺杂N型非晶硅层8,在N型晶体硅衬底1的正面通过PECVD工艺沉积一层正面本征非晶硅层2,厚度为3-15nm,钝化N型晶体硅衬底1的正面,减小表面复合速率,再沉积一层轻掺杂的p型非晶硅,硼的掺杂浓度为1018cm-3~1019cm-3,薄膜厚度约3-20nm,从而形成轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3;再沉积一层重掺杂的p型非晶硅12,硼的掺杂浓度为1020cm-3~1021cm-3,厚度为3-20nm,上述工艺结束后,在重掺杂的p型非晶硅12上加掩膜体11,掩膜体11阻挡抗刻蚀部分的宽度根据栅极的细栅宽度决定,可以等于栅极的细栅宽度,一般为20-150um,再通过反应离子刻蚀的方法,去除除掩膜体11下方之外的厚度为3-20nm的重掺杂的p型非晶硅12,留下具有选择性发射极作用的重掺杂的p+-a-Si:H,上述主体电池结构完成后,通过溅射或蒸镀等方法,在上述异质结结构的上、下表面沉积透明导电膜(TCO薄膜),再用低温银浆料在上、下表面丝网印刷工序,经过低温烧结(<250℃)工艺得到银栅极,完成异质结电池的制作,具体工艺流程如图2所示。
实施例二
如图3、4所示,实施例二的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的最终结构与实施例一种的相同,不同是其制备方法,实施例二中的制备方法如下:厚度约200微米的N型晶体硅经过标准的RCA清洗,制绒和HF酸液dip处理,在背面通过PECVD工艺沉积一层背面本征非晶硅层7,厚度为3-15nm,钝化N型晶体硅衬底1的背面,减小表面复合速率,再沉积一层重掺杂的n+-a-Si:H,典型厚度为3-20nm,形成重掺杂N型非晶硅层8,在N型晶体硅衬底1的正面通过PECVD工艺沉积一层正面本征非晶硅层2,厚度为3-15nm,钝化N型晶体硅衬底1的正面,减小表面复合速率,再沉积一层轻掺杂的p型非晶硅,硼的掺杂浓度为1018cm-3~1019cm-3,厚度约3-20nm,从而形成轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3;在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3上制备掩膜体11,掩膜体11的宽度为20-150微米,再沉积一层重掺杂的p型非晶硅12,从而在相邻的掩膜体11之间形成的区域11-1内得到重掺杂P型非晶硅单体6-1,形成作为选择性发射极的重掺杂P型非晶硅层,硼的掺杂浓度为1020cm-3~1021cm-3,厚度为3-20nm,上述主体电池结构完成后,通过溅射或蒸镀等方法,在上述异质结结构的上、下表面沉积透明导电膜(TCO薄膜),再用低温银浆料在上下表面丝网印刷工序,经过低温烧结(<250℃)工艺得到银栅极,完成异质结电池的制作,具体工艺流程如图4所示。
本发明的工作原理如下:
该具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池由于保持了重掺杂P型非晶硅层,其与正面透明导电膜层4接触可以降低钝化层的体电阻,从而保持电池的填充因子FF不变,同时,由于将与太阳光入射光线部分的均匀掺杂的重掺杂p+-a-Si:H替换为弱掺杂浓度的p-a-Si:H,即轻掺杂P型非晶硅层3,可以降低载流子的复合,得到较好的钝化效果,从而保证获得更高的异质结电池开路电压(Voc);同时,降低了由于硼原子缺陷引起的光吸收导致的短路电流减少,与常规的均匀掺杂的发射极相比,短路电流更大(Isc),概括来说,通过形成选择性发射极的异质结太阳电池,可以降低载流子的复合,降低发射极对载流子的吸收,从而提高开路电压和短路电流,进而提高异质结电池的效率;另外,本制备方法的工艺流程与常规的PECVD沉积a-Si:H基本一致,只需在PECVD最后的沉积工艺部分,加掩膜,沉积一层高掺杂的p+-a-Si:H,即重掺杂P型非晶硅层,基本不额外增加成本,工艺简单实用。
以上所述的具体实施例,对本发明解决的技术问题、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于,它包括:
一N型晶体硅衬底(1),其具有一正面和一背面;
一正面本征非晶硅层(2),沉积在N型晶体硅衬底(1)的正面上;
一轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3),沉积在正面本征非晶硅层(2)的上表面上;
一正面透明导电膜层(4),位于轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)的上表面上;
一正面银栅极(5),位于正面透明导电膜层(4)的上表面上;
一重掺杂P型非晶硅层,作为选择性发射极,设置于正面透明导电膜层(4)和轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)的接触部位,其具有多个重掺杂P型非晶硅单体(6-1),并且分别与正面银栅极(5)的栅线一一对应,分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;
一背面本征非晶硅层(7),沉积在N型晶体硅衬底(1)的背面上;
一重掺杂N型非晶硅层(8),沉积在背面本征非晶硅层(7)的下表面上;
一背面透明导电膜层(9),沉积在重掺杂N型非晶硅层(8)的下表面上;
一背面银栅极(10),位于背面透明导电膜层(9)的下表面上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的正面透明导电膜层(4)和/或背面透明导电膜层(9)为ITO薄膜。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的N型晶体硅衬底(1)的厚度为90~300μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的正面本征非晶硅层(2)和/或背面本征非晶硅层(7)的厚度为3~15nm,禁带宽度为1.6~1.8eV。
5.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)和/或重掺杂N型非晶硅层(8)的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV。
6.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的正面透明导电膜层(4)的厚度为60~90nm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的背面透明导电膜层(9)的厚度为80~150nm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述的重掺杂P型非晶硅层的厚度为3~20nm,禁带宽度为1.7~1.9eV,重掺杂P型非晶硅单体(6-1)的宽度为20~150μm。
9.一种如权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备方法,其特征在于,选择性发射极的制作步骤如下:
a)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)的上表面上沉积一层重掺杂的P型非晶硅;
b)在该重掺杂的P型非晶硅的上表面上制备多个掩膜体(11),保证掩膜体(11)分别与所要制备的正面银栅极(5)的栅线一一对应,并且分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;
c)通过反应离子刻蚀法,刻蚀掉除掩膜体(11)下方之外的重掺杂的P型非晶硅,留下重掺杂P型非晶硅单体(6-1),形成作为选择性发射极的重掺杂P型非晶硅层。
10.一种如权利要求1所述的具有选择性发射极的异质结太阳能电池的制备方法,其特征在于,选择性发射极的制作步骤如下:
a)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)的上表面上制备多个掩膜体(11),保证相邻的掩膜体(11)之间形成的区域(11-1)与所要制备的正面银栅极(5)的栅线一一对应,并且所形成的区域(11-1)分别位于相对应的栅线的正下方;
b)在轻掺杂P型非晶硅层(3)的上表面上沉积重掺杂的P型非晶硅,从而在相邻的掩膜体(11)之间形成的区域(11-1)内得到重掺杂P型非晶硅单体(6-1),形成作为选择性发射极的重掺杂P型非晶硅层。
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