CN103974475A - 陶瓷棒和在辅助或液体加热器中将其用作加热棒的应用 - Google Patents

陶瓷棒和在辅助或液体加热器中将其用作加热棒的应用 Download PDF

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CN103974475A
CN103974475A CN201410039016.3A CN201410039016A CN103974475A CN 103974475 A CN103974475 A CN 103974475A CN 201410039016 A CN201410039016 A CN 201410039016A CN 103974475 A CN103974475 A CN 103974475A
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ceramic
heater
rod
heating rod
heating
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A·道特
R·汉夫
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BorgWarner Ludwigsburg GmbH
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Beru AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • B60H1/2225—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters arrangements of electric heaters for heating air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F24H3/0435—Structures comprising heat spreading elements in the form of fins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0236—Industrial applications for vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/46—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H2250/00—Electrical heat generating means
    • F24H2250/04—Positive or negative temperature coefficients, e.g. PTC, NTC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
    • H05B2203/023—Heaters of the type used for electrically heating the air blown in a vehicle compartment by the vehicle heating system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/03—Heating of hydrocarbons

Abstract

本发明涉及一种陶瓷棒，具有一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一陶瓷绝缘层(11)，绝缘层(11)与陶瓷PTC加热导线(12)烧结。根据本发明，PTC加热导体(12)具有一不超过300℃的转变温度，且优选地不超过200℃。本发明还涉及用作机动车中的辅助加热器或液体加热器的加热棒(1)的一种陶瓷棒的应用，所述陶瓷棒包括一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一陶瓷绝缘层(11、14)，绝缘层(11、14)与PTC加热导体(12)烧结。本发明还涉及一种用于加热空气气流的辅助加热器和一种液体加热器，包括一为陶瓷棒的加热棒，所述陶瓷棒具有一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一烧结于其上的陶瓷绝缘体(11、14)。

Description

陶瓷棒和在辅助或液体加热器中将其用作加热棒的应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机动车的辅助加热器。
背景技术
本发明涉及一种机动车的辅助加热器，正如从例如DE102008003867A1中了解到的那样。这种辅助加热器包括一个或多个加热棒，加热棒上滑动安装有散热元件，通常为金属鳍片。加热棒具有一壳管，其中设置有至少一个陶瓷PTC加热导体，所述加热导体通过一接触板连接至电源，所述接触板从壳管凸出。
加热空气气流的辅助加热器用于加热机动车内部。在高度节能高效的柴油发动机中，特别是结霜时，发动机产生的热量不足以清除覆盖在挡风玻璃上的霜，并在短时间内将车内加热至舒适的温度。
发明内容
本发明所解决的问题是展示一种以较低的成本生产用于机动车的辅助加热器的方法。
通过一种根据权利要求的陶瓷棒，一种陶瓷棒的使用，和通过一种辅助加热器来解决该问题。本发明的有益改进是从属权利要求的主题。
生产传统加热棒包括一壳管，其中设置有一个或多个PTC加热元件、一接触板和绝缘材料，比生产陶瓷棒要复杂得多。陶瓷棒包括PTC加热导体和与PTC加热导体烧结的绝缘层，可通过例如混合挤压成型和烧结生坯制造。散热元件（如金属鳍片）可滑动安装至这种陶瓷棒上，从而以一种相对简单的方式生产辅助加热器。
本发明还涉及一种液体加热器。陶瓷棒还可用在机动车中用作低成本液体加热器，例如用于加热清洁挡风玻璃的水，或者加热燃油。
陶瓷PTC加热导体可基于例如碳酸钡或其他铁电材料生产。在转变温度时，这种PTC加热导体的电阻会增大好几个数量级，例如10倍，或100倍，或更多。因此，这种陶瓷PTC加热导体具有一固有的防过热保险。PTC加热导体具有一不超过300℃的转变温度，且优选地不超过200℃，特别适合用作机动车的辅助加热器和液体加热器。
铁电PTC加热导体的电阻在转变温度时会急剧增大，作为其替代，也可采用陶瓷PTC加热导体，其电阻不会剧增。例如硅化钼，是一种PTC加热导体，其电阻在很大的温度范围内都会增大，但不会突然增大。
附图说明
本发明进一步的细节和优势将参考附图利用实施例进行说明。完全相同或相应的部件采用相同的参考数字。附图中：
图1所示为机动车辅助加热器的示意图；
图2所示为图1进一步的视图；
图3所示为图1的细节图；
图4所示为机动车的液体加热器；
图5所示为陶瓷棒的纵向截面图；
图6所示为图5的横截面图；
图7所示为陶瓷棒的一个进一步的说明性实施例的纵向截面图；
图8所示为图7的横截面图；
图9所示为陶瓷棒的一个进一步的说明性实施例的纵向截面图；
图10所示为图9的横截面图。
具体实施方式
图1至3中所示的辅助加热器用于加热机动车客舱内的空气气流。辅助加热器包括多个加热棒1，加热棒1上连接有散热元件2。散热元件2可设计为例如金属鳍片，金属鳍片滑动安装到加热棒1上。加热棒1支承在散热元件2的开口内，开口的边缘具有沿径向延伸的凹槽3。当散热元件2滑动安装至加热棒1上时，散热元件2的边缘部分因此弯曲，然后弹性地支承加热棒1，从而形成良好的热接触。
加热棒1为具有一陶瓷PTC加热导体和一陶瓷绝缘层的陶瓷棒，通过烧结连接至PTC加热导体。图5至10中所示为加热棒说明性的实施例。
图5和6中所示的加热棒1包括一陶瓷内导体10、一包住内导体10的陶瓷绝缘层11，和一覆盖绝缘层11的PTC加热导体12。加热棒1包括端面上的陶瓷导电层13，将内导体10电连接至PTC加热导体12。加热棒1远离导电层13的端部可逐渐锥化，以便简化至电源的连接。
制造加热棒1可通过对内导体材料、绝缘层材料和PTC加热导体材料进行混合挤压成型首先生产出生坯。然后将用于形成导电层13的材料滑移式设置于生坯的端面上。然后烧制生坯。其中，内导体10、绝缘层11、PTC加热导体12和导电层13通过烧结连接。如果加热棒应当具有一锥形的末端部分，生坯可因此在烧结前以一成型方式制造，或陶瓷棒可因此在烧结后以一成型方式制造，例如通过开启一机床。
可对图5和6中所示的实例进行改进，互换内导体10和PTC加热导体12。
图7和8中所示为加热棒1的进一步的说明性的实施例。该加热棒1还包括一陶瓷内导体10、一包住内导体10的陶瓷绝缘层11、一覆盖绝缘层11的PTC加热导体12，和一将内导体10电连接至PTC加热导体12的导电层13。与图5和6中所示的加热棒相反，图7和8中所示的加热棒具有第二绝缘层14，其覆盖PTC加热导体12。第二绝缘层14也可覆盖导电层13。第二绝缘层14的材料滑移式或利用浸渍法设置于生坯上，然后烧结生坯。
图7和8中所示的加热棒尤其适合高电压加热器，例如操作大于60V或甚至大于100V的电源电压。在如此高的电源电压的情况下，安全起见，必须对所有的接触面进行电绝缘，也就是接地连接。电源电压较低时，例如在10V至30V的范围内，接地连接不需要绝缘。
图9和10中所示为加热棒1的进一步的说明性的实施例。该加热棒为一陶瓷棒，其具有一绝缘层11，绝缘层11包住一PTC加热导体12并通过烧结连接其上。加热棒的两端可都为锥形，以便简化至电源的连接。
可对图5至8中的加热棒进行改进，使这些加热棒的两端都为锥形，如图9和10中的实例所示。
例如，在所述的加热棒中，一钛酸钡基陶瓷可用作PTC加热导体12的材料。PTC加热导体的转变温度优选为不超过300℃，例如不超过200℃。例如，一碳化硅基或硅化钼基的陶瓷可用作内导体10。例如，一氮化硅或氧化铝基的陶瓷可用作绝缘层11、14。
上述陶瓷棒可用作辅助加热器的加热棒来加热机动车中的空气气流，或用作机动车中液体加热器的加热棒。图4中所示为一液体加热器的说明性的实施例，所述液体加热器具有一用作加热棒的陶瓷棒。
液体加热器包括一纵向外壳5，具有一待加热液体的进液口6和多个已加热液体的出液口7。进液口6和出液口7的数量可根据预期用途而改变。在许多应用中，一个进液口6和一个出液口7足矣。进液口6和出液口7可设计为套管。
利用加热棒1在外壳5内加热液体，外壳5可为例如圆柱形。通过电线9将加热棒1连接至电源，并固定在外壳5的一插口中，通过一密封圈8（例如O形圈）密封所述插口。密封圈8可置于外壳5的一环形槽中，尽管该密封圈也可置于加热棒1的一环形槽中。待加热液体可在外壳5中环绕加热棒1流动，该加热棒就将热量释放到液体中。
参考数字
1.加热棒
2.散热元件
3.凹槽
5.外壳
6.进液口
7.出液口
8.密封圈
9.电线
10.内导体
11.绝缘层
12.PTC加热导体
13.导电层
14.第二绝缘层

Claims (10)

1.一种陶瓷棒，包括
一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)；
一陶瓷绝缘层(11、14)，其与PTC加热导体(12)烧结，其特征在于：
PTC加热导体(12)具有一不超过300℃的转变温度，且优选地不超过200℃。
2.一种陶瓷棒的应用，所述陶瓷棒包括一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一陶瓷绝缘层(11、14)，绝缘层(11、14)与PTC加热导体(12)烧结，所述陶瓷棒用作机动车中的辅助加热器或液体加热器的加热棒(1)。
3.一种用于加热机动车内的空气气流的辅助加热器，包括
至少一个加热棒(1)；
连接至加热棒(1)的散热元件(2)，其特征在于：
加热棒(1)为一陶瓷棒，包括一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一陶瓷绝缘体(11、14)，绝缘体(11、14)与陶瓷PTC加热导线(12)烧结。
4.根据权利要求3所述的辅助加热器，其特征在于：散热元件(2)为金属鳍片，其具有开口，开口中支承有加热棒(1)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的辅助加热器，其特征在于：开口的边缘具有沿径向延伸的凹槽(3)。
6.根据权利要求6所述的辅助加热器，其特征在于：相邻凹槽(3)之间的金属片部分是弯曲的，且弹性地支承加热棒(1)。
7.一种用于机动车的液体加热器，包括
一外壳(5)，外壳(5)包括至少一个待加热液体的进液口(6)和至少一个已加热液体的出液口(7)，且
包括至少一个加热棒(1)，加热棒(1)支承于外壳(5)的一插口中，其特征在于：
加热棒(1)为一陶瓷棒，包括一陶瓷PTC加热导体(12)和一陶瓷绝缘体(11、14)，绝缘体(11、14)与陶瓷PTC加热导线(12)烧结。
8.根据权利要求3至7中的任意一项所述的加热器，其特征在于：加热棒（1）具有一圆形的横截面。
9.根据权利要求3至8中的任意一项所述的加热器，其特征在于：陶瓷绝缘体（11、14）覆盖PTC加热导体（12）。
10.根据权利要求3至9中的任意一项所述的加热器，其特征在于：加热棒(1)包括一陶瓷内导体(10)，且陶瓷绝缘体或其中一个陶瓷绝缘体为一绝缘层(11)，设置于内导体(10)和PTC加热导体(12)之间。
CN201410039016.3A 2013-02-06 2014-01-26 陶瓷棒和在辅助或液体加热器中将其用作加热棒的应用 Pending CN103974475A (zh)

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