CN103864692A - 离子液体与利用离子液体萃取油脂的方法 - Google Patents
离子液体与利用离子液体萃取油脂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D233/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by oxygen or sulfur atoms, attached to ring nitrogen atoms
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- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
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Abstract
本发明提供的离子液体,包括:咪唑阳离子与疏水性阴离子,其中咪唑阳离子的结构如下:其中R1是C1-5的烷撑基,且R2是C1-20的烷基;其中疏水性阴离子包括NTf2 -、PF6 -或上述的组合。本发明还提供利用该离子液体萃取油脂的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于离子液体,更特别关于离子液体于萃取油脂的应用。
背景技术
离子液体法是使用由有机阳离子和阴离子组成的离子液体(Ionic Liquids,ILs)作为溶剂来萃取的方法,与使用传统有机溶剂来萃取的方法不同,离子液体同时存在极性和非极性特性,因而对有机物、无机物、生物分子与超临界二氧化碳或气体等都有较好溶解性。离子液体由于其液态范围宽、不挥发、结构可调控、对目标物具有一定选择性,被认为是一种可替代传统溶剂的新型绿色溶剂,可被应用于:(1)有机合成的反应媒介(reaction media for organic synthesis);(2)化学品检测及催化(chemical sensing and catalysis);(3)蛋白质分离(affinityseparation);(4)太阳能电池及燃料电池的电解液(electrolytes for solar and fuelcells);(5)高温用润滑液(high temperature lubricants);(6)可覆写的影像表面(re-writable image surfaces);及(7)生物反应器等方面。
微藻(microalgae)是一种具发展潜力的生质能源,由于微藻生物中油脂是被包覆在细胞内,除了利用基因及代谢工程技术,由细胞内自动将油脂分泌出细胞的方法外,目前微藻油脂提取技术主要包括:超微粉碎技术、热化学提取技术(湿热法、蒸汽爆破法、挤压膨化法)、化学法、酶法、超临界流体提取技术、亚(次)临界流体提取技术、超声波、微波辅助提取法、脉冲电磁场法、高压均质法、及离子液体法等。
综上所述,目前亟需新的离子液体以应用于萃取微藻中的油脂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种新的离子液体,可以应用于萃取微藻中的油脂。
本发明提供一种萃取油脂的方法,包括:混合上述的离子液体、有机碱、与含油脂的物质,形成疏水层;将二氧化碳通入疏水层,使离子液体转变为高极性离子液体,其中疏水层分层为油脂层与高极性离子液体层,且高极性离子液体的极性高于该离子液体的极性;取出油脂层后将惰性气体通入高极性离子液体层及/或加热高极性离子液体层,使高极性离子液体转变回该离子液体。
本发明的优点在于:本发明提供了一种新的离子液体。通过通入二氧化碳/通入氮气的步骤,可调整该离子液体的极性,以达与油脂互溶/与油脂分层的效果,因而可以应用于萃取微藻中的油脂或其它用途;且,该离子液体可重复使用。
具体实施方式
本发明一实施例中的离子液体具有咪唑阳离子与疏水性阴离子。疏水性阴离子可为NTf2 -、PF6 -、其它类似物、或上述的组合,而咪唑阳离子的结构如式1:
在式1中,R1是C1-5的烷撑基,且R2是C1-20的烷基。可以理解的是,式1中的阳离子可共振如式2所示。在后述的咪唑阳离子均有类似的共振现象,但不一一赘述。
上述咪唑阳离子的合成方式如下。值得注意的是,下述步骤为合成咪唑阳离子的方法之一,本技术领域中具有通常知识者自可依实验室设备及起始物采用其它的合成步骤。首先,取适量的卤化烷(R2X)、碱、与咪唑溶于溶剂如乙腈后反应,如式3所示。在式3中,R2为C1-20烷基。在某些实施例中R2为C4-10烷基。
接着取式3产物与卤化烷醇(HO-R1X)反应,如式4所示。在式4中,R1为C1-5烷撑基,而X可为氯、溴、或碘。
接着取式4产物与疏水性阴离子锂盐(LiX’)进行阴离子交换步骤,如式5所示。在式5中,X’可为NTf2 -、PF6 -、其它类似物、或上述的组合。
在本发明实施例中,咪唑阳离子可为式6至9所示的咪唑阳离子。
在本发明一实施例中,进一步以上述离子液体萃取油脂。首先,将上述离子液体、有机碱、与含油脂的物质混合,以形成疏水层。在本发明一实施例中,有机碱可为1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一-7-烯(DBU)、三乙胺、其它有机碱、或上述的组合。一般而言,离子液体中咪唑阳离子与有机碱的摩尔比约为1:1。在本发明一实施例中,含油脂的物质可为微藻,且不需在萃取前先烘干微藻。由于微藻所含的水会与疏水层分层,因此可先移除分层的水层。离子液体将破坏微藻的细胞壁并将其油脂萃取出来。由于油脂的极性与离子液体相近,两者将形成互溶的疏水层。至于萃取油脂后的微藻残渣可藉由过滤轻易去除,不影响后续的分离步骤。
接着将二氧化碳通入疏水层,使离子液体转变为高极性离子液体如式10所示。虽然式10中的有机碱为DBU,但可采用其它有机碱如三乙胺。在式10中,通入二氧化碳的步骤将使咪唑阳离子转变为咪唑两性离子,并使DBU质子化。换言之,高极性离子液体含有咪唑阳离子转变的咪唑两性离子、疏水性阴离子、与质子化的有机碱的阴离子。此高极性离子液体的极性高于初始离子液体的极性。举例来说,高极性离子液体的极性应与水分子极性相近,而初始极性离子液体的极性与醇化合物相似,其介电常数的范围约在5~20之间。
上述高极性离子液体与先前萃取出的油脂因极性差异过大而不互溶。换言之,原本互溶的疏水层在通入二氧化碳后分层为油脂层与高极性离子液体。
在取出油脂层后,可将惰性气体(例如氮气、氦气、或上述的组合)通入高极性离子液体,使其转变回初始离子液体,如式10所示。另一方面,可将高极性离子液体加热至40℃至100℃之间,一样可使其转变回初始离子液体。在本发明一实施例中,可在通入氮气时同时加热高极性离子液体使其转变回初始离子液体,而加热温度介于40℃至100℃之间。加热是为了加速高极性离子液体转变回离子液体。若加热温度过低,则使高极性离子液体还原成初始离子液体的时间变长。若加热温度过高,则会使能耗过大。上述离子液体可重复使用,比如用于萃取微藻中的油脂或其它用途。
综上所述,藉由通入二氧化碳/通入惰性气体的步骤,即可调整离子液体的极性,以达与油脂互溶/与油脂分层的效果。可以理解的是,离子液体中咪唑阳离子的R1与R2的碳数与所欲萃取的油脂碳数有关。当油脂的碳数越高,咪唑阳离子的R1与R2的碳数也越高。以微藻的油脂为例(碳数介于1至40之间),R1为乙基,而R2为辛烷基。
为了让本发明的上述和其它目的、特征、和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举数实施例,作详细说明如下:
实施例1、制备离子液体
取495.8mg的咪唑(imidazole)、997.9mg的1-溴丁烷(1-bromobutane)、408.6mg的氢氧化钾(KOH)、与29.1mL的乙腈(CH3CN,acetonitrile)置于圆底烧瓶内,于50℃至60℃下搅拌反应4至4.5小时,如式11所示。
将式11的产物置入圆底烧瓶,再加入1.1当量的2-溴乙醇,于70℃至75℃下搅拌反应4小时,如式12所示。反应结束后以乙醚萃取水层。
将式12的水层置入样品瓶中,并加入1.1当量的双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide),于室温下搅拌反应12小时如式13,即可得离子液体。该离子液体的氢谱如下:1H NMR(200MHz,DMSO-d6):0.90(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.20-1.38(m,2H),1.65-1.85(m,2H),3.70-3.73(m,2H),4.10-4.20(m,4H),5.16(t,J=4.8Hz,1H),7.74(s,1H),7.78(s,1H),9.13(s,1H)。该离子液体的碳谱如下:13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):12.9,19.1,31.7,49.8,52.0,60.2,119.7(JCF=319Hz),122.1,123.1,135.2。该离子液体的质谱如下:HRMS(EI,m/z):calcd for C9H17N2O169.1335,found169.1335(M+)。
实施例2、制备离子液体
与实施例1类似,差异在于实施例2中第一步反应的1-溴丁烷改为1-溴己烷。至于其余试剂与反应参数均与实施例1类似。最后得到的离子液体的结构如式14,其氢谱如下:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):0.88(t,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.26-1.32(m,6H),1.83-1.88(m,2H),3.93(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),4.16(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),4.30(t,J=5.0Hz,2H),7.27(s,1H),7.43(s,1H),8.71(s,1H)。该离子液体的碳谱如下:13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):13.7,22.1,25.6,29.8,30.8,50.1,52.0,60.2,119.6(JCF=319Hz),121.7,123.1,135.4。该离子液体的质谱如下:HRMS(EI,m/z):calcd for C11H21N2O197.1648,found197.1648(M+)。
实施例3、制备离子液体
与实施例1类似,差异在于实施例3中第一步反应的1-溴丁烷改为1-溴辛烷。至于其余试剂与反应参数均与实施例1类似。最后得到的离子液体的结构如式15,其氢谱如下:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):0.87(t,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.26-1.33(m,10H),1.89-1.91(m,2H),2.43(s,1H),3.93(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),4.16(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),4.30(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),7.27(s,1H),7.44(s,1H),8.74(s,1H)。该离子液体的碳谱如下:13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):13.9,22.4,26.0,28.7,28.8,29.8,31.5,50.0,52.0,60.1,119.6(JCF=319Hz),121.8,123.2,135.3。该离子液体的质谱如下:HRMS(EI,m/z):calcd for C13H25N2O225.1961,found225.1961(M+)。
实施例4、制备离子液体
与实施例1类似,差异在于实施例4中第一步反应的1-溴丁烷改为1-溴癸烷。至于其余试剂与反应参数均与实施例1类似。最后得到的离子液体的结构如式16,其氢谱如下:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):0.87(t,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.25-1.32(m,14H),1.78-1.90(m,2H),2.92(s,1H),3.92(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),4.14(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),4.29(t,J=4.8Hz,2H),7.28(s,1H),7.44(s,1H),8.68(s,1H)。该离子液体的碳谱如下:13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):13.9,22.5,26.0,28.7,29.1,29.2,29.3,29.9,31.7,50.1,52.0,60.2,119.6(JCF=319Hz),121.8,123.18,135.3。该离子液体的质谱如下:HRMS(EI,m/z):calcd for C15H29N2O253.2274,found253.2274(M+)。
实施例5、使用离子液体萃取油脂
取120μL油脂与20μL实施例3中式15的离子液体置于微量离心管中,于冰浴下缓慢加入7.9μL的DBU(1eq.)后搅拌10分钟。接着回温至室温后于室温下搅拌10分钟,再于40℃下搅拌40分钟。接着将二氧化碳通入上述混合物1小时,使式15的离子液体中的咪唑阳离子转变为咪唑两性离子,同时使DBU质子化为阳离子,以形成高极性离子液体。
通入二氧化碳后的离子液体很快就分为两层,上层为淡黄色油脂,而下层为高极性离子液体。将油脂分离后计算出萃取分离率高达85%。将下层的高极性离子液体加热至80℃后通入氮气(N2)60分钟,即可让高极性离子液体转变回初始的离子液体。离子液体与高极性离子液体之间的转换如式17所示。
虽然本发明已以数个较佳实施例揭露如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟习此技艺者,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作任意的更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围当视后附的权利要求书所界定的范围为准。
Claims (12)
2.权利要求1所述的离子液体,其中所述咪唑阳离子的结构如下:
6.一种萃取油脂的方法,包括:
混合权利要求1至5之一所述的离子液体、有机碱、与含油脂的物质,形成一疏水层;
将二氧化碳通入所述疏水层,使所述离子液体转变为一高极性离子液体,其中所述疏水层分层为一油脂层与一高极性离子液体层,且所述高极性离子液体的极性高于所述离子液体的极性;
取出所述油脂层后将一惰性气体通入所述高极性离子液体层及/或加热所述高极性离子液体层,使所述高极性离子液体转变回所述离子液体。
7.权利要求6所述的萃取油脂的方法,其中所述有机碱为1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一-7-烯、三乙胺、或上述的组合。
9.权利要求6所述的萃取油脂的方法,其中所述含油脂的物质为微藻。
10.权利要求6所述的萃取油脂的方法,其中所述惰性气体为氮气、氦气、或上述的组合。
11.权利要求6所述的萃取油脂的方法,其中加热高极性离子液体层使其转变回离子液体的温度介于40℃至100℃之间。
12.权利要求6所述的萃取油脂的方法,其中同时通入惰性气体与加热高极性离子液体层使其转变回离子液体的温度介于40℃至100℃之间。
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