CN103842081B - 用于将含氧化合物转化成烯烃的催化剂和制备所述催化剂的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
用于将含氧化合物,如醇或醚转化成烯烃的催化剂基本由具有至少20,优选20至500,尤其20至100的Si/Al比的所选SUZ‑4沸石构成。以本身已知的方式制备基础SUZ‑4沸石,此后将Si/Al比提高至所需值。本发明的所选SUZ‑4沸石催化剂具有比常规/标准SUZ‑4沸石催化剂更长的寿命和更好的产物选择性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及适用在将含氧化合物(oxygenates),即含有氧作为其结构的一部分的化合物(例如醇或醚)转化成烯烃的方法中的催化剂。还提供了形成该催化剂的方法。
本发明更具体涉及用于将含氧化合物转化成烯烃的催化剂,所述催化剂基于SUZ-4沸石。为了产生具有改进的用于将含氧化合物转化成烯烃的性质的催化剂,以许多方式将SUZ-4沸石改性。
发明背景
SUZ-4沸石已被赋予三字母IUPAC代码SZR。SUZ-4沸石的骨架由三维通道系统的4-、5-、6-、8-和10-元环构成。其具有尺寸分别为a = 18.8696、b = 14.4008和c = 7.5140Å的正交晶胞。SUZ-4沸石的10元环通道是骨架中的主要直通道,它们通过齿形8环通道互连。SUZ-4沸石的10环直通道具有4.6 x 5.2 Å的尺寸,即明显小于在ZSM-5沸石中发现的10环通道(5.3 x 5.5和5.4 x 5.6 Å)。
在催化剂领域中,SUZ-4沸石已知是由甲醇制造二甲基醚的方法中的选择性和稳定的脱水催化剂(Jiang,S.等人., Chemistry Letters 33, no. 8, 1048 (2004))。
根据US 6,936,562 B2 (General Motors Corp.),已经制备在来自以烃或醇为燃料的发动机的废气中的NOx减少方面具有催化活性的某些金属交换SUZ-4沸石。
在相关US 6,645,448 B2 (General Motors Corp.)中描述了基于取代SUZ-4沸石的类似的水热稳定催化剂,在US 5,118,483 B2 (British Petroleum Co.)中描述了基于结晶(金属)硅酸盐的SUZ-4沸石的各种结晶形式。应该指出 - 参考例如US 5,118,483 –形成SUZ-4沸石的标准方法通常提供热化学优选的Si/Al化学计量,无论原材料中Si和Al组分的摩尔比如何。
EP 0 706 984 A1 (BP Chemicals Ltd.)公开了SUZ-4沸石用于烃异构化的催化用途,在US 6,514,470 B2 (University of California)中,使用多种硅酸铝材料,包括SUZ-4沸石作为贫燃废气减排催化剂。JP 2009-233620 A (Tosoh Corp.)描述了在SCR催化剂中使用SUZ-4沸石,目的在于赋予该催化剂改进的水热耐久性。
最近,在EP 1 963 241 A2和WO 2008/042616 A2(都属于UOP LLC)中公开了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)法的变体。
MTO催化领域中的主要挑战之一在于,已知催化剂具有非常有限的寿命,需要在升高的温度下连续再生,这最终对催化剂造成不可逆的破坏。据发明人称,SUZ-4沸石基催化剂的情况也如此,因为在MTO催化领域中使用标准方法制成的现行SUZ-4沸石基催化剂的寿命不超过其它催化剂,如硅铝磷酸盐分子筛(例如SAPO-34)。但是,现在已经令人惊讶地发现,通过沸石酸度的改变(即通过提高Si/Al比、碱抗衡离子的部分离子交换),可以显著改进用于MTO用途的SUZ-4沸石基催化剂的寿命。
发明概述
本发明涉及用于将含氧化合物转化成烯烃的催化剂,所述催化剂基本由所选SUZ-4沸石构成。本发明的催化剂的特征在于该沸石具有至少20,优选20至500的Si/Al比。该沸石中最优选的Si/Al比为20至100。
本发明还涉及所述催化剂的制备方法,所述方法包括步骤:
(a) 提供具有小于20的Si/Al比的常规/标准SUZ-4沸石,和
(b) 通过在升高的温度下使步骤(a)的产物与水蒸汽接触,将Si/Al比提高至20或更高。
在上述方法中,步骤(b)优选在400-700℃的温度下进行。还优选通过进给1-20克H2O/克催化剂/小时,进行步骤(b) 1-12小时。
来自该方法的步骤(b)的SUZ-4催化剂优选用酸的水溶液洗涤。
本发明的催化剂用于将含氧化合物转化成烯烃。待转化成烯烃的含氧化合物优选选自C1至C4醇。待转化成烯烃的最优选的含氧化合物是甲醇。
附图简述
图1显示凝胶Si/Al = 8和13的SUZ-4的XRD衍射图。
图2显示合成凝胶中的Si/Al = 8的SUZ-4的SEM图像。
图3显示合成凝胶中的Si/Al = 8的SUZ-4沸石基催化剂的TEM图像。
图4显示合成凝胶中的凝胶Si/Al = 8的SUZ-4的BET等温线。
图5显示运行5分钟后在相同反应条件下测试的SAPO-34、SUZ-4和ZSM-5催化剂的GC-MS色谱图。NB: 在色谱图中不包括C1(400 ℃和WHSV = 2.05 gg-1h-1)。
发明详述
根据本发明,所选SUZ-4沸石具有至少20,优选20至500的使用SEM-EDX、ICP和氨TPD测得的Si/Al比。更优选的Si/Al比为20至100。
该SUZ-4沸石基催化剂以本身已知的方式合成:制备(i) 铝丝在MOH水溶液中的溶液,其中M是碱金属,(ii) 四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)的25重量%溶液和(iii) Ludox-AS 40的40重量%溶液;在60℃下混合溶液(i)-(iii)并在160℃下在搅拌下使所得凝胶结晶,接着(iv) 离子交换以从该材料中完全除去M离子和(v) 煅烧以获得氢形式的沸石。根据本发明,这种标准方法产生具有高的酸位点密度的H-SUZ-4催化剂,其在含氧化合物(甲醇)转化成烯烃的过程中极快失活。应该指出,甲醇转化成烯烃在此操作中是新颖的,缺点是快速失活。因此,随后通过改变溶解在MOH水溶液(i)中的铝丝量将Si/Al比调节至所需值。也可以以另一方式将Si/Al比调节至所需值,即通过在升高的温度下使产物与水蒸汽接触(所谓的“汽蒸”)。汽蒸优选通过在400-700℃的温度下进料1-20克H2O/克催化剂/小时而进行1-12小时的时间。在汽蒸后,所得SUZ-4催化剂用酸的水溶液洗涤。
尽管从上述引文中获知SUZ-4沸石可用作各种领域中的催化剂,但SUZ-4沸石材料作为含氧化合物转化成烯烃中的催化剂的特定用途是新颖的。因此,本发明涉及上述SUZ-4沸石材料在含氧化合物,尤其是甲醇/二甲基醚(DME)转化成烯烃中的用途。由于由直形10-环和齿形8-环的三维通道体系构成的独特拓扑(SZR拓扑),观察到对轻质烯烃(乙烯和丙烯)的惊人高的选择性(60-70%)。作为副产物(大约10-20%),获得具有在汽油范围内的烃链长度的烯烃。对芳烃的选择性通常低于2%。
由于观察到的选择性,该催化剂具有用作以具有低芳族化合物含量的汽油馏分为共产物的轻质烯烃(乙烯和丙烯)生产的催化剂的高潜力。也被视为烯烃生产过程中的共产物的甲烷可用作MTO法的必要外部热能的来源。
现在在下列实施例中进一步例示本发明。
实施例1
(A) 使用标准方法合成SUZ-4沸石
根据S. Jiang等人., Chemistry Letters 33, no. 8, 1048 (2004)公开的程序合成SUZ-4沸石。
制备下列溶液:
(a) 溶解在KOH溶液(3.3克KOH在50.6克H2O中)中的0.4克铝丝
(b) 7.93克TEAOH(25重量%)
(c) 18.23克LUDOX AS-40(40重量%)。
在60℃下搅拌的同时向清澈溶液(a)中相继加入溶液(b)和溶液(c)。该合成混合物的批料组成为
7.92 K2O : Al2O3 : 16.21 SiO2 : 1.83 TEAOH : 507 H2O。
将该凝胶转移到40毫升Teflon衬里不锈钢高压釜中。通过改变溶解在KOH溶液中的铝丝量,改变Si/Al比。使用Teflon涂布的磁棒在卧式搅拌条件下在160℃下进行凝胶结晶2至5天。当结晶完成时,该反应混合物用蒸馏水洗涤,并通过过滤回收产物。在回流下用1N NH4NO3水溶液对制成的煅烧材料施以离子交换三次,用去离子水洗涤,在120℃下干燥3小时,然后在550℃下煅烧12小时。所用合成条件概括在下表1中。
表1: SUZ-4沸石的结晶中所用的合成条件
*) 在上表中,H.S.是指卧式搅拌,SUZ-4a是指SUZ-4 +非晶。
(B) 表征和催化剂试验
X-射线衍射
在带有Bragg-Brentano几何、位置灵敏探测器和CuKα1辐射(λ= 1.5406 Å)的Siemens D-5000衍射计上使用X-射线衍射鉴定产物的纯度和结晶度。使用SOCABIM开发的EVA 8.0分析X-射线 衍射(XRD)数据。将衍射图与Joint Committee on PowderDiffraction Standards International Centre编制和修订的粉末衍射文件(PDF)数据库中的数据进行比较。
表面积
使用BELSORP-mini II仪器在77 K的温度下通过氮气吸附测定SUZ-4催化剂的BET表面积。在测量之前,将催化剂预处理5小时(在80℃下除气1小时和在300℃下除气4小时)。
扫描和透射电子显微术
将SUZ-4晶体撒在安装在铜网上的碳带上。使用扫描电子显微镜Quanta 200 F(FEI)研究晶体尺寸和形状。类似地,取TEM图像,电子衍射揭示晶体内的8-和10-环通道的晶胞参数和取向。
通过在静止空气下在550℃下煅烧6小时,除去模板。煅烧样品在70℃水浴中与1MNH4NO3离子交换3 x 2小时。该离子交换的催化剂在每次催化实验之前在静止空气中在550℃下煅烧2小时,非原位地在纯氧流中煅烧1小时,并在固定床反应器中在纯氧流中原位地煅烧1小时以脱附氨。
使用固定床反应器在MTH反应中测试经煅烧的SUZ-4催化剂。使用50毫克催化剂和350至450 ℃的温度。压制催化剂,轻轻压碎并筛至0.25-0.42毫米粒度。在每次试验之前,催化剂在氧气流下在550℃(见上文)下原位煅烧1小时。使用氦气作为载气,使用置于20℃水浴中的泡沸饱和器将甲醇进料。使用2.05 gg-1h-1的甲醇进料速率(表示为WHSV,即重时空速,其是指每小时每单位重量催化剂流过的进料重量)。
通过GC和GC-MS分析反应产物。使用在线气相色谱仪(带有FID的Agilent 6890 A)使用Supelco SPB-5毛细管柱(60m, 0.530 mm i.d.,固定相厚度3微米)进行GC分析。温度在45至260℃之间编程,加热速率为25 ℃ min-1(在45℃下的停留时间5分钟和在最终温度下16分钟)。使用配有GS-GASPRO柱(60m, 0.32 mm)和HP-5973质量选择检测器的HP 6890气相色谱仪进行GC-MS分析。各分析花费40分钟,温度在100至250℃之间编程,加热速率为10℃ min-1(在100℃下的停留时间10分钟和在250℃下15分钟)。
(c) 结果
图1显示合成凝胶中的Si/Al比为8和13的SUZ-4的XRD图。通过将观察到的衍射图与理论计算的衍射图(图1底部图)比较,观察到产物不含结构杂质。
图2和图3分别显示合成凝胶中的Si/Al = 8的SUZ-4沸石基催化剂的SEM和TEM图像。晶体是针形的,长度约2-3微米。
图3显示(a) TEM概观显微照片. (b) 不规则晶体的显微照片和衍射图(插图)。
图4显示Si/Al = 8的SUZ-4催化剂的BET等温线。该等温线对于微孔材料是典型的。发现该催化剂的表面积为346平方米/克。
图5显示在不同沸石上的甲醇制烃反应的GC-MS色谱图,反应在相同条件下进行。
实施例2
甲醇转化率的测定
下表2显示在不同反应温度下的甲醇转化百分比和产物选择性;使用WHSV = 2.05gg-1h-1。在350℃下,该催化剂的初始转化率为83%,该催化剂对C1表现出极高选择性(21%,第二丰富的物类)。将温度提高至400和450℃,该催化剂将初始转化率改进至约100%,对C1的选择性降低大约一半。在这些反应温度下,C2和C3是最丰富的物类(C2 + C3 > 60%)。
表2: SUZ-4催化剂在MTH反应中在不同反应温度下在运行3分钟后的甲醇转化率、产物选择性和C4氢转移指数,Si/Al = 8。 (WHSV = 2.05 gg-1h-1)。
坚决相信,对C2和C3的高选择性是由通过SEM观察到的催化剂晶体的针状形态造成的。晶体生长的模拟表明,10环通道在针的方向上延伸。如果这些针被描述为圆柱体,模拟结果表明,只有各圆柱体的两个底面充当穿过10环通道的出口。外晶体表面大部分充当穿过8环(其垂直于10环)的出口。这使得产物形状选择性由8环主导,以导致对C2和C3的高选择性。
受试SUZ-4样品极快失活。在43分钟(每40分钟取样流出物)后,转化可忽略不计。这与对C1(以及丙烷)的相对较高选择性一致,这固有地与芳族化合物和焦炭的形成相关联。这种快速失活也可能归因于样品中的极高A1含量,这意味着酸位点的密度对甲醇转化催化剂而言不寻常地高。
实施例3
SUZ-4与ZSM-5和SAPO-34的比较
为了比较,在MTH反应中在与SUZ-4相同的反应条件下测试ZSM-5和SAPO-34,结果列在图5和表3中。注意,SAPO-34目前用作商业MTO催化剂。表3显示这三种不同的沸石在400℃下的产物选择性。在运行3分钟后进行GC分析,催化剂表现出大约100%转化率。ZSM-5催化剂与SUZ-4和SAPO-34催化剂相比对较重的烃具有高选择性(见图5和表3)。
催化剂 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4烯烃 |
ZSM-5 | 0.28 | 7.58 | 21.20 | 8.77 |
SUZ-4 | 10.24 | 24.35 | 37.71 | 14.11 |
SAPO-34 | 0.56 | 29.65 | 42.59 | 16.70 |
催化剂 | C4烷烃 | C5 | C6+ | C4HTI |
ZSM-5 | 18.15 | 13.19 | 30.83 | 0.67 |
SUZ-4 | 2.60 | 7.78 | 3.20 | 0.16 |
SAPO-34 | 1.15 | 7.43 | 1.91 | 0.06 |
表3: 在ZSM-5、SAPO-34和SUZ-4催化剂上对MTH反应的产物选择性,WHSV = 2,400℃和甲醇完全转化。
ZSM-5催化剂的C4烷烃选择性明显高于本发明的SUZ-4催化剂和SAPO-34催化剂,以产生较高的C4氢转移指数。除对甲烷(C1)的选择性外,SAPO-34和SUZ-4催化剂对所有其它烃都表现出相当的产物选择性。对这两种材料而言,C2和C3都是最丰富的物类(SAPO-34C2+C3 = 72.3和SUZ-4 C2+C3 = 61.1)。本发明的SUZ-4催化剂表现出比SAPO-34(>1%)高得多的对甲烷的选择性(大约10%)。
Claims (4)
1.催化剂在将含氧化合物转化成烯烃中的用途,所述催化剂基本由所选SUZ-4沸石构成,其特征在于所述沸石具有至少20的Si/Al比,其中所述含氧化合物选自C1至C4醇。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中所述沸石具有20至500的Si/Al比。
3.根据权利要求1或2的用途,其特征在于所述沸石具有20至100的Si/Al比。
4.根据权利要求1的用途,其中所述含氧化合物是甲醇。
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