CN103726909B - 排气再处理系统和用于排气再处理的方法 - Google Patents

排气再处理系统和用于排气再处理的方法 Download PDF

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CN103726909B
CN103726909B CN201310721839.XA CN201310721839A CN103726909B CN 103726909 B CN103726909 B CN 103726909B CN 201310721839 A CN201310721839 A CN 201310721839A CN 103726909 B CN103726909 B CN 103726909B
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ammonia
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CN103726909A (zh
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S·施吕特
P·托舍夫
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MAN Energy Solutions SE
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    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
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    • B01D53/9436—Ammonia
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    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
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    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/24—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means incorporating means for heating the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. electrically
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    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/34—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl
    • B05B1/3405—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl
    • B05B1/341—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
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    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种排气再处理系统和用于排气再处理的方法，具体而言，用于内燃机‑尤其利用重油运行的船用柴油内燃机‑的排气再处理系统带有SCR催化器(13)，其利用氨作为还原剂，其中，在排气的流动方向上来看，在SCR催化器(13)之前定位有喷嘴(15)，利用该喷嘴可在限定的压力和限定的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨气，即，可通过该喷嘴(15)将以其蒸发的氨气带到排气中。

Description

排气再处理系统和用于排气再处理的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于内燃机－尤其利用重油运行的船用柴油内燃机－的排气再处理系统。此外，本发明还涉及一种用于对离开内燃机－尤其利用重油运行的船用柴油内燃机－的排气进行排气再处理的方法。
背景技术
在利用重油运行的内燃机中存在这样的特点：所使用的燃料(即重油)具有很高的含硫量。二氧化硫可与排气的其他成分起反应并且引起对排气净化的效率产生不利影响的沉积物。这是不利的。存在对内燃机的这样的排气再处理系统的需求，即，该排气再处理系统即使在利用重油运行的内燃机中也能够实现高效的排气净化。
从文件DE 10 2004 027 593 A1中已知一种带有排气涡轮增压系统(Abgasturboaufladung)和排气净化系统(Abgasreinigung)的内燃机。排气涡轮增压系统要么实施为带有一个排气涡轮增压器的单级排气涡轮增压系统，要么实施为带有两个排气涡轮增压器的二级排气涡轮增压系统。排气净化系统包括SCR催化器，该SCR催化器在单级排气涡轮增压系统中在排气的流动方向上来看要么定位在排气涡轮增压器的涡轮下游，要么定位在排气涡轮增压器的涡轮上游。在带有高压排气涡轮增压器和低压排气涡轮增压器的二级排气涡轮增压系统中，SCR催化器定位在高压排气涡轮增压器的高压涡轮与低压排气涡轮增压器的低压涡轮之间。
排气再处理系统的SCR催化器使用氨作为还原剂。在从现有技术中已知的排气再处理系统中，在SCR催化器上游将含水的尿素溶液带到排气中，其中，将含水的尿素溶液在排气流中分解或蒸发成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨气。为此，在喷嘴(其将含水的尿素溶液引入到排气中且定位在在内燃机与SCR催化器之间伸延的排气管路中)与SCR催化器(其使用氨气作为还原剂)之间需要带有蒸发器和水解催化器的相对很长的工艺段(Prozessstrecke)，由此引起排气再处理系统的相对很长的构造型式。从文件EP 0 487886 B1中已知这种排气再处理系统。
此外，已经从文件EP 0 487 886 B1中已知带有蒸发器和水解催化器的工艺段不是定位在在内燃机与SCR催化器之间的排气管路中，而是定位在单独的管路中。然而在这种设计方案中也需要带有蒸发器和水解催化器的相对很长的工艺段，由此又引起排气再处理系统的相对很长的构造型式。此外，在这种情况下在排气管路中需要气体混合器。
发明内容
由此为出发点，本发明的目的在于提供一种用于内燃机的排气再处理系统和用于排气再处理的方法。
该目的通过根据本发明的用于内燃机的排气再处理系统来实现。
根据本发明，在排气的流动方向上来看，在SCR催化器之前定位有喷嘴，利用该喷嘴可在限定的压力和限定的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨气，即，可通过该喷嘴将以其蒸发的氨气带到排气中。
此外，阐明了用于排气再处理的根据本发明的方法。
根据本发明，通过在排气的流动方向上来看定位在SCR催化器之前的喷嘴将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨气，其中，通过该喷嘴将以其蒸发的氨气带到排气中。
利用本发明可取消包括蒸发器和水解催化器的工艺段，从而可实现带有SCR催化器的排气再处理系统的紧凑构造型式。将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气直接借助于喷嘴实现。既不需要蒸发器，也不需要水解催化器或气体混合器。
优选地，利用喷嘴在在10bar与200bar之间的压力和在200℃与400℃之间的温度的情况下－尤其在在10bar与100bar之间的压力和在200℃与300℃之间的温度的情况下－实现将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。在喷嘴中在上述工艺条件下将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气特别高效。
优选地，喷嘴为闪蒸喷嘴(Flash－Verdämpfungsdüse)，其在排气的流动方向上来看直接定位在SCR催化器之前。由此可在保证排气再处理系统的特别紧凑的构造型式的情况下实现将含水的尿素溶液特别高效地分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
附图说明
从随后的说明中得出本发明的优选的改进方案。借助附图对本发明的实施例进行进一步阐述，本发明不限于该实施例。其中：
图1显示了用于内燃机的排气再处理系统的示意图。
参考标号列表
10 内燃机
11 气缸
12 排气
13 SCR催化器
14 排气
15 喷嘴
16 氨蒸气
17 贮存容器
18 加热器
19 输送泵。
具体实施方式
此处的本发明涉及一种用于内燃机－尤其利用重油运行的内燃机－的排气再处理系统。此外，本发明还涉及一种用于在这种内燃机处进行排气再处理的方法。
图1极其示意性地显示了带有多个气缸11的内燃机10，其中，离开内燃机10的排气12被引导通过置于内燃机10之后的排气再处理系统，该排气再处理系统包括至少一个SCR催化器13。因此，离开内燃机10的排气12作为未经净化的排气12被输送给SCR催化器13且作为至少部分地经净化的排气14离开SCR催化器13。为了净化排气，在SCR催化器13中需要还原剂，其中，将氨使用为还原剂。
在此处的本发明的意义中，在排气的流动方向上来看，喷嘴15置于SCR催化器13之前，在该喷嘴中将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨气，即，通过喷嘴15将蒸发的氨气与水蒸气和二氧化碳一起带到排气中。
因此，在此处的本发明的意义中，不是将含水的尿素溶液(然后必须在排气流12中使该尿素溶液分解和蒸发)带到排气流12中，而是含水的尿素溶液的分解产物或蒸发产物(即水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气)直接通过喷嘴15来形成并且被带入到离开内燃机10的排气流12中，从而可取消带有蒸发器和水解催化器的单独的工艺段。
可利用喷嘴15分解和蒸发的尿素溶液储备在贮存容器17中。通过加热装置18将含水的尿素溶液加热到限定的运行温度上，其中，输送泵19将含水的尿素溶液以限定的压力提供给喷嘴15。
在喷嘴15中优选在在10bar与200bar之间的压力和在200℃与400℃之间的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
优选地，借助于喷嘴15在在10bar与100bar之间的压力和在200℃与300℃之间的温度的情况下实现将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
本发明的一优点在于可取消带有蒸发器和水解催化器的很长的工艺段，从而可因此实现排气再处理系统的紧凑的构造型式。另一优点在于不存在这样的风险，即，在含水的尿素溶液分解时在排气流中形成晶体，其可然后沉积在SCR催化器13中且对SCR催化器的效率产生不利影响。此外可取消气体混合器。
可将能够保持上面提到的温度范围和压力范围状态的任何喷嘴使用为喷嘴15。因此，例如可将共轨燃料喷射设备的传统喷射喷嘴使用为喷嘴15。
优选将闪蒸喷嘴使用为喷嘴15，以便利用喷嘴15将含水的尿素溶液(其可以限定的压力和限定的温度输送到喷嘴15)通过闪蒸分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气并带入到排气中。
在此，特别有利地是具有喷嘴涡流室的闪蒸喷嘴，借助于其可在分解时将离心加速度施加到含水的尿素溶液更确切地说分解成分水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气上。这然后负责使氨蒸气有效地分布在排气中。
喷嘴15在排气的流动方向上来看优选直接定位在SCR催化器13之前，以便实现排气再处理系统的还要更加紧凑的构造型式。如果喷嘴15构造为带有喷嘴涡流室的闪蒸喷嘴，那么这是尤其可行的和有利的。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于内燃机的排气再处理系统，其带有SCR催化器(13)，该SCR催化器利用氨作为还原剂，其特征在于，在排气的流动方向上来看，在所述SCR催化器(13)之前定位有喷嘴(15)，利用该喷嘴可在限定的压力和限定的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨，即，可通过所述喷嘴(15)将以其蒸发的氨带到排气中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，所述喷嘴(15)在在5bar与200bar之间的压力的情况下和在在100℃与400℃之间的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
3.根据权利要求2所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，所述喷嘴(15)在在10bar与100bar之间的压力的情况下和在在200℃与300℃之间的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，可利用所述喷嘴(15)将含水的尿素溶液通过闪蒸分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气并且带到排气中，其中，该含水的尿素溶液可以限定的压力和限定的温度输送给所述喷嘴(15)。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，所述喷嘴(15)构造为带有喷嘴涡流室的闪蒸喷嘴。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，所述喷嘴(15)在排气的流动方向上来看直接定位在所述SCR催化器(13)之前。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的排气再处理系统，其特征在于，所述内燃机为利用重油运行的船用柴油内燃机。
8.一种用于对离开内燃机的排气进行排气再处理的方法，其中，将排气引导通过SCR催化器，其利用氨作为还原剂，其特征在于，通过在排气的流动方向上来看定位在所述SCR催化器之前的喷嘴将含水的尿素溶液如此分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨，即，通过所述喷嘴(15)将以其蒸发的氨带到排气中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述喷嘴中在在10bar与200bar之间的压力和在200℃与400℃之间的温度的情况下将含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述喷嘴(15)中在在10bar与100bar之间的压力和在200℃与300℃之间的温度的情况下将所述含水的尿素溶液分解成水蒸气、二氧化碳和氨蒸气。
11.根据权利要求8至10中任一项所述方法，其中，所述内燃机为利用重油运行的船用柴油内燃机。
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