CN103702723A - 灭火剂以及使用该灭火剂的灭火方法 - Google Patents
灭火剂以及使用该灭火剂的灭火方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103702723A CN103702723A CN201280035872.0A CN201280035872A CN103702723A CN 103702723 A CN103702723 A CN 103702723A CN 201280035872 A CN201280035872 A CN 201280035872A CN 103702723 A CN103702723 A CN 103702723A
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Abstract
本发明提供灭火剂，所述灭火剂兼具高灭火性能和对环境及人体的高安全性。本发明的灭火剂的特征在于含有生物表面活性剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及含有生物表面活性剂的灭火剂，以及使用该灭火剂的灭火方法。
背景技术
火灾仅在国内每年就发生数万起，是对地球环境和人类社会而言都是重大问题。在发生火灾的情况下，非常重要的是，将灾害损失抑制在最小程度的有效灭火，但作为现有的灭火剂，一直以来使用水或水系灭火剂。作为通常的水系灭火剂，公知的有强化液灭火剂(碳酸钾水溶液)，其是通过添加合成表面活性剂来降低水的表面张力，从而可以提高其对木材、纤维、树脂等可燃物的润湿性及渗透性，或使之发泡而提高粘附性，且可以提高灭火效果、防止再燃效果、抑制燃烧漫延效果，与单独用水相比，可以在短时间以更少量的水即可灭火的效果。
但是，除了这些灭火性能以外，灭火剂对环境和人体的安全性也是倍受关注的问题。
例如，强化液灭火剂，虽然特别是对于煎炸食品用油（frying oil）引起的火灾有效，但由于显示pH为12～13的强碱性，因此存在关于灭火剂粘附的家具、餐具、器具等需要进行细致的清洗或者被强制废弃，以及对于免除了火灾损伤的金属制结构骨架或门、窗、隔扇等被腐蚀的担忧。此外，撒布使用了合成表面活性剂的灭火剂时，对于水生生物还显示出高毒性等，并且由于撒布现有的灭火剂，还会发生灭火后的二次灾害。
在这样的背景下，近年来着眼于降低对环境和人体的负荷，对使用作为天然表面活性剂的卵磷脂或皂角苷、酪蛋白的灭火剂进行了研究(专利文献1)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本特开2009-291257号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
对于上述专利文献1中代表性的使用了天然表面活性剂的灭火剂而言，对人体和环境安全的反面，由于存在灭火性能的问题，因此其用途受到了限制。
解决问题的方法
本发明者人等基于上述问题进行了深刻探讨的结果发现，天然的表面活性剂中特别是生物表面活性剂，在维持对环境和人体的安全性的同时，还可以显著地提高灭火性能，于是完成了本发明。
即，本发明涉及灭火剂，其特征在于含有生物表面活性剂。本发明还涉及使用该灭火剂的灭火方法。进一步涉及含有该灭火剂的灭火器、或者灭火系统。
发明效果
与添加了天然表面活性剂的灭火剂相比，本发明的灭火剂的灭火效率得以改善。进一步优选的是，与使用了合成界面活性剂的现有的灭火剂相比，灭火性能得到了特别显著地提高，因此可大幅度地降低灭火剂的浓度和用量。即，仅少量使用安全性高的生物表面活性剂，就可以显示出优异的诸多特性，且可以降低对人体和环境的负荷，因此不仅对建筑物火灾的灭火，而且对大规模的森林火灾的灭火都可以期待其巨大的效果。
附图说明
[图1]是示出本发明的实施例1～10，和比较例1～8中的在灭火性能试验中使用的装置的部分切口示意性的立体图。
具体实施方式
下面，对本发明进行详细的叙述。
本发明涉及的灭火剂，其特征在于含有生物表面活性剂。
所述生物表面活性剂是通过微生物生产的天然化合物，生物分解性高，对人体的皮肤刺激性低，因此对环境和人体的安全性极高。作为化合物的例子，可以列举，除糖脂的甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂和槐糖脂、海藻糖脂、鼠李糖脂之外，还有脂肪酸的刺孢青霉酸、聚合物的乳化胶(Emulsan)、脂肽化合物的节杆菌脂肽（アルスロファクチン，Arthrofactin）、表面活性肽等，此外还有上述这些物质的盐，但并不限定于上述这些物质。
上述这些物质中，作为糖脂优选槐糖脂或其盐，作为脂肪酸优选刺孢青霉酸，作为脂肽化合物优选表面活性肽。特别优选的生物表面活性剂为脂肽化合物或其盐，具体而言，可以列举，通过枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等的芽孢杆菌属细菌生产的物质，作为优选的例子，可以列举表面活性肽或其盐。
这里，表面活性肽或其盐，用下述式(1)表示：
[化学式1]
(以下，设定为化合物(1))
式(1)中，＊表示光学活性位点。
X表示选自L-亮氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、以及L-缬氨酸中的任1种氨基酸。
R表示碳原子数为1～20的直链烷基或者支链烷基。
这里作为碳原子数为1～20的烷基，可以列举：例如，甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、十九烷基、二十烷基等。
此外，作为碳原子数为1～20的支链烷基，可以列举：例如，异丙基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、异戊基，新戊基、叔戊基、异己基、7-甲基辛基、8-甲基壬基、9-甲基癸基、10-甲基十一烷基、11-甲基十二烷基、12-甲基十三烷基、13-甲基十四烷基、14-甲基十五烷基、15-甲基十六烷基、16-甲基十七烷基、17-甲基十八烷基、18-甲基十九烷基、6-甲基辛基、7-甲基壬基、8-甲基癸基、9-甲基十一烷基、10-甲基十二烷基等。
上述基团还可以被1个或者2个以上的取代基所取代。作为取代基，可以列举：氨基、羟基、苯基、芳基、烷酰基，烯基、炔基、烷氧基、硝基、卤原子等。
M可以为氢，也可以为与表面活性肽形成盐的物质。优选M是与表面活性肽形成盐的物质，只要是这样的物质就没有特别的限定，但特别优选碱金属、碱土金属以及铵。
这里，作为碱金属没有特别的限定，表示锂、钠、钾等。其中优选钠。
作为碱土金属没有特别的限定，表示铍、镁、钙等。
铵，只要是与表面活性肽形成盐的物质，就没有特别的限定，也可以进行取代。作为这样的铵，除了无取代铵以外，还可以列举：一取代铵、二取代铵、三取代铵以及四取代铵。
作为铵的取代基，可以列举：例如，甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基等烷基，苄基、甲基苄基、苯基乙基等芳烷基，苯基、甲苯酰基、二甲苯基等芳基等的有机基团。
作为铵，更具体地，可以列举：甲基铵、乙基铵、苄基铵、苯胺、二乙基铵、二环己基铵、吡咯、吗啉
、N-苄基-N-乙基铵、N-乙基苯胺、三乙基铵、四甲基铵、四乙基铵、吡啶
等。这些有机基团，也可以进一步用1个或者2个以上的取代基所取代。
对于上述生物表面活性剂可以使用1种或者2种以上。优选单独使用表面活性肽或其盐，或者与其他的生物表面活性剂(除糖脂类生物表面活性剂、脂肪酸类生物表面活性剂、聚合物类生物表面活性剂、表面活性肽以外的脂肽化合物类生物表面活性剂等)的组合。含有表面活性肽或其盐的灭火剂，其泡沫稳定性特别优异。作为使用2种以上生物表面活性剂的例子，可以列举：例如，表面活性肽或其盐与甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂或槐糖脂等糖脂、表面活性肽或其盐与刺孢青霉酸等脂肪酸、表面活性肽或其盐与乳化胶等聚合物、表面活性肽或其盐与节杆菌脂肽(Arthrofactin)等脂肽化合物等的组合，但并不限定于这些。
上述生物表面活性剂不限于来自微生物的发酵，也可以同样地使用通过化学合成法得到的物质。
此外，含有生物表面活性剂的灭火剂的形态，例如，有粉末状、溶液状、泡沫状、糊状等，但并不特别限定于此，而优选的使用形态为水溶液，或者将这些的溶液进行泡沫化而得到的物质。
对于本发明的灭火剂中的生物表面活性剂的用量，没有特别的限制，在水溶液的情况下，以使用时的灭火剂中的重量比计，其下限值为0.00001重量%以上，优选0.0001重量%以上，进一步优选0.001%重量以上，更加优选0.01重量%以上，最优选0.1%重量以上。作为其上限值，例如在50重量%以下，优选10重量%以下，进一步优选1重量%以下。
需要说明的是，灭火剂的溶液，可以预先制备将如上所述的各成分进行适当的浓度调整而得到的溶液，搬运至火灾现场使用，也可以将高浓度溶液搬运到火灾现场再进行稀释，但并不特别限定于这些。
灭火剂中，除生物表面活性剂以外，通常用于灭火剂中的物质都可以没有特别限制地使用。这里所说的灭火剂，可以列举：例如，以水为主成分的水系灭火剂、以碳酸钾等碱金属盐为主成分的强化液灭火剂、含有磷酸盐或钾盐等的中性强化液灭火剂、以蛋白泡沫灭火剂等为代表的泡沫灭火剂等，但并不限定于上述这些灭火剂。
作为用于灭火剂中的其他成分，可以列举：例如，甘油等多元醇，棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸等高级脂肪酸及其衍生物，月桂醇、鲸蜡醇等高级醇、及其衍生物，柠檬酸、酒石酸、乳酸等有机酸、及其衍生物，聚氧乙烯烷基醚或多元醇脂肪酸酯等非离子型界面活性剂，烷基硫酸酯盐或聚氧乙烯烷基醚磷酸盐、十二烷基苯磺酸盐等阴离子型表面活性剂，烷基三甲基铵盐等阳离子型表面活性剂，烷基二甲基甜菜碱等两性的甜菜碱型表面活性剂，甲基纤维素、聚乙烯醇、褐藻酸钠等水溶性高分子，琥珀酸、葡糖酸、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐等pH调节剂，L-谷氨酸二乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐、草酸盐、苹果酸盐、葡糖酸盐、植酸盐等螯合剂，果胶、黄原胶等增稠剂，乙二醇或抗冻蛋白质等抗冻成分，苛性盐、胺等碱，盐酸、硫酸、硝酸等无机酸，甲醇、乙醇等低级醇，水等，但并不限定于上述这些物质。
需要说明的是，生物表面活性剂在灭火剂的成分中，不仅作为灭火的主成分使用，也可以作为灭火用的助剂使用。
按照本发明，含有上述生物表面活性剂的灭火剂，与现有的灭火剂或水相比，灭火性能得以提高。
作为灭火性能，例如，可以基于到达火被灭掉时所需要的时间、灭火液的用量，分别作为灭火速度、灭火效率(灭火液的减少程度)来进行评价。
特别是灭火速度的提高是最为重要的，因为其与救助活动中相关的受灾者、消防员等的安全密切相关，更是与防止燃烧漫延等灭害损失的扩大密切相关。此外，通过提高灭火效率，例如，以更加小型的机械材料来应对火灾，这与提高向火灾现场搬运所需机械材料的效率密切相关。进一步地，由于与火灾现场人员的削减、或与带着各种装备的消防员的作业负荷的减轻密切相关，因此可以飞跃性地提高消防活动自身的效率。如上所述，灭火速度、灭火效率的提高，可以在救助生命、使灾害损失最小化方面发挥巨大的贡献。
对于本发明的含有生物表面活性剂的灭火剂的使用方法，没有特别的限定，可以列举：例如，将灭火剂填充至灭火器中进行撒布的方法；从储藏容器、或者罐等中利用泵压送灭火剂而喷射的方法；利用喷雾器撒布灭火剂的方法；利用直升机、航空飞机等从上空撒布灭火剂的方法；将在热熔融性、或者热破损性的树脂容器中填充了灭火剂的灭火弹连同容器一起直接投入火灾现场的方法等。需要说明的是，利用灭火器或泵压送等喷射灭火剂时，也可以在前端的喷嘴处安装发泡用喷嘴等，使灭火剂成为泡沫状而进行使用。这种情况下，喷射的灭火剂呈泡状，因此，可以更加有效地进行灭火。本发明的生物表面活性剂的泡沫稳定性优异，因此特别有效。使之成为泡状的方法，可以列举：例如，使用放水时吸入空气的发泡用喷嘴的方法，或者预先在混合器内使灭火剂成为泡沫状的方法等，但并不限定于上述这些方法。
在本发明中，也包括可以实现上述灭火剂的使用方法的各种灭火系统。作为灭火系统，可以列举：例如，灭火系统(灭火系统1)，其包含填充了灭火剂的灭火器和与该灭火器连接的喷射或者撒布装置；灭火系统(灭火系统2)，其包含储藏了灭火剂的容器和与该容器连接的喷射或者撒布装置、以及用于从上述容器向喷射或者撒布装置压送灭火剂的加压装置；安装了这些灭火系统1或2等的航空飞机或者直升机等。需要说明的是，上述喷射或者撒布装置中包括例如，喷射喷嘴、发泡用喷嘴等。
含有生物表面活性剂的灭火剂，可通过发泡覆盖在被灭火物体的表面，因此，除对A火灾(普通火灾)或煎炸食品用油火灾有效以外，还具有抑制B火灾(油火灾)的可燃性气体蒸发扩散的效果。因此，本发明对于A火灾(普通火灾)、B火灾(油火灾)、煎炸食品用油火灾等的任一种火灾均有效。而且，对于C火灾(电气火灾)而言，虽然撒布方法与其他火灾不同，但由于使用相同的灭火成分，因此本发明也适用于C火灾。
需要说明的是，本申请是基于2011年7月22日申请的日本专利申请第2011-160524号的优先权范围提出的。2011年7月22日申请的日本专利申请第2011-160524号说明书的全部内容，引入本申请作为参考用。
实施例
以下，示出本发明的具体实施例。但是，本发明并不受这些实施例的限制。
(实施例1～10)
灭火性能试验
按照表1记载的浓度制备生物表面活性剂水溶液(灭火剂)200g，所述生物表面活性剂水溶液单独或者混合含有表面活性肽钠(SF)、槐糖脂钠(SL)等。此外，如图1所示，使用16根木片(5)(2mm×2mm×50mm)和甲醇为主要成分的固体燃料(3)6g，制作图1所示的燃烧试验装置(6)。将上述木片(5)以各层2根合计8层的方式进行重叠，使各层的2根木片相互平行，且上下层的木片成垂直的方式配置。将其称之为堆垛(有条理的并且成四方形堆起的木片（orderly and squarely piled up scantling woods）)(1)。此外，上述装置配备有金属制支架(2)，所述支架(2)上面安装约10cm见方大小的网(目)(4)。上述堆垛(1)放置在所述网(4)的中央。而且在所述堆垛(1)的约3cm下方放置上述固体燃料(3)，通过使所述固体燃料(3)着火而使堆垛(1)燃烧。着火1分钟后去除固体燃料(3)，然后从距离堆垛约30cm处进行喷雾上述灭火剂。将到达没有烟时设定为灭火结束，之后的2分钟确认到不再发生燃烧(冒烟)。将到达灭火结束为止的时间作为灭火时间进行评价，将到达灭火结束为止喷雾的灭火剂的量作为灭火剂用量进行评价。
渗透性测定实验
切取38cm×33cm的纸制毛巾(日本制纸CRECIA株式会社生产KIMTOWEL(注册商标))并调整为2cm×2cm的大小，用订书机将中央固定住。将其作为实验片。将成为表1所述浓度的生物表面活性剂水溶液100mL放入同容量的烧杯中，将上述实验片慢慢漂在水面，测量试验片从漂在水面开始到实验片沉入烧杯底部的时间，用以评价渗透性。
泡沫稳定性实验
将成为表1记载的浓度的生物表面活性剂水溶液20mL放入100mL的量筒中。使用石蜡制的膜状密封材料(株式会社日计制作所销售的“parafilm”(注册商标))加盖后，进行30秒钟的激烈搅拌，测定刚搅拌后和5分钟后的泡沫体积。表中示出5分钟后相对于刚搅拌后的泡沫体积比例。
(比较例1～8)
与上述实施例相同，只是使用酪蛋白钠、大豆卵磷脂、大豆皂角苷作为天然的表面活性剂，使用十二烷基硫酸钠作为合成表面活性剂，来代替生物表面活性剂进行同样的实验。此外，作为对照区在水中进行相同的实验。
需要说明的是，灭火速度是通过在各个实验例中测定的灭火时间除以使用蒸馏水作为灭火剂时测定的灭火时间所得的值来进行评价的。此外，灭火效率是通过在各个实验例中测定的灭火剂的用量除以使用蒸馏水作为灭火剂时测定的灭火剂的用量所得的值来进行评价的。
[表1]
从表可知，通过使用生物表面活性剂水溶液作为灭火剂，可提高渗透性，优选可提高灭火速度、灭火效率。特别是通过使用表面活性肽钠水溶液，不仅提高了渗透性，还提高了泡沫稳定性，因此可知，显著地提高了灭火速度、灭火效率。使用生物表面活性剂水溶液时的效果是，灭火速度、灭火效率均比天然表面活性剂优越约2倍，而与水相比则优越约3倍。此外，通常也存在是与高性能的合成表面活性剂同等以上的情况。如上所述可见，含有生物表面活性剂的灭火剂，兼具高的诸多特性和对环境和人体的高安全性。
Claims (6)
1.灭火剂，其特征在于，该灭火剂含有生物表面活性剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的灭火剂，其中，所述生物表面活性剂为脂肽化合物或其盐。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的灭火剂，其中，所述脂肽化合物为下述式(1)所示的表面活性肽或其盐，
[化学式1]
式(1)中，＊表示光学活性位点，
X表示选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸中的任1种氨基酸，
R表示碳原子数为1～20的直链或支链烷基，
M表示氢、碱金属、碱土金属或任选取代的铵。
4.灭火方法，其特征在于，该灭火方法使用权利要求1～3所述的灭火剂。
5.灭火器，其特征在于，该灭火器含有权利要求1～3所述的灭火剂。
6.灭火系统，其特征在于，该灭火系统使用权利要求1～3所述的灭火剂。
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- 2012-07-23 CN CN201280035872.0A patent/CN103702723B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-07-23 KR KR1020147004271A patent/KR20140054095A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-07-23 JP JP2013525713A patent/JP6018062B2/ja active Active
- 2012-07-23 RU RU2014106737/05A patent/RU2605565C2/ru active
- 2012-07-23 EP EP12818268.0A patent/EP2735343B1/en active Active
- 2012-07-23 WO PCT/JP2012/068584 patent/WO2013015241A1/ja active Application Filing
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- 2012-07-23 US US14/234,303 patent/US9776029B2/en active Active
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104368117A (zh) * | 2014-11-04 | 2015-02-25 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 微生物泡沫灭火剂 |
| CN104587631A (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-05-06 | 国家电网公司 | 一种抗复燃环保型输电线路山火灭火剂 |
| CN106807012A (zh) * | 2015-11-27 | 2017-06-09 | 北京中海沃达环保科技有限公司 | 一种新型投掷式生物灭火器 |
| CN105727491A (zh) * | 2016-03-25 | 2016-07-06 | 大庆沃太斯化工有限公司 | 一种含生物表面活性剂的泡沫灭火剂的配方及其制备方法 |
| CN106039627A (zh) * | 2016-05-26 | 2016-10-26 | 洛阳实盾消防科技发展有限公司 | 一种ab类水系灭火器 |
| CN106039627B (zh) * | 2016-05-26 | 2019-09-24 | 洛阳实盾消防科技发展有限公司 | 一种ab类水系灭火器 |
| CN115942980A (zh) * | 2020-06-22 | 2023-04-07 | 雅托普罗德克株式会社 | 泡沫灭火剂 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20140054095A (ko) | 2014-05-08 |
| EP2735343A1 (en) | 2014-05-28 |
| US20140290970A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 |
| RU2605565C2 (ru) | 2016-12-20 |
| EP2735343A4 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
| RU2014106737A (ru) | 2015-08-27 |
| JPWO2013015241A1 (ja) | 2015-02-23 |
| WO2013015241A1 (ja) | 2013-01-31 |
| CA2842583A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
| CN103702723B (zh) | 2016-10-12 |
| US9776029B2 (en) | 2017-10-03 |
| JP6018062B2 (ja) | 2016-11-02 |
| EP2735343B1 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
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