CN103649191B - 包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的选择性气体运输薄膜 - Google Patents
包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的选择性气体运输薄膜 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103649191B CN103649191B CN201280034957.7A CN201280034957A CN103649191B CN 103649191 B CN103649191 B CN 103649191B CN 201280034957 A CN201280034957 A CN 201280034957A CN 103649191 B CN103649191 B CN 103649191B
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- film
- gas
- butadiene
- copolymer
- styrene
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- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
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- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 2
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JPOXNPPZZKNXOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromochloromethane Chemical compound ClCBr JPOXNPPZZKNXOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BXOUVIIITJXIKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;styrene Chemical group C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BXOUVIIITJXIKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物是有用的气体运输薄膜。所述气体运输薄膜通过溴化起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、然后将所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物形成为薄膜而制造。所述薄膜可以含有所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与一种或多种其它聚合物的掺合物。所述薄膜在某些气体对之间具有优异的选择性,并表现出对于各种气体例如二氧化碳和水蒸汽的高气体运输速率。
Description
本申请要求2011年7月14日提交的美国临时专利申请No.61/507,633的优先权。
本发明涉及含有溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜。
聚合薄膜常用于对某些气体或蒸气的渗透性很关键的应用中。在几乎所有的这些应用中,一些种类的选择性是重要的,因为聚合物薄膜必须能够允许某些特定的气体或蒸气容易渗透,同时形成对液体或其它气体的部分或完全的阻隔。
在有些情况下,所述薄膜用来分离气体。在这种情况下,所述薄膜必须允许气体混合物的一种或多种特定的组分比所述混合物的其它组分更迅速地渗透通过所述薄膜。具体的气体可以渗透通过聚合物薄膜的速率有时表示为渗透率P,其考虑了所述薄膜的厚度和表面积、以及跨薄膜施加的压力。渗透率经常以巴(barrer)表示。一巴等于10-10cm3渗透气体(在STP下)乘以薄膜厚度(以cm为单位),除以薄膜表面积(以cm2为单位)、时间(以s为单位)和压力(以cmHg为单位)(1巴=10-10cm3·cm/(cm2·s·cm(Hg)。薄膜识别混合物中两种气体的能力可以表示为分离因子,它是各气体在同样条件下渗透率的比率。因此,对气体A的渗透率为PA=4(任意单位)和对气体B为PB=1的薄膜对于这些气体的分离因子为4,并且每摩尔气体B渗透所述薄膜时将允许四摩尔气体A渗透通过所述薄膜。理想的识别薄膜将对感兴趣的气体具有高分离因子。另外,对于至少一种所述气体的渗透率的绝对值应该尽可能高,因为在大多数工业规模工艺中需要高运转速率。
其它应用需要薄膜允许一部分或全部气体渗透,同时保持对液体的阻隔。这种类型的薄膜的例子是建筑物或房屋的包薄膜(wrap)。房屋包薄膜是施加于建筑物结构的外部,覆面或表面下的聚合薄膜。这些薄膜的主要功能是防止建筑物外面的水渗透到构架部件,所述构架部件经常由对水分敏感的木材或其它材料制成。然而,所述房屋包薄膜必须允许被截留在所述结构内的水逸出,以防止霉菌生长或腐败。因此,房屋包薄膜必须容易渗透水蒸汽。
泡沫绝缘衬垫和地毯衬垫薄膜是必须提供对液态水的阻隔同时可渗透水蒸汽的薄膜的其它例子。
这些分离薄膜中经常需要的另一个属性是阻燃性,尤其是当所述薄膜是建筑构造或陈设的一部分时。为此,已经对于溴化聚合物、包括某些溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物作为阻燃剂添加剂、尤其是用于聚苯乙烯泡沫绝缘制品进行了评价。已经利用某些三溴化季铵溴化的苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物已经被发现是许多应用中特别有用的阻燃添加剂。参见,例如WO2008/021417和WO2008/021418。所述三溴化季铵溴化处理产生在所述共聚物的丁二烯单元上几乎全部发生溴化的产物。在所述共聚物的聚苯乙烯部分的芳环上很少或没有发生溴化。
Csernica等在Macromolecules1991,24,3612-3617中,评价了某些溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体渗透特性。这些研究者通过将预先形成的0.5mm的含有75体积%聚苯乙烯的苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物片进行溴化来制备膜。所述聚丁二烯部分主要包含1,4-异构体单元。Csernica通过将所述片浸在溴的水溶液中进行溴化。这种溴化技术不是选择性的,因为溴化发生在芳环上以及丁二烯单元处。Csernica发现以这种方式溴化起初引起若干气体的渗透率降低,但是这些降低对于有些气体比其他气体更高,导致降低较高的分离因子以通量降低为代价。随着继续溴化,Csernica发现渗透率开始急剧增加。Csernica将这种现象归结于在膜表面形成了孔隙。这些孔隙允许气体迅速输入所述膜的中心。实质上,因为孔隙形成,所述膜的有效厚度变得更小,因此气体运过所述膜变得更快。因此Csernica报告的渗透率提高是大为高估的,因为它们是基于初始膜的厚度计算的,而不是基于在所述膜表面上已经形成孔隙之后留下的薄得多的识别层来计算的。随着Csernica再进一步地继续他的溴化,孔隙形成停止并且渗透率再次下降,但是达不到最初的水平。渗透率的这种二次降低归因于在所述薄膜表面上形成孔隙以允许液体溴化剂进入薄膜中心之后,薄膜内部区域的溴化。
于是,在Csernica的试验中,高气体运输速率仅仅通过当预先形成的苯乙烯-丁二烯薄膜被溴化时形成孔隙、从而降低了所述薄膜的有效厚度来实现。在没有孔隙形成的情况下,Csernica的工作证明了苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的溴化引起非常显著的渗透率降低。在Csernica的方法中得到高渗透速率所必需的孔隙形成导致薄膜弱化。此外,Csernica的溴化薄膜生产方法对于膜的大规模生产不是可行的。
本发明在一个方面是制造包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜的方法,其中所述薄膜通过溴化起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、然后将所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物形成为薄膜来制备。
本发明在另一个方面是按照前述方法制造的包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜。
在另一个方面,本发明是包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物含有40至80摩尔%溴化或未溴化的丁二烯单元。
本发明还是包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物中超过50%的丁二烯单元是1,2-丁二烯单元。
本发明还是包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜,其中至少60%的丁二烯单元是溴化的并且不超过10%的苯乙烯单元是溴化的。
申请人已经意外发现,与Csernica相反,由某些溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物制成的薄膜表现出对某些气体、特别是二氧化碳和水蒸汽的高渗透率。这些薄膜中的许多对水蒸汽传输速率特别高,因此这些薄膜非常适合作为水蒸气输送薄膜用于房屋包薄膜、地毯衬垫、包装和类似应用中。由于各种气体之间渗透系数的差异大,这些薄膜对许多气体对还是优异的识别膜。因此,所述薄膜可用于从气态烷烃或烯烃中分离酸性气体例如二氧化碳、硫化氢和气态硫醇(如在天然气脱硫中)、从空气中分离氧气或氮气、或可用于其它气体分离工艺中。
本发明的另一个优点在于,如通过各种标准耐火试验所表明,所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物具有阻燃性质,而且含有所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的膜由于存在所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物还倾向于具有耐燃性。
本发明的又一个优点在于所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物可以与许多类型的其它有机聚合物掺合用于生产气体运输薄膜。因此,某些实施方式中的气体运输薄膜包含根据本发明的一个或多个前述方面的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物与一种或多种其它有机聚合物的掺合物。在这些情况中,所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物经常起到渗透率增强添加剂的功能,还可以赋予更好的耐火性能(再次,如通过各种标准耐火试验所表明)。
因此,在某些特定的实施方式中,本发明是
a.泡沫热绝缘制品,其具有附着于其至少一个表面的根据本发明的任何前述方面的气体运输薄膜;
b.地板覆盖材料产品,其具有饰面层和直接或间接附着于所述饰面层的反面的至少一层本发明任何前述方面的气体运输薄膜层;
c.包含本发明任何前述方面的气体运输薄膜的抗水阻隔薄膜;
d.建筑构造,其具有至少一个墙壁或屋顶结构,所述墙壁或屋顶结构具有施加于其主表面的本发明任何前述方面的气体运输薄膜层;和
e.分离气体的方法,所述方法包括将含有至少一种第一气体和至少一种第二气体的气体混合物与包含本发明任何前述方面的气体运输膜的进给侧接触,并从所述膜的压力较低的下游侧回收富含所述第一气体的气体。
所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物是通过溴化起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物而制成的。所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物将含有当苯乙烯聚合到所述聚合物链中时形成的重复苯乙烯单元,和当丁二烯聚合到所述聚合物链中时形成的重复丁二烯单元。丁二烯聚合主要形成两种类型的重复单元。一种类型在本文中称为“1,2-丁二烯单元”,采取如下形式
并因此向所述聚合物引入不饱和侧基。第二种主要类型在本文中称为“1,4-丁二烯”单元,采取–CH2–CH=CH–CH2–形式并将不饱和度引入聚合物主链中。起始共聚物中1,2-和1,4-丁二烯单元的比例可以广泛地变化。在一些实施方式中,起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物中50至100%的丁二烯单元是1,4-丁二烯单元。在其它实施方式中,起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物中的至少50%丁二烯单元是1,2-丁二烯单元。1,2-丁二烯单元可以占起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物中丁二烯单元的至少60%或至少70%,并可以超过所述起始共聚物中丁二烯单元的85%或甚至超过90%。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物优选含有至少15摩尔%丁二烯单元。更优选含有至少40摩尔%丁二烯单元并甚至更优选含有至少60摩尔%丁二烯单元。它可以含有多达90摩尔%丁二烯单元,更优选最多80摩尔%丁二烯单元。所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物优选含有至少10摩尔%、更优选至少20摩尔%苯乙烯单元,最多60摩尔%、更优选最多50摩尔%苯乙烯单元。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物可以含有其它可共聚单体的重复单元。如果存在,这些其它重复单元优选占所述苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的重复单元的不超过20摩尔%并优选不超过10摩尔%。
所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物将含有与起始共聚物基本相同的比例的苯乙烯、丁二烯及其他重复单元,其中一部分或全部的丁二烯单元以及任选的一定比例的苯乙烯或其它重复单元被溴化,即具有一个或多个溴原子与其相连。所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物还将含有与起始共聚物相同比例的1,2-和1,4-丁二烯单元,但是那些单元的至少一部分将被溴化。除非另有说明,术语“丁二烯单元”在本文中关于溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物应用时,包括已经被溴化的丁二烯单元(即,被至少一个溴原子取代)以及没有被溴化的丁二烯单元。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物可以是无规、嵌段或接枝共聚物,或这些的一定组合。根据成本、性能和易得性,嵌段共聚物是优选的。这样的嵌段共聚物含有一个或多个聚苯乙烯嵌段和一个或多个聚丁二烯嵌段。这些当中,尤其优选二嵌段、三嵌段、星形支化和多嵌段共聚物。有用的起始苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物之中包括可得自DexcoPolymers的商品名为VECTORTM的那些。嵌段共聚物优选含有不超过10%的无规聚合的苯乙烯和丁二烯。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物适合地具有至少5,000、优选至少20,000、更优选至少50,000并甚至更优选至少70,000,最多400,000、优选最多300,000并更优选最多200,000的重均分子量(Mw)。对本发明来说,分子量是通过凝胶渗透色谱相对于聚苯乙烯标准品的表观分子量。GPC分子量测定可以利用Agilent1100系列液相色谱仪或等效装置进行,所述液相色谱仪配备两个串联的PolymerLaboratoriesPLgel5微米Mixed-C柱和AgilentG1362A折光率检测器,用流速为1mL/min并被加热到35℃温度的四氢呋喃(THF)或其他合适的溶剂作为洗脱剂。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的分子量(和相应地,所述溴化共聚物的分子量)在有些情况下可以影响薄膜对某些气体的渗透率,和/或影响所述薄膜表现出的对某些气体对的分离因子。
所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物通过跨所述聚合物的至少一部分丁二烯单元的碳-碳不饱和度添加溴进行溴化。在一些实施方式中,也可以溴化苯乙烯单元的一部分或全部芳环。溴化可以利用直接溴化法进行,其中,例如,如WO2008/021418所述,用元素溴来溴化起始丁二烯聚合物。同样如WO2008/021418所述,所述溴化反应期间可以存在脂族醇。残余的溴和其他副产物可以通过萃取、洗涤或其他有用的方法,从所产生的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物溶液中除去。
1,4-丁二烯单元在直接溴化过程期间可能易于断链反应。在有些情况下,这可引起可能不希望的分子量损失。因此,如果使用直接溴化法,可能希望用作起始苯乙烯-丁二烯的是其中大于50%、更优选至少70%和甚至更优选至少85%的丁二烯单元是1,2-丁二烯单元的苯乙烯-丁二烯,以减少断链事件的发生率和由此产生的分子量损失。
所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物可以通过用例如在WO2008/021417中描述的三溴化季铵和/或如WO2010/114637所述的三溴化季鏻来溴化所述起始聚合物而得到。在这种方法中,所述起始聚合物与三溴化季铵或三溴化季鏻(通常在用于所述起始共聚物的溶剂的溶液中)在使得所述起始材料发生反应以产生溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物和一溴化季铵或一溴化季鏻副产物的溶液的条件下进行接触。所述一溴化物副产物可利用任何便利方法从所述溴化共聚物中除去。这种方法具有非常有选择性的优点,因为溴化几乎全部发生在丁二烯单元处,几乎排除了苯乙烯单元的芳环的溴化。另外,所述方法在叔碳原子处和烯丙碳处产生极少的溴化,并因此产生具有优异的热稳定性的溴化共聚物。
如WO2009/134628所述,通过利用三溴化季铵或三溴化季鏻部分溴化起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物,然后用元素溴进一步溴化,来溴化所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物,也是可能的。
溴化程度可相当大地改变。已经发现,通过所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物薄膜的气体渗透速率倾向于随着被溴化的丁二烯单元的比例增加而增加。特定的气体对之间的分离因子也倾向于随着丁二烯单元的溴化程度而变化。因此,在一定程度上,优选溴化稍高比例的丁二烯单元。可以溴化所述起始聚合物中至少60、至少70、至少75、至少80、至少85或至少90%的丁二烯单元。可以溴化高达100%的丁二烯单元。实际的上限通常高达95%,高达98%或高达99%。在具体的实施方式中,可以溴化60至80%、70至80%、70至90%、80至90%、80至100%或90至100%的丁二烯单元。
所述共聚物的苯乙烯单元的一部分或全部芳环可以被溴化,这是指向苯乙烯环引入至少一个溴原子。在一些实施方式中,高达100%的苯乙烯单元可以溴化。在其它实施方式中,苯乙烯单元中只有小比例的芳环被溴化。所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物在一些实施方式中可以在不超过10%的苯乙烯单元的芳环上、在不超过5%的所述环上、或不超过2%的所述环上含有溴。
所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物可利用任何便利方法形成为气体可渗透薄膜。所述薄膜可以是无支撑的(即无载体的),或可以在载体或其它结构上形成识别层。“薄膜”是指厚度(最小维度)为最多约2.5mm的任何材料层。如果作为识别层施加到合适的载体上的话,所述薄膜的厚度通常将显著小于该厚度并可以薄到10纳米。例如,被支撑的薄膜可以具有10纳米至500微米或10纳米至5微米的厚度。无支撑的气体可渗透薄膜通常将具有10纳米至1mm、尤其是0.025至0.5mm的厚度。
气体可渗透薄膜应该对液体是不可渗透的,因此应该没有允许液体渗透通过所述薄膜或允许气体大量输送过所述薄膜的孔隙或其它开口。
生产本发明的气体运输薄膜的一种有效的方法是溶液浇铸方法,其中所述薄膜由所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的溶液浇铸而成。这种方法特别适合于制造许多类型的被支撑的薄膜,包括所述薄膜施加到基材上形成识别层的类型。当所述气体运输薄膜是溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与某些需要很高加工温度的其它聚合物例如热固性材料、或热塑性塑料的掺合物时,所述溶液浇铸法也特别有用。溶剂可以是对于所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的任何溶剂和,在掺合物的情况下,对于所述其它聚合物和/或这类其它聚合物的前体的溶剂。合适的溶剂包括醚例如四氢呋喃;卤代烷烃例如四氯化碳、氯仿、二氯甲烷、溴氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷;烃例如环己烷、环戊烷、环辛烷和甲苯;卤代芳族化合物例如溴苯、氯苯和二氯苯;和酯例如乙酸正丁酯/乙酸乙酯,等等。
在溶液浇铸法中,所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物溶解在溶剂中,所生成的溶液施加于某些基材上。然后通常通过蒸发除去溶剂,产生气体运输薄膜。蒸发步骤可以在升高的温度下和/或在低于一大气压力下进行,但是所述溶剂不应该发生沸腾以避免在薄膜中形成缺陷。在有些情况下,从基材上取下干燥薄膜,从而产生无支撑薄膜。在其它情况下,薄膜保留在基材上,基材起到载体的功能。
生产本发明的气体运输薄膜的另一种有用的方法是熔融加工法,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物通过将其加热到超过它的玻璃化转变温度进行热增塑,并形成为薄膜。生产气体可渗透薄膜的熔融加工法包括,例如,各种公知的挤塑和薄膜吹制法。如果需要,所述薄膜可以单轴或双轴取向。熔融加工法特别适合于生产无支撑薄膜和大规模薄膜生产。熔融挤出法也可用于形成多层共挤出的气体运输薄膜,其中一个或多个层是含有本发明的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输层。
也可以通过纺纱成含有所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的细纤维(例如直径为0.1至5微米的纤维),并将所述纤维通常通过施加热和压力结合在一起形成固体片,而产生气体运输薄膜。
生产本发明的某些气体运输薄膜的又一种有用的方法是形成所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物与第二种聚合物的一种或多种前体的混合物,将所述混合物形成为层,并在所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物存在下固化所述前体以形成薄膜。这种方法特别适合于形成包含所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与热固性聚合物的掺合物的气体运输薄膜。
当所述气体运输薄膜含有所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与一种或多种其它聚合物的掺合物时,所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物在所述掺合物中最通常作为提高气体运输速率、赋予耐火性或二者的改性剂而存在。掺合物可以含有足够的所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物,以提供溴含量基于掺合物重量为0.1重量%至25重量%范围内的掺合物。所述掺合物中的溴含量(由所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物提供)可以从为0.25至10重量%,从0.5至5重量%,或从1至3重量%。需要向掺合物提供给定溴含量的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物的量当然将取决于它的溴含量。然而,通常,每100重量份其它聚合物可以提供少至约0.15重量份的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物(0.15pphr)。可以提供至少0.4pphr或至少0.8pphr的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物。所述掺合物中可以存在高达100pphr或更多的所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物,但是更优选最大量是50pphr,更优选最大量是20pphr并甚至更优选最大量是10pphr或甚至7.5pphr。
多种聚合物可以与所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物掺合。这些当中有:
a.聚烯烃。这些包括乙烯的均聚物和共聚物,例如低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、基本线性聚乙烯均聚物和共聚物,聚丙烯,丙烯和乙烯的共聚物,热塑性烯烃(TPO),等等。
b.聚(乙烯基芳族)聚合物和共聚物。这些包括苯乙烯、取代苯乙烯单体例如α-甲基苯乙烯、溴苯乙烯、氯苯乙烯等;乙烯基萘;等等的聚合物和共聚物。苯乙烯的共聚物当中包括苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物,苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物,苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物,苯乙烯-乙烯共聚物,苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物,苯乙烯-乙烯基苄基氯共聚物,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS),丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)共聚物,等等。
c.聚酯,例如聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)以及对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的共聚酯;环内酯例如聚己内酯的聚合物和共聚物;聚琥珀酸丁二醇酯以及琥珀酸丁二醇酯的共聚物;羟酸例如乳酸、羟基乙酸的聚合物和共聚物;等等。
d.聚酰胺。
e.聚碳酸酯。
f.聚醚醚酮(PEEK)。
g.含氟聚合物,例如四氟乙烯和/或偏二氟乙烯的聚合物和共聚物。
h.乙烯基氯和/或偏氯乙烯的聚合物和共聚物
i.聚砜,聚醚砜。
j.共轭二烯例如丁二烯和异戊二烯的聚合物和共聚物。
k.丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸酯的聚合物和共聚物,例如丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、羟乙基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯等中一种或多种的聚合物和共聚物。这些丙烯酸酯单体的任何一种或多种与一种或多种其它可共聚单体例如苯乙烯或乙烯的共聚物也是可用的。
l.丙烯酰胺的聚合物和共聚物。
m.纤维素醚和酯,例如羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、甲基羟丙基纤维素等等。
n.乙烯醇的聚合物和共聚物。
o.固化环氧树脂。
p.固化乙烯基酯树脂。
q.聚酰亚胺。
r.聚醚和聚硫化物。
s.聚(芳醚),例如聚(苯醚)和聚(二甲苯醚)。
t.聚吡咙(polypyrrolone)。
u.聚(乙烯基酯)例如聚(乙酸乙烯酯)和聚(丙酸乙烯酯)。
v.聚(乙烯醇)。
w.聚(乙烯醛),聚(乙烯酮),聚(乙烯酰胺),聚(乙烯胺),聚(乙烯氨基甲酸酯),聚(乙烯脲),聚(磷酸乙烯酯),聚(硫酸乙烯酯)。
x.聚(苯并苯并咪唑),聚(噁二唑),聚(三唑),聚(苯并咪唑)等等。
本发明的气体运输薄膜可以用作气体分离方法中的识别层。在这样的方法中,含有至少一种第一气体和至少一种第二气体的气体混合物与包含本发明的气体运输薄膜的膜的进给侧进行接触。从所述膜压力较低的下游侧回收富含第一气体的气体。在这样的方法中,本发明的气体运输薄膜可以制造成,例如,中空纤维或积聚的中空纤维、一个或多个多边形管、螺旋缠绕式膜、褶叠片或平片、或其它高表面积的构造。多个薄膜可以装配成筒、模件或其它组件,如例如USP7,247,191所述,其通过引用并入本文。
本发明的气体运输薄膜当在气体分离方法中用作识别层时,可以是支撑型的。载体提供机械强度。它通常比所施加的薄膜更能渗透气体,并且可以是实际上多孔的或以其它方式可透过液体。所述载体可以是中空纤维或积聚的中空纤维、多边形管、螺旋缠绕载体、褶叠片或平片、或其它高表面积材料。可以使用上面描述的任何聚合物类型a-x作为载体材料,聚合物类型的选择取决于具体气体分离方法的特定要求。另外,其它材料例如金属、陶瓷等可以用作载体材料。
本发明的气体运输薄膜可用于例如从至少一种气态烷烃或烯烃例如天然气、甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、丙烷、丙烯或丁烷中分离至少一种酸性气体例如二氧化碳、硫化氢和烷基硫醇。所述气体运输薄膜也可用于从至少一种气态烷烃或烯烃中分离水;从二氧化碳中分离水;从烟道气或富氮气流中分离二氧化碳;从空气中分离氧气,从空气中分离氮气,等等。在这样的气体分离方法中,本发明的气体运输薄膜优选对于待分离的气体表现出至少3,更优选至少5的分离因子。任何气体对之间的分离因子是各纯气体通过气体运输薄膜的两种渗透率的较高者与所述两种渗透率的较低者的比率。
已经发现所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物对某些气体、尤其是水蒸汽具有高渗透率,因此可单独或以与其它聚合物的掺合物用于形成液体阻隔薄膜,所述液体阻隔薄膜允许某些捕集的气体例如水蒸汽渗透通过所述薄膜。这些类型的液体阻隔薄膜可用于各种包装和建筑应用中。那些薄膜的另一个优点是它们经常具有优异的耐燃性(如通过标准化燃烧试验所表明)。
本发明的气体运输薄膜可用做例如包装薄膜,尤其是用于水分敏感性产品包括电子、工业设备、纸和纸板制品、木制品、制造的卷筒材料例如地板覆盖材料制品、食品包装、聚合物泡沫板或聚合物薄膜等等的包装薄膜。由所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与一种或多种如之前所述的其它聚合物的掺合物制成的气体运输薄膜可被用于这些应用中。与聚烯烃例如LDPE、HDPE、LLDPE或基本线性聚乙烯、聚(乙烯基芳族)聚合物和共聚物例如聚苯乙烯和苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物、和/或聚酯例如聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)和聚(乳酸)的掺合物尤其可用于这些应用;这样的掺合物优选含有足够的所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物,以提供溴含量基于掺合物重量在0.1重量%至25重量%范围内的掺合物。
另一种感兴趣的应用是聚合物泡沫绝缘衬垫,尤其是用于泡沫板绝缘制品。聚合物薄膜层经常施加于聚合物泡沫绝缘材料的一个或多个表面上作为水阻隔层并将低热导率发泡剂保留在所述聚合物泡沫内。本发明的气体运输薄膜非常适合于这种应用。所述气体运输薄膜通常通过热软化所述薄膜直到它变得发粘并将所述热软化薄膜层压在预先形成的聚合物泡沫上,从而施加于所述聚合物泡沫绝缘材料的一个或多个表面上。借助粘合剂、通过热软化泡沫表面、或甚至通过将所述泡沫倾倒或挤出到所述薄膜表面上,从而将所述薄膜固定于泡沫表面上,也是可能的。所述聚合物泡沫可以是任何热绝缘泡沫,例如聚苯乙烯或聚苯乙烯共聚物泡沫、硬质聚氨酯泡沫、聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫、聚乙烯或乙烯共聚物泡沫等等。
类似地,地板覆盖材料例如地毯、地毯垫、人工草皮等经常制成具有聚合水阻隔层,并且本发明的气体运输薄膜适合于用作所述气体运输层。所述地板覆盖材料包括饰面层,它是所述制品首次安装时的暴露侧(虽然在有些情况下所述暴露侧随后被覆盖)。所述水阻隔层直接或间接(即通过一个或多个中间层)施加于所述饰面层的反面。层压或胶粘方法可用于施加所述薄膜。
本发明的气体运输薄膜也可用作地板覆盖制品的饰面的保护薄膜。
本发明的气体运输薄膜也可用作建筑行业中的水阻隔薄膜。这些薄膜通常被称为“建筑物包薄膜”或“房屋包薄膜”,并且经常用在框架结构的墙壁和/或屋顶上。在这样的应用中,所述气体运输薄膜被施加于墙壁或屋顶的表面,通常是立面底下(在墙壁的情况下)或覆板例如砖瓦或屋顶板底下(在屋顶的情况下)的外表面。
用于包装、聚合物泡沫绝缘衬垫、地板覆盖材料应用和建筑物包薄膜的气体运输薄膜理想地在37.8℃下具有至少15g·mil/m2·天的水蒸汽渗透率,同时对于液态水是不可渗透的。较高的水蒸汽渗透率是更理想的,例如在37.8℃下至少40g·mil/(m2·天),同样同时对于液态水是不可渗透的。所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物本身的水蒸汽渗透率在100至150g·mil/m2·天的范围内,因此可以单独用于产生用于这些应用的气体运输薄膜。用于这些应用的气体运输薄膜可以是所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物与一种或多种其它聚合物的掺合物,在这种情况下所述掺合物应该具有在37.8℃下至少15g·mil/(m2·天)或在37.8℃下至少40g·mil/(m2·天)的水蒸汽渗透率,同时对于液态水是不可渗透。其它聚合物在一些实施方式中可以是聚烯烃例如LDPE、HDPE、LLDPE或基本线性聚乙烯;聚(乙烯基芳族)聚合物和共聚物例如聚苯乙烯和苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物;和/或聚酯例如聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)和聚(偏氯乙烯);或聚酰胺。除了已经提到的水渗透性之外,这样的掺合物优选含有足够的溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物以提供溴含量基于掺合物重量在0.1重量%至25重量%范围内的掺合物。
提供以下实施例是为了说明本发明,而不是限制其范围。全部份数和百分数都按重量计,除非另外指出。
实施例1-12
根据WO2008/021417中描述的总体方法,利用四乙基三溴化铵作为溴化剂,将具有中央聚丁二烯嵌段的各种苯乙烯-丁二烯三嵌段共聚物溴化。所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯聚合物表征如下:
所述溴化共聚物表征如下:
在每种情况下,少于10%的苯乙烯环被溴化。
溴化共聚物1-10各自制成薄膜,用于气体渗透试验。共聚物粉末溶解在甲苯中,形成15重量%溶液。所生成的溶液倒入聚四氟乙烯盘中,并在空气吹扫下放入40℃烘箱中24-48小时以除去溶剂和形成薄膜。从盘中取出留下的薄膜并干燥2-4小时。测量干燥薄膜的厚度。
将所述干燥薄膜装入如美国公布的专利申请2010-0126341中所述的用于CO2和CH4测试的纯气体渗透室,并在35℃下暴露于真空16小时。然后测试样品以证实它们的泄漏速率不大于2X10-6托/秒(266Pa/s)。所述样品然后一侧暴露于15psig(105kPa)和35℃的试验气体,直到样品相反侧上的增压速率达到稳态(在10分钟时间内增压变化小于0.5%)。然后测量稳态渗透值。在利用多种气体评价所述薄膜的情况下,利用真空泵将薄膜上游和下游的空间在35℃下抽空至少16小时。
水蒸汽输送利用包含水传感器的MoconPermatran-水蒸气渗透率测试仪器(MOCON,Inc.)测量。水蒸汽输送试验在大约37.8℃、760mmHg(101kPa)大气压和100%相对湿度下进行。载气是无水氮气,并且所述试验气体在空气中包含水蒸汽。试验气体从放置在小板的进入面附近的湿海绵产生。载气将渗透通过薄膜的任何水蒸汽从所述薄膜的出口面吹走,去往传感器。
结果如表1所示。
表1
Claims (13)
1.用于制造包含溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的气体运输薄膜的方法,所述方法包括溴化含有苯乙烯单元和60至90摩尔%丁二烯单元的起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物,以溴化至少70摩尔%的所述丁二烯单元和不超过10%的所述苯乙烯单元的芳环,然后将所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物形成为被支撑的或无支撑的薄膜,所述薄膜如果是被支撑的,则具有10纳米至5微米的厚度,如果是无支撑的,则具有0.025-0.5mm的厚度。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物是苯乙烯和丁二烯的嵌段共聚物并具有50,000至200,000的表观分子量,其通过凝胶渗透色谱相对于聚苯乙烯标准品测量。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物中至少85%的丁二烯单元是1,2-丁二烯单元。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物是通过用三溴化季铵或三溴化季鏻来溴化起始苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物的溶液制成的。
5.根据任一前述权利要求制造的气体运输薄膜。
6.权利要求5的气体运输薄膜,其中所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物作为与至少一种其他有机聚合物的掺合物存在于所述薄膜中。
7.权利要求6的气体运输薄膜,其中所述掺合物含有一定量的所述溴化苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物以提供溴含量从0.1至25重量%的掺合物。
8.权利要求7的气体运输薄膜,其中所述其他有机聚合物选自LDPE、HDPE、LLDPE;聚苯乙烯,苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物,聚偏氯乙烯,或聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)。
9.权利要求5的气体运输薄膜,其在37.8℃具有至少15g·mil/m2·天的水蒸汽渗透率并且对于液态水是不可渗透的。
10.聚合物泡沫热绝缘制品,其具有附着于其至少一个表面的权利要求5的气体运输薄膜。
11.地板覆盖材料制品,其具有饰面层和直接或间接附着于所述饰面层的反面的至少一层权利要求5的气体运输薄膜层。
12.用于分离气体的方法,所述方法包括将含有至少一种第一气体和至少一种第二气体的气体混合物与包含权利要求5的气体运输薄膜的膜的进给侧接触,并从所述膜的压力较低的下游侧回收富含所述第一气体的气体。
13.用于从气态烷烃或烯烃分离酸性气体的方法,所述方法包括将至少一种酸性气体和至少一种气态烷烃或烯烃的气体混合物与包含权利要求5的气体运输薄膜的膜的进给侧接触,并从所述膜压力较低的下游侧回收富含所述酸性气体的气体。
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- 2012-06-27 JP JP2014520199A patent/JP2014527096A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2012-06-27 CA CA 2841544 patent/CA2841544A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-06-27 CN CN201280034957.7A patent/CN103649191B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-06-27 WO PCT/US2012/044294 patent/WO2013009468A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-06-27 US US14/126,836 patent/US9126153B2/en active Active
- 2012-06-27 RU RU2014105432/05A patent/RU2014105432A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
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US4868222A (en) * | 1985-06-10 | 1989-09-19 | The Dow Chemical Company | Preparation of asymmetric membranes by the solvent extraction of polymer components from polymer blends |
US6214936B1 (en) * | 1998-07-01 | 2001-04-10 | Basf Ag | Use of microphase-separated polymer blends for the preparation of permeable membranes |
CN101305022A (zh) * | 2005-11-12 | 2008-11-12 | 陶氏环球技术公司 | 溴化丁二烯/乙烯基芳族共聚物、该共聚物与乙烯基芳族聚合物的掺合物和由该掺合物形成的聚合物泡沫 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Modification of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymer Films by Chemical Reaction with Bromine and Effect on Gas Permeability;J.Csernica et.al;《Macromolecules》;19910610;第24卷(第12期);3612-3617 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2731983B1 (en) | 2019-10-02 |
WO2013009468A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
US9126153B2 (en) | 2015-09-08 |
CN103649191A (zh) | 2014-03-19 |
CA2841544A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
RU2014105432A (ru) | 2015-08-20 |
US20140116248A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
JP2014527096A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
EP2731983A1 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
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