CA2440961A1 - Heat and moisture exchange device - Google Patents
Heat and moisture exchange device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2440961A1 CA2440961A1 CA002440961A CA2440961A CA2440961A1 CA 2440961 A1 CA2440961 A1 CA 2440961A1 CA 002440961 A CA002440961 A CA 002440961A CA 2440961 A CA2440961 A CA 2440961A CA 2440961 A1 CA2440961 A1 CA 2440961A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cell according
- chamber
- fluid
- flow
- composite membrane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 125000003609 aryl vinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane Chemical group CC1CC(C)(C)CC(OOC(C)(C)C)(OOC(C)(C)C)C1 NALFRYPTRXKZPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ODBCKCWTWALFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhex-3-yne Chemical group CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C#CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C ODBCKCWTWALFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012963 UV stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 47
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- -1 for example Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920006301 statistical copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 7
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- BXOUVIIITJXIKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;styrene Chemical compound C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BXOUVIIITJXIKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical class C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N (1S,4R)-5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C1C[C@@H]2C[C@@H]1C=C2 OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 2
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylpropionic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HZWXJJCSDBQVLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetoxysulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O HZWXJJCSDBQVLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004984 aromatic diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-ene Chemical compound CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co] GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001935 cyclohexenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003106 haloaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisilazane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000003017 thermal stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOILGBPDXMVFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(diiodomethylsulfonyl)-4-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)C(I)I)C=C1 XOILGBPDXMVFIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IPJGAEWUPXWFPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[3-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)N1C1=CC=CC(N2C(C=CC2=O)=O)=C1 IPJGAEWUPXWFPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZAVRNDQSIORTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxy-2,2-bis(ethenoxymethyl)butane Chemical compound C=COCC(CC)(COC=C)COC=C CZAVRNDQSIORTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2-methylbenzene Chemical class CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-3-methylbenzene Chemical class CC1=CC=CC(C=C)=C1 JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLRQDIVVLOCZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-octylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 HLRQDIVVLOCZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDRZFSPCVYEJTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylcyclohexene Chemical compound C=CC1=CCCCC1 SDRZFSPCVYEJTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCRZAKVGPJFABU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10-phenoxarsinin-10-yloxyphenoxarsinine Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2OC2=CC=CC=C2[As]1O[As]1C2=CC=CC=C2OC2=CC=CC=C21 VCRZAKVGPJFABU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPDFAWLSJMRLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dibromo-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC2(Br)OC12 BPDFAWLSJMRLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical group OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCNQDGXBYQRUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-sulfonylimidazole Chemical compound O=S(=O)=C1N=CC=N1 MCNQDGXBYQRUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBIUWALDKXACEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[bis(2,4-dioxopentan-3-yl)alumanyl]pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound CC(=O)C(C(C)=O)[Al](C(C(C)=O)C(C)=O)C(C(C)=O)C(C)=O XBIUWALDKXACEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYTUUFMWKBIPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenylcyclohexene Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC=C1 YYTUUFMWKBIPEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoxyprop-1-ene Chemical compound C=CCOCC=C ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical class CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BBDKZWKEPDTENS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Vinylcyclohexene Chemical compound C=CC1CCC=CC1 BBDKZWKEPDTENS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSDLLIBGSJNGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Chemical group CC1=CC(O)=CC(C)=C1Cl OSDLLIBGSJNGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVAWWXSLBDVXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-bromo-5-chloro-3h-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(Cl)=CC2=C1OC(=O)N2 KVAWWXSLBDVXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MQJKPEGWNLWLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dapsone Chemical group C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 MQJKPEGWNLWLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC(=CC=1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1C(C)(C)C JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C(C)=C)COC(=O)C(C)=C OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTVWRXDRKAHEAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(=O)(OCC(CC)CCCC)OCC(CC)CCCC GTVWRXDRKAHEAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003096 antiparasitic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125687 antiparasitic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003443 antiviral agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005228 aryl sulfonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001565 benzotriazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003124 biologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000074 biopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010504 bond cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyldiimidazole Chemical group C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C=CN=C1 PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazene Chemical compound N=N RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000071 diazene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylacetylene Natural products CC#CC XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinyl sulfone Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)C=C AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002560 ketene acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001471 micro-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002848 norbornenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005373 pervaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000017983 photosensitivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000434 photosensitization Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002432 poly(vinyl methyl ether) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanamine Chemical compound [SiH3]N FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNDQIMQXSXNTLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N styrene;2-sulfonylimidazole Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.O=S(=O)=C1N=CC=N1 HNDQIMQXSXNTLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCOP(=O)(OCCC)OCCC RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) phosphate Chemical compound C=CCOP(=O)(OCC=C)OCC=C XHGIFBQQEGRTPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical compound [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
- B01D63/082—Flat membrane modules comprising a stack of flat membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
- B01D53/268—Drying gases or vapours by diffusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
- B01D69/107—Organic support material
- B01D69/1071—Woven, non-woven or net mesh
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/28—Polymers of vinyl aromatic compounds
- B01D71/281—Polystyrene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/80—Block polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
- F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
- F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
- F24F3/147—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification with both heat and humidity transfer between supplied and exhausted air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0015—Heat and mass exchangers, e.g. with permeable walls
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
- F28F21/065—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing plate-like or laminated conduits
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/48—Antimicrobial properties
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
- F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
- F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
- F24F2003/1435—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification comprising semi-permeable membrane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Central Air Conditioning (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
A unitary humidity exchange cell (HUX) is disclosed that includes at least o ne composite membrane, disposed between at least one first chamber for flow of the first fluid therethrough and at least one second chamber for flow of the second fluid therethrough. The composite membrane include an at least partially sulfonated humidity-conducting polymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer; and a reinforcing substrate bonded thereto. The product finds utility in a variety of physical and chemical processes and products whereby moisture or other highly polar liquid or gas transfer, exchange removal or delivery is important. A notable application i s the Membrane Energy Recovery Ventilator (MERV) in which both heat and moistu re is transferred between two air streams, one intake and one exhaust, from an air-conditioned building.
Description
HEAT AND MOISTURE EXCHANGE DEVICE
Cross-Reference to Related Applications [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional applications 60/275,459, filed March 13, 2001, and 60/327,746, filed October 9, 2001.
Field of the Invention [0002] The invention relates to devices and apparatus for transfer of heat and~water between fluids, via a composite polymer membrane.
Background of the Invention [0003] A unitary humidity exchange cell (or HUX), as the name implies, is an element of a device that is capable of transferring water or other highly polar liquid or gas from one side of the cell to the other by action of a difference in some quantity or gradient across said cell. A key operational characteristic of the HUX cell is that a difference of some intensive or extensive property of the system (relative to the surrounding) leads to a gradient change of said property to effect mass transfer of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas from one side of the membrane to the other with or without an accompanying flow of electrons, protons, ions or molecules other than said water or other highly polar.liquid or gas. It is under the influence of this property that exchange in liquid water or some other highly polar liquid or gas occurs across the permaselective membrane. This transfer of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas may or may not be accompanied by evaporation of said water or other highly polar liquid or gas into (or from) the stream by the absorption of heat or adiabatically or by some other thermodynamic means; for example the condensation or evaporation of liquid water or some other highly polar liquid or gas or the simple diffusion of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas into a pure liquid stream. A finite gradient across the membrane must exist in some quantity; examples are vapor pressure, osmotic or hydrostatic pressure, chemical, thermochemical, electrochemical, magnetochemical. potential, as-well as thermal (temperature or heat content), electric, electromaghetic, thermoelectric, or electrothermal potential difference. There must be at least two streams, one supplied to each surface of said membrane by some means either as a liquid or vapor flow each of which differs ~in at least one identical property of the system. The system attempts to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium by transporting water or some other highly polar liquid or gas from one stream to the other. The orientation of the streams to one another is considered arbitrary for the invention; these may be counter flo~N, coflow, crossflow, mixed flow or any other geometric arrangement of one or more streams. Water or some other highly polar liquid or gas transport (e.g. hydrodynamic, electrohydrodynamic, magnetohydrodynamic, diffusion, migration, or convection) occurs until the imposed gradient can no longer meet the physicochemical constraints of the 'system required to susfiain the motion. In many cases, the exchange of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas between the streams is slow, but this may be due to some other limiting v factor, such as, boundary layer effects, concentration polarization, hydrostatic pressure lag or gravity, surface tension effects, and convective or frictional effects.
However, once these engineering design or system effects are minimized, inevitably, the exchange or transport of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas is rate-limiting if the permeability of the membrane to water or some other highly polar liquid or gas is poor.
Hence, an importanf object of the~invention is that hydrophilic polymer membrane has high permeability to water or some other highly polar liquid or gas; more than necessary for most applications. The hydrophilic polymer membrane (or formulation) must be mechanically supported and there must be means to supply the two streams to said surfaces. A second object of the invention is that the three sub-elements be fabricated as one unit by conventional means at low cost. This requires that the hydrophilic polymer wet the support, achieve intimate contact and demonstrate exceptional adhesion to it.
Therefore, a third object of the invention is that the support be a polyolefin or blend thereof such that one component of said hydrophilic polymer is similar _in chemical structure to one component of the support.
Cross-Reference to Related Applications [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional applications 60/275,459, filed March 13, 2001, and 60/327,746, filed October 9, 2001.
Field of the Invention [0002] The invention relates to devices and apparatus for transfer of heat and~water between fluids, via a composite polymer membrane.
Background of the Invention [0003] A unitary humidity exchange cell (or HUX), as the name implies, is an element of a device that is capable of transferring water or other highly polar liquid or gas from one side of the cell to the other by action of a difference in some quantity or gradient across said cell. A key operational characteristic of the HUX cell is that a difference of some intensive or extensive property of the system (relative to the surrounding) leads to a gradient change of said property to effect mass transfer of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas from one side of the membrane to the other with or without an accompanying flow of electrons, protons, ions or molecules other than said water or other highly polar.liquid or gas. It is under the influence of this property that exchange in liquid water or some other highly polar liquid or gas occurs across the permaselective membrane. This transfer of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas may or may not be accompanied by evaporation of said water or other highly polar liquid or gas into (or from) the stream by the absorption of heat or adiabatically or by some other thermodynamic means; for example the condensation or evaporation of liquid water or some other highly polar liquid or gas or the simple diffusion of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas into a pure liquid stream. A finite gradient across the membrane must exist in some quantity; examples are vapor pressure, osmotic or hydrostatic pressure, chemical, thermochemical, electrochemical, magnetochemical. potential, as-well as thermal (temperature or heat content), electric, electromaghetic, thermoelectric, or electrothermal potential difference. There must be at least two streams, one supplied to each surface of said membrane by some means either as a liquid or vapor flow each of which differs ~in at least one identical property of the system. The system attempts to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium by transporting water or some other highly polar liquid or gas from one stream to the other. The orientation of the streams to one another is considered arbitrary for the invention; these may be counter flo~N, coflow, crossflow, mixed flow or any other geometric arrangement of one or more streams. Water or some other highly polar liquid or gas transport (e.g. hydrodynamic, electrohydrodynamic, magnetohydrodynamic, diffusion, migration, or convection) occurs until the imposed gradient can no longer meet the physicochemical constraints of the 'system required to susfiain the motion. In many cases, the exchange of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas between the streams is slow, but this may be due to some other limiting v factor, such as, boundary layer effects, concentration polarization, hydrostatic pressure lag or gravity, surface tension effects, and convective or frictional effects.
However, once these engineering design or system effects are minimized, inevitably, the exchange or transport of water or some other highly polar liquid or gas is rate-limiting if the permeability of the membrane to water or some other highly polar liquid or gas is poor.
Hence, an importanf object of the~invention is that hydrophilic polymer membrane has high permeability to water or some other highly polar liquid or gas; more than necessary for most applications. The hydrophilic polymer membrane (or formulation) must be mechanically supported and there must be means to supply the two streams to said surfaces. A second object of the invention is that the three sub-elements be fabricated as one unit by conventional means at low cost. This requires that the hydrophilic polymer wet the support, achieve intimate contact and demonstrate exceptional adhesion to it.
Therefore, a third object of the invention is that the support be a polyolefin or blend thereof such that one component of said hydrophilic polymer is similar _in chemical structure to one component of the support.
[0004] HUX cell design is general in that water (liquid or vapor) or other highly polar material (liquid or vapor) can be transferred between any two fluids. Examples of applications are per-vaporation~ humidification and dehumidification of fuel cell streams in stacks and devices, drying gases at pressure, tertiary oil recovery, process control-for chemical, manufacture of chemicals for which water is a reactant, isolation of minerals from mining fluids, industrial separation of oil-water emulsions, microfiltration and ultrafiltration of colloidal suspensions and biological or organic macromolecules for purification, maintaining water content of methanol in direct methanol fuel cells, reverse osmosis for isolation of fresh water from brine, electrolysis cells, dialysis, electro-dialysis, piezo-dialysis, electro-osmosis and chloro-alkali cells.
Summary of the Invention [0005] The present invention relates to cells for transferring heafi and moisture between a first fluid and a second fluid. Such a cell comprises at least one composite membrane, disposed between at least one first chamber for flow of the first fluid therethrough and at least one second chamber for flow of the second fluid therethrough; whereby heat and moisture is transferable between the first fluid and second fluid via the composite membrane. The composite membrane may comprise an at least partially sulfonated humidity-conducting polymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer; and a reinforcing substrate bonded thereto. The cell may additionally include at least one spacer disposed on a surface of the composite membrane. The spacers) may have a dimension normal to the surface of the composite membrane corresponding to a height of the first chamber; the longitudinal axis of the at least one_spacer may be oriented parallel to a direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber. The direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber may be orthogonal to a direction of flow of the second fluid in the second chamber, or it may be opposite to it. In some embodiments, a plurality of synthetic polymer ribs are used as spacers; in others, the spacer is merely a bead of an adhesive composition; in still others, the spacer is a corrugated sheet composed of paper or plastic. The invention also relates to cell containing a plurality of composite membranes, and a plurality of alternating first chambers and second' chambers, each separated by a composite membrane. The reinforcing substrate of the composite membrane may be a nonwoven fabric, composed of synthetic fibers, particularly one or more polyolefins. The humidity-conducting polymer of the composite membrane may include an additive selected from the group of antioxidants, biocides, flame retardants, uv stabilizers, hydrophilic plasticizers, and mixtures thereof, particularly, antioxidant(s), biocide(s), and flame retardant(s). The humidity-conducting polymer may be crosslinked using a peroxide initiator and an organometallic enolate coupling agent, particularly, 1,1-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane and aluminum acetoacetonate, or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 and aluminum acetoacetonate.
Brief Description of the Drawings [0006] FIG. 1 shows a composite membrane for use in a humidity exchange cell according to present invention.
Summary of the Invention [0005] The present invention relates to cells for transferring heafi and moisture between a first fluid and a second fluid. Such a cell comprises at least one composite membrane, disposed between at least one first chamber for flow of the first fluid therethrough and at least one second chamber for flow of the second fluid therethrough; whereby heat and moisture is transferable between the first fluid and second fluid via the composite membrane. The composite membrane may comprise an at least partially sulfonated humidity-conducting polymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer; and a reinforcing substrate bonded thereto. The cell may additionally include at least one spacer disposed on a surface of the composite membrane. The spacers) may have a dimension normal to the surface of the composite membrane corresponding to a height of the first chamber; the longitudinal axis of the at least one_spacer may be oriented parallel to a direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber. The direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber may be orthogonal to a direction of flow of the second fluid in the second chamber, or it may be opposite to it. In some embodiments, a plurality of synthetic polymer ribs are used as spacers; in others, the spacer is merely a bead of an adhesive composition; in still others, the spacer is a corrugated sheet composed of paper or plastic. The invention also relates to cell containing a plurality of composite membranes, and a plurality of alternating first chambers and second' chambers, each separated by a composite membrane. The reinforcing substrate of the composite membrane may be a nonwoven fabric, composed of synthetic fibers, particularly one or more polyolefins. The humidity-conducting polymer of the composite membrane may include an additive selected from the group of antioxidants, biocides, flame retardants, uv stabilizers, hydrophilic plasticizers, and mixtures thereof, particularly, antioxidant(s), biocide(s), and flame retardant(s). The humidity-conducting polymer may be crosslinked using a peroxide initiator and an organometallic enolate coupling agent, particularly, 1,1-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane and aluminum acetoacetonate, or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 and aluminum acetoacetonate.
Brief Description of the Drawings [0006] FIG. 1 shows a composite membrane for use in a humidity exchange cell according to present invention.
[0007] FIG, 2 is a partially exploded view of a humidity exchange cell according to the present invention.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a graph showing high heat and water transfer using a humidity exchange cell according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention [0009] FIG. 1 shows a-single composite membrane 10 for use in a humidity exchange cell according to the present invention. The membrane includes a continuous film of a humidity-conducting polymer 12 bonded to a reinforcing substrate 14 in the form of a:
cross-laid mesh or netting. Reinforcing substrate 14 strengthens the membrane so it can be handled, and allows the membrane to withstand pressure differentials without deflecting. As shown in FIG. 1, there are spacers, ribs or ridges 16 adhered to the surface of membrane 10 and running in one direction. The.other side of the membrane is a smooth surface of humidity-conductihg polymer 12. The height of spacer 16 sets the layer-to-layer spacing. Air channels in the humidity exchange cell are formed by spacers 16 when they rest against the smooth surface of the membrane that is placed on top of it.
Detailed Description of the Invention [0009] FIG. 1 shows a-single composite membrane 10 for use in a humidity exchange cell according to the present invention. The membrane includes a continuous film of a humidity-conducting polymer 12 bonded to a reinforcing substrate 14 in the form of a:
cross-laid mesh or netting. Reinforcing substrate 14 strengthens the membrane so it can be handled, and allows the membrane to withstand pressure differentials without deflecting. As shown in FIG. 1, there are spacers, ribs or ridges 16 adhered to the surface of membrane 10 and running in one direction. The.other side of the membrane is a smooth surface of humidity-conductihg polymer 12. The height of spacer 16 sets the layer-to-layer spacing. Air channels in the humidity exchange cell are formed by spacers 16 when they rest against the smooth surface of the membrane that is placed on top of it.
[0010] The humidity-conducting polymer may be an at least partially sulfonated copolymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer.
Accordingly, the polymer includes repeating units of formula III, derived from an arylvinyl monomer, in addition to one or both of the repeating units of formulas 1 and II, derived from olefin monomers. ' .
.. R~ Rs I ~ I
CH2- i CH2- ;
R2 n ~ R4 m P
_ R6 I
CH2- C' I
Ar q wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 are chosen independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrite, phenyl and lower alkyl; R5 is hydrogen, chlorine or loinrer alkyl; R6 is hydrogen or methyl; R7 is -COOH, -S03H, -P(O)(OR8)OH, -R9-COOH, -R9-S03H, -R9-P(O)(OR8)OH; R8 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R9 is lower alkylene; Ar is phenyl; and m, n, p, and q are zero or integers from 50 to 10,000.
Accordingly, the polymer includes repeating units of formula III, derived from an arylvinyl monomer, in addition to one or both of the repeating units of formulas 1 and II, derived from olefin monomers. ' .
.. R~ Rs I ~ I
CH2- i CH2- ;
R2 n ~ R4 m P
_ R6 I
CH2- C' I
Ar q wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 are chosen independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitrite, phenyl and lower alkyl; R5 is hydrogen, chlorine or loinrer alkyl; R6 is hydrogen or methyl; R7 is -COOH, -S03H, -P(O)(OR8)OH, -R9-COOH, -R9-S03H, -R9-P(O)(OR8)OH; R8 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R9 is lower alkylene; Ar is phenyl; and m, n, p, and q are zero or integers from 50 to 10,000.
[0011] The humidity-conducting polymer may be a block, graft or statistical copolymer derived from arylvinyl monomers. Some suitable polymers are described in US
Patent IVos. 5,468,574; 5,679,482; and 6,110,616; the disclosure of each of these is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Block and graft copolymers contain relatively long segments made up of a homopolymer derived from one of the comonomers. In contrast, the term "statistical" is used herein to refer to polymers that do not contain long segments made up of homopolymer, and to distinguish these from block and graft copolymers. Preferably, the statistical polymers do not contain more than 15 percent of the total amount of arylvinyl monomer in blocks of arylvinyl monomer of more than 3 units. More preferably, the statistical polymers are not characterized by a high degree of either isotacticity or syndiotacticity. This means that in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of the statistical polymer the peak areas corresponding to the main chain methylene and methine carbons representing either meso dial sequences or racemic diad sequences should not exceed 75 percent of the total peak area of the main chain methylene and methine carbons. .
Patent IVos. 5,468,574; 5,679,482; and 6,110,616; the disclosure of each of these is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Block and graft copolymers contain relatively long segments made up of a homopolymer derived from one of the comonomers. In contrast, the term "statistical" is used herein to refer to polymers that do not contain long segments made up of homopolymer, and to distinguish these from block and graft copolymers. Preferably, the statistical polymers do not contain more than 15 percent of the total amount of arylvinyl monomer in blocks of arylvinyl monomer of more than 3 units. More preferably, the statistical polymers are not characterized by a high degree of either isotacticity or syndiotacticity. This means that in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of the statistical polymer the peak areas corresponding to the main chain methylene and methine carbons representing either meso dial sequences or racemic diad sequences should not exceed 75 percent of the total peak area of the main chain methylene and methine carbons. .
[0012] A statistical. copolymer is a well-defined term of art (see G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 1991 ), and the use of the term herein is consistent with the commonly understood usage. Statistical copolymers are derived from the simultaneous polymerization of~two monomers and have a distribution of the two monomer units along the copolymer chain that follows Bernoullian (zero-order Markov), or first or second order Markov statistics. The polymerization may be initiated by free radical, anionic, cationic or coordinatively unsaturated ~(e.g., Ziegler-IVatta catalysts) species.
According to Ring et al., (Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427, 1985), statistical copolymers are the result of elementary. processes leading to the formation of a statistical sequence of monomeric units (that) do not necessarily proceed with equal probability. These processes can lead to various types of sequence distributions comprising those in which the arrangement of monomeric units tends toward alternation, tends toward clustering of like units, or exhibits no ordering tendency at all. Bernoullian statistics is essentially the statistics of coin tossing; copolymers formed via Bernoullian processes have the two monomers distribufied randomly and are referred to. as random polymers. For example, it is possible in a free radical copolymerization for the active end, in the case of one embodiment, a styryl or butadienyl radical, to have essentially no selectivity for styrene vs. butadiene. If so, the statistics will be Bernoullian, and the copolymer obtained will be random. More often than not, there will be a tendency for the propagating chain end to have some selectivity for one monomer or the other. In rare cases block copolymers can be derived from the simultaneous copolymerization of two monomers when the preference of the propagating chain ends for adding the opposite monomers is very low. The resulting polymer would be categorized as a block copolymer for the purposes of the present invention.
According to Ring et al., (Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427, 1985), statistical copolymers are the result of elementary. processes leading to the formation of a statistical sequence of monomeric units (that) do not necessarily proceed with equal probability. These processes can lead to various types of sequence distributions comprising those in which the arrangement of monomeric units tends toward alternation, tends toward clustering of like units, or exhibits no ordering tendency at all. Bernoullian statistics is essentially the statistics of coin tossing; copolymers formed via Bernoullian processes have the two monomers distribufied randomly and are referred to. as random polymers. For example, it is possible in a free radical copolymerization for the active end, in the case of one embodiment, a styryl or butadienyl radical, to have essentially no selectivity for styrene vs. butadiene. If so, the statistics will be Bernoullian, and the copolymer obtained will be random. More often than not, there will be a tendency for the propagating chain end to have some selectivity for one monomer or the other. In rare cases block copolymers can be derived from the simultaneous copolymerization of two monomers when the preference of the propagating chain ends for adding the opposite monomers is very low. The resulting polymer would be categorized as a block copolymer for the purposes of the present invention.
[0013] Statistical copolymers generally display a single glass transition temperature.
Block and graft copolymers typically display multiple glass transitions, due to the presence of multiple phases. Statistical copolymers are, therefore, distinguishable from block and graft copolymers on this basis. The single glass transition temperature reflects homogeneity at the molecular level. An additional consequence of this homogeneity is that statistical copolymers, such as those of styrene and butadiene, when viewed by electron microscopy, display a single phase morphology with no microphase separation.
In contrast, block and graft copolymers of stynenelbutadiene, for example, are characterized by two glass transition temperatures and separation into styrene-rich domains and butadiene-rich domains. It should be noted that membranes of the invention which are produced from statistical copolymers originally having a single glass transition temperature and a single phase morphology do not necessarily exhibit a single phase morphology or a single glass transition temperature after sulfonation because of chemical changes in the polymer effected by the sulfonation, in combination with the physical changes effected by the casting processes of the invention.
Block and graft copolymers typically display multiple glass transitions, due to the presence of multiple phases. Statistical copolymers are, therefore, distinguishable from block and graft copolymers on this basis. The single glass transition temperature reflects homogeneity at the molecular level. An additional consequence of this homogeneity is that statistical copolymers, such as those of styrene and butadiene, when viewed by electron microscopy, display a single phase morphology with no microphase separation.
In contrast, block and graft copolymers of stynenelbutadiene, for example, are characterized by two glass transition temperatures and separation into styrene-rich domains and butadiene-rich domains. It should be noted that membranes of the invention which are produced from statistical copolymers originally having a single glass transition temperature and a single phase morphology do not necessarily exhibit a single phase morphology or a single glass transition temperature after sulfonation because of chemical changes in the polymer effected by the sulfonation, in combination with the physical changes effected by the casting processes of the invention.
[0014] The humidity-conducting polymers for use in the hurnidity exchange cells of the present invention are derived from the polymerization of arylviny! monomers and which, therefore, contain pendant~aryl or aromatic moieties. Arylvinyl monomers are defined herein as monomers that contain a vinyl group substituted with an aryl, haloaryl or alkyl-substituted aryl group. An example of a monomer containing a vinyl group substituted with an aryl is styrene, an example of a monomer containing a vinyl group substituted with a haloaryl group is chlorostyrene, and examples of monomers containing a vinyl group substituted with an alkyl-substituted aryl group are p-octylstyrene and vinyl toluene.
One or more arylvinyl monomers may be copolymerized with olefin comonomers to produce a polymer which may be sulfonated; the resulting sulfonated copolymers may be used to form the membranes of the present invention.
One or more arylvinyl monomers may be copolymerized with olefin comonomers to produce a polymer which may be sulfonated; the resulting sulfonated copolymers may be used to form the membranes of the present invention.
[0015] Suitable arylvinyl monomers that can be employed to prepare the polymers for sulfonation include, for example, styrene, vinyl toluene, a-methylstyrene, t-butyl styrene, chlorostyrene and all isomers of these compounds. Particularly suitable such monomers include styrene and lower alkyl- or halogen-substituted derivatives thereof.
Preferred monomers include styrene; a-methyl styrene, the lower alkyl- (C~ - C4) or phenyl-ring substituted derivatives of styrene, such as for example, ortho-, meta-, and para-methylstyrene, the ring halogenated styrenes, para-vinyl toluene or mixtures thereof, and the like. A more preferred arylvinyl monomer is styrene. Residues derived from vinyl toluene and chlorostyrene may be less readily sulfonated than those from styrene;
therefore, it may be desirable to include utilize vinyl toluene and chlorostyrene along with arylvinyl monomers that result in residues that may be more readily sulfonated, such as styrene or a-methyl styrene, rather than as the sole arylvinyl component of the polymer.
The aryl or aromatic moieties may be sulfonated at one or more positions on the aromatic rings to yield polymer chains having pendant aryl sulfonate groups.
Preferred monomers include styrene; a-methyl styrene, the lower alkyl- (C~ - C4) or phenyl-ring substituted derivatives of styrene, such as for example, ortho-, meta-, and para-methylstyrene, the ring halogenated styrenes, para-vinyl toluene or mixtures thereof, and the like. A more preferred arylvinyl monomer is styrene. Residues derived from vinyl toluene and chlorostyrene may be less readily sulfonated than those from styrene;
therefore, it may be desirable to include utilize vinyl toluene and chlorostyrene along with arylvinyl monomers that result in residues that may be more readily sulfonated, such as styrene or a-methyl styrene, rather than as the sole arylvinyl component of the polymer.
The aryl or aromatic moieties may be sulfonated at one or more positions on the aromatic rings to yield polymer chains having pendant aryl sulfonate groups.
[0016] Humidity-conducting polymers may also include residues derived from at least one olefin monomer, in addition to those derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer.
Preferred olefin monomers include monoolefins, such as a-olefins and sfrained ring olefins, and diolefin monomers such as butadiene and isoprene. a-Olefins include ethylene and C~~o olefins having ethylenic unsaturafion in the a- or 1-position, such as ethylene, propylene, butyiene, and isobutylene. Suitable a-olefins include for example, a-olefins containing from 3 to about 20, preferably from 3 to about 12, more preferably from 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. Particularly suitable are ethylene, propylene, butene-1, 4.-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene or 1-octene or ethylene in combination with one or more of propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. These a-olefins do not contain an aromatic moiety. Preferred monoolefin monomers are ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 1- pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.
Preferred strained ring olefins are the various isomeric vinyl-ring substituted derivatives of cyclohexene and substituted cyclohexenes, norbornene and C~_~° alkyl or C~.~o aryl substituted norbornenes, including 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. Especially suitable are 1-, 3-, and 4-vinylcyclohexene, norbornene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. Simple linear non-branched a-olefins including, for example, .a-olefins containing from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms such as propylene, butene-1, 4-methyl-1-pentene, hexene-1 or octene-1 are not examples of strained ring olefins. Preferred statistical arylvinyl polymers are ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/styrene, ethylene/styrene/ norbornene, and ethylene/propylene/styrene /norbornene copolymers.
Preferred olefin monomers include monoolefins, such as a-olefins and sfrained ring olefins, and diolefin monomers such as butadiene and isoprene. a-Olefins include ethylene and C~~o olefins having ethylenic unsaturafion in the a- or 1-position, such as ethylene, propylene, butyiene, and isobutylene. Suitable a-olefins include for example, a-olefins containing from 3 to about 20, preferably from 3 to about 12, more preferably from 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. Particularly suitable are ethylene, propylene, butene-1, 4.-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene or 1-octene or ethylene in combination with one or more of propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. These a-olefins do not contain an aromatic moiety. Preferred monoolefin monomers are ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 1- pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.
Preferred strained ring olefins are the various isomeric vinyl-ring substituted derivatives of cyclohexene and substituted cyclohexenes, norbornene and C~_~° alkyl or C~.~o aryl substituted norbornenes, including 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. Especially suitable are 1-, 3-, and 4-vinylcyclohexene, norbornene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. Simple linear non-branched a-olefins including, for example, .a-olefins containing from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms such as propylene, butene-1, 4-methyl-1-pentene, hexene-1 or octene-1 are not examples of strained ring olefins. Preferred statistical arylvinyl polymers are ethylene/styrene, ethylene/propylene/styrene, ethylene/styrene/ norbornene, and ethylene/propylene/styrene /norbornene copolymers.
[0017] The polymer may also contain residues derived from other comonomers,.for example, acrylate monomers. In addition, copolymers derived from diolefins, for example, butadiene and isoprene copolymers may contain residual unsaturation.
These are typically hydrogenated, or reduced, prior to being sulfonated. The sulfonated copolymers may be blended with other sulfonated copolymers or with conventional polymers in order to form composite membranes for use in the present invention.
These are typically hydrogenated, or reduced, prior to being sulfonated. The sulfonated copolymers may be blended with other sulfonated copolymers or with conventional polymers in order to form composite membranes for use in the present invention.
[0018] A humidity-conducting polymer for use in a humidity exchange cell of the present invention typically contains at least 20 weight % of residues derived from styrene. More preferably, the copolymer contains from 20 to 50 weight % styrene, and most preferably, about 45 weight % styrene. . The range of weight average molecular weight (MW) of the polymer of the invention is from about 20,000 grams/mole to about 1,000,000 grams/mole, and preferably from about 50,000 grams/mole to 900,000 grams/mole.
The sulfonated polymer used for the membranes of the present invention are preferably water-insoluble. Water-insoluble is defined as having a solubility of less than 0.5 grams of polymer in 100 grams of water at 100°C. Suitable humidity-conducting polymers include sulfonated, block styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers, sulfonated, reduced, statistical styrene-butadiene copolymers and sulfonated statistical styrene-ethylene copolymers. Statistical styrene-butadiene copolymers may be obtained from Goodyear; block styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers may be obtained from Shell and statistical ethylene-styrene copolymers (ethylene styrene interpolymers (ESI)) may be obtained from Dow Chemical. The Dow ESI polymers include the pseudo-random interpolymers as described in EP-A-0,416,815 by James C. Stevens et al.
and lJS Patent No. 5,703,187 by Francis J. Timmers, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The sulfonated polymer used for the membranes of the present invention are preferably water-insoluble. Water-insoluble is defined as having a solubility of less than 0.5 grams of polymer in 100 grams of water at 100°C. Suitable humidity-conducting polymers include sulfonated, block styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers, sulfonated, reduced, statistical styrene-butadiene copolymers and sulfonated statistical styrene-ethylene copolymers. Statistical styrene-butadiene copolymers may be obtained from Goodyear; block styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymers may be obtained from Shell and statistical ethylene-styrene copolymers (ethylene styrene interpolymers (ESI)) may be obtained from Dow Chemical. The Dow ESI polymers include the pseudo-random interpolymers as described in EP-A-0,416,815 by James C. Stevens et al.
and lJS Patent No. 5,703,187 by Francis J. Timmers, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0019] Where diolefins are used as comonomers, the unsaturated residues in the copolymer membranes of the invention are may selectively hydrogenated prior to sulfonation of aromatic groups derived from the styrene residues. The amount of unsaturation remaining after hydrogenation is less than 5 percent of the.starting level of unsaturation, and preferably less than 3 percent of the original. Statistical copolymers of styrene and butadiene, also known as styrene-butadiene rubber, or SBR may be used.
The copolymer may be hydrogenated by methods known in the art, such as hydrogen gas in the presence of catalysts such as Raney Nickel, and platinum or palladium metals.
The diimide reduction described in the examples may also be employed to produce materials that are useful as ion-conducting membranes. Hydrogenated statistical copolymers of styrene and butadiene are also commercially available. Oxidation of residual unsaturated sites in the polymer at levels greater than 5 percent unsaturation leads to degradation of the polymer and shortens the useful life of the membrane under operating conditions. .
The copolymer may be hydrogenated by methods known in the art, such as hydrogen gas in the presence of catalysts such as Raney Nickel, and platinum or palladium metals.
The diimide reduction described in the examples may also be employed to produce materials that are useful as ion-conducting membranes. Hydrogenated statistical copolymers of styrene and butadiene are also commercially available. Oxidation of residual unsaturated sites in the polymer at levels greater than 5 percent unsaturation leads to degradation of the polymer and shortens the useful life of the membrane under operating conditions. .
[0020] The hydrogenation level may be determined by the method of Parker et al. An FTIR spectrum of a hydrogenated styrene butadiene copolymer is analyzed by measuring the heights of the peaks at 963 cm'' and 1493 cm'', corresponding to the absorbance of =CH and -CH2, respectively. The percent hydrogenation is calculated using the following equation:
hydrogenation = -15.71 x + 99.4 where x = the ratio of the peak height at 963 cm'' to the peak height at 1493 cm'' [0021] A sulfonation process for styrene copolymers is described in US Patent Nos.
5,468,574, 5,679,482, and 6,110,616. The preferred level of sulfonic acid functionality ranges from about one functional group per five aromatic rings (20 mol%) to about four functional groups per five aromatic rings (80 mol%), such that the equivalent weight of the resulting sulfonated polymer is from about 100 grams/sulfonate equivalent to about 1000 grams/sulfonate equivalent. For example, for a copolymer of 45 weight percent styrene, the preferred range is between one sulfonic acid group per five styrene units (20 mol%, equivalent weight = 1200 grams/equivalent) to about four sulfonic acid group per five styrene units (80 mol%, equivalent weight = 300 grams/equivalent).
Equivalent weight may be further limited to 400-700, and even further limited to 520-690.
For a copolymer of 30 weight percent styrene_ , the preferred range is between one sulfonic acid group per four styrene units (25 mol%, equivalent ~Neight =1400 grams/equivalent) to four sulfonic acid groups, per five styrene units (80 mol%, equivalent weight = 430 grams/equivalent). The sulfonation level of the polymer may be controlled by the stoichiometric ratio of the sulfonating agent, acetyl sulfate, to the styrene content of the polymer. For example, addition of 1.0 equivalents of acetyl sulfate yields a polymer of 32 mol% sulfonation and 1.4 equivalents yields 44 mol% sulfonation.
hydrogenation = -15.71 x + 99.4 where x = the ratio of the peak height at 963 cm'' to the peak height at 1493 cm'' [0021] A sulfonation process for styrene copolymers is described in US Patent Nos.
5,468,574, 5,679,482, and 6,110,616. The preferred level of sulfonic acid functionality ranges from about one functional group per five aromatic rings (20 mol%) to about four functional groups per five aromatic rings (80 mol%), such that the equivalent weight of the resulting sulfonated polymer is from about 100 grams/sulfonate equivalent to about 1000 grams/sulfonate equivalent. For example, for a copolymer of 45 weight percent styrene, the preferred range is between one sulfonic acid group per five styrene units (20 mol%, equivalent weight = 1200 grams/equivalent) to about four sulfonic acid group per five styrene units (80 mol%, equivalent weight = 300 grams/equivalent).
Equivalent weight may be further limited to 400-700, and even further limited to 520-690.
For a copolymer of 30 weight percent styrene_ , the preferred range is between one sulfonic acid group per four styrene units (25 mol%, equivalent ~Neight =1400 grams/equivalent) to four sulfonic acid groups, per five styrene units (80 mol%, equivalent weight = 430 grams/equivalent). The sulfonation level of the polymer may be controlled by the stoichiometric ratio of the sulfonating agent, acetyl sulfate, to the styrene content of the polymer. For example, addition of 1.0 equivalents of acetyl sulfate yields a polymer of 32 mol% sulfonation and 1.4 equivalents yields 44 mol% sulfonation.
[0022] The HUX membrane is a hydrocarbon hydrophilic polymer that possesses a low equivalent weight, from 1000. down to 100, preferably 700 down to 300 and most preferably 690 down to 380. Partially sulfonated styrene-olefin copolymers are generally preferred. Specifically, styrene-ethylene and styrene-hydrogenated butadiene, isoprene or equivalent olefinic copolymers that possess a. random, alternating, segmented or statistical in monomer distribution along the chain are preferred. Pseudo-random is a subclass of statistical; a weighted change in the monomer incorporation that skews the distribution from a random arrangement (i.e. Bernoullian) is defined as statistical. Linear arrangements have been described here, but branched or grafted including star arrangements of monomers are possible as well. In addition, block copolymers of styrene and hydrogenated butadiene, isoprene, or equivalent olefin can be employed.
The block architecture can be diblock, triblock, graft-block, multi-arm starblock, multiblock, segmented or tapered block. .
The block architecture can be diblock, triblock, graft-block, multi-arm starblock, multiblock, segmented or tapered block. .
[0023] The HUX support material is preferably, but not limited to, a polyolefin, spaced-member, fiber netting. Fiber extrusion followed by melt bonding is a common method to prepare the netting, however, other methods can be used by themselves or in combination. These include, injection molding, compression molding, fiber extrusion with solvent bonding, spin bonding, and ultrasonic welding.
[0024] Suitable materials for the reinforcing substrate include woven, nonwoven, knit and cross-laid fabrics; in the context of the present invention, the term 'fabrics' is defined as including meshes and nettings. Microporous films may also be used. The fabric of a reinforcing substrate may be composed of synthetic fibers or filaments, glass yarns, non-corroding metal fibers, such as nickel fibers, or carbon fibers. The fibers, filaments or yarns should be ones to which the water-conducting polymer film. adheres strongly.
Suitable synthetic fibers include polyolefins, particularly polyethylene or polypropylene, and polyesters. The fibers may have organic or inorganic sizing agents or coupling agents applied, including polyvinylalcohol, starches, oil, polyvinylmethylether, acrylic, polyester, vinylsilane, aminosilane, titanate, and zirconate. Silicone-based lubricants are sometimes employed for greater tear strength. A microporous film may be composed of any synthetic polymer to which 'the humidity-conducting polymer adheres. In particular, the films may have a polyolefin composition, and more particularly, polyethylene. Films having a fluoropolymer composition may also be used. A composite membrane for use in a humidity' exchange cell according to the present invention may be prepared by impregnating the substrate with a humidity-conducting polymer. This may be done by any of several known methods. These methods include direct coating, wherein a solution of the humidity-conducting polymer in a suitable solvent, such as a lower alcohol, in particular, methanol or propanol. The benefit of direct coating is that it reduces the number of sub-assemblies and parts and, thus, reduces costs. Low cost fabrication is an 'object of the invention. Indirect coating methods, such as solution casting, may also be used.
Suitable synthetic fibers include polyolefins, particularly polyethylene or polypropylene, and polyesters. The fibers may have organic or inorganic sizing agents or coupling agents applied, including polyvinylalcohol, starches, oil, polyvinylmethylether, acrylic, polyester, vinylsilane, aminosilane, titanate, and zirconate. Silicone-based lubricants are sometimes employed for greater tear strength. A microporous film may be composed of any synthetic polymer to which 'the humidity-conducting polymer adheres. In particular, the films may have a polyolefin composition, and more particularly, polyethylene. Films having a fluoropolymer composition may also be used. A composite membrane for use in a humidity' exchange cell according to the present invention may be prepared by impregnating the substrate with a humidity-conducting polymer. This may be done by any of several known methods. These methods include direct coating, wherein a solution of the humidity-conducting polymer in a suitable solvent, such as a lower alcohol, in particular, methanol or propanol. The benefit of direct coating is that it reduces the number of sub-assemblies and parts and, thus, reduces costs. Low cost fabrication is an 'object of the invention. Indirect coating methods, such as solution casting, may also be used.
[0025] Sequential buildup facilitates the manufacturing of the overall composite; coating is typically continued until a homogenous sheet is formed when reinforcement may or may not be completely coated. Formulations that readily wet the substrate are available at low cost and produce composites without holes or other defects are preferred.
Alternatively,.the water-conducting polymer may be applied to the reinforcing substrate by hot' roll laminating it with reinforcing substrate, thus eliminating the need for riiultiple coating passes. The water-conducting polymer film may also contain a ceramic filler, if desired. Finally, a composite membrane composed of nonwoven fabric may be manufactured by adding staple-pulped fiber to solution of the water conducting polymer, and coating on a release substrate.
Alternatively,.the water-conducting polymer may be applied to the reinforcing substrate by hot' roll laminating it with reinforcing substrate, thus eliminating the need for riiultiple coating passes. The water-conducting polymer film may also contain a ceramic filler, if desired. Finally, a composite membrane composed of nonwoven fabric may be manufactured by adding staple-pulped fiber to solution of the water conducting polymer, and coating on a release substrate.
[0026] The humidity-conducting polymer may contain one or more additives, including crosslinking agents, flame retardants (suppressants and synergists), biocides (mildewicides, fungicides, anti-mold. agents, antiviral agents, bacteriocides, anti-parasitic agents, and insecticides.), plasticizers, uv stabilizers (uv absorbers, and light stabilizers), antioxidants (primary or secondary) and thermal stabilizers. Any one compound may impart one or more characteristic enhancements. The basic requirements are that (a) the additive is miscible with the hydrophilic polymer, (b) it does not compromise the mechanical strength or integrity of the membrane in the cell, (c) it not reduce the performance (e.g. moisture transfer effectiveness) or lifetime of the cell in the application.
Therefore, these are objects (a, b, c) of the invention. Although not an object, it is desirable that the additive, retain the.activity and efficacy of said characteristic when present with the polymer in the formulation.
Therefore, these are objects (a, b, c) of the invention. Although not an object, it is desirable that the additive, retain the.activity and efficacy of said characteristic when present with the polymer in the formulation.
[0027] For biocides, our principal concern is mold and mildew growth because of the - potentially low, local pH of these sulfonated hydrophilic polymers. However, resistance to other possible biological agents such as fungus, bacteria, viruses, parasites, insects or protozoa is desirable. Any biologicals that reduce the available surface area of the membrane for transfer of moisture from the stream must be prevented.
Compatible chemical agents are 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine available from Rohm and Haas in a liquid or resin carrier under the tradname Vinyzene. An arsenic-free alternative is 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl phenol an organic chemical available from Aldrich. These can be used effectively at loadings up to 5.0 phr. However, Dow Chemical's fungicide AMICAL 48 and bactericide BIOPAN BP PLUS, both toxic metal-free are preferred.
Compatible chemical agents are 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine available from Rohm and Haas in a liquid or resin carrier under the tradname Vinyzene. An arsenic-free alternative is 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl phenol an organic chemical available from Aldrich. These can be used effectively at loadings up to 5.0 phr. However, Dow Chemical's fungicide AMICAL 48 and bactericide BIOPAN BP PLUS, both toxic metal-free are preferred.
[0028] Flame retardancy is important insofar as additives can reduce the tendency of the cell to catch fire, spread a fire and to reduce smoke emissions. For pure liquid streams the threat of fire does not present itself, except for airlwater or some other highly polar gas vapor streams at low humidity. For these applications, a non-halogen flame retardant (basically a flame inhibitor) is typically used for polyolefins.
This is available from Unitex chemical under the tradename Uniplex FRX 44-945. Bromine-containing retardants, Uniplex BAP-755 (brominated alkyl phosphate) and Uniplex FRP-64 (poly (2,6-dibromophenylene oxide)) are also viable. For high performance, the polymeric, flame retardant is desirable but it requires a synergist, for which the high phosphorous-containing FRX 44-94S is suitable. However, Great lakes Chemicals' tetrabromobisphenol A is preferred for polymer solubility.
This is available from Unitex chemical under the tradename Uniplex FRX 44-945. Bromine-containing retardants, Uniplex BAP-755 (brominated alkyl phosphate) and Uniplex FRP-64 (poly (2,6-dibromophenylene oxide)) are also viable. For high performance, the polymeric, flame retardant is desirable but it requires a synergist, for which the high phosphorous-containing FRX 44-94S is suitable. However, Great lakes Chemicals' tetrabromobisphenol A is preferred for polymer solubility.
[0029] Organophosphates serve as hydrophilic plasticizers that function by increasing the water or some other highly polar liquid retention of the membrane in HUX
cell in the _ application environment. The increased water or some other highly polar liquid content may improve performance by increasing membrane permeability as well as reduce flammability, since substantially more water or some other highly polar liquid must evaporate before flames may spread to the cell. In the process, the evaporation of water or some other highly polar liquid suppresses smoke. Also, these can potentially function as synergists for bromine-containing flame retardants. These are trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate and tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate.
cell in the _ application environment. The increased water or some other highly polar liquid content may improve performance by increasing membrane permeability as well as reduce flammability, since substantially more water or some other highly polar liquid must evaporate before flames may spread to the cell. In the process, the evaporation of water or some other highly polar liquid suppresses smoke. Also, these can potentially function as synergists for bromine-containing flame retardants. These are trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate and tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate.
[0030] Antioxidants (and thermal stabilizers) can increase shelf life of HUX
cells,by circumventing the auto-oxidation of the hydrophilic,polymet during storage.
However, a more important advaritage .is the ability to reduce oxidation of the sulfonated hydrophilic polymer in the HUX cell during operation since at low humidity the polymer is continuously subject to the transfer of heat and thus, will see temperatures as high as 37°C. Oxidation of organic impurities may result and reduce performance this be minimized with the use of antioxidants. These are basically hindered phenols of high .
molecular weight and include: stearyl-3-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4.-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (BNX 1076) and tetrakis[methylene-3 (3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]
methane (BNX 1010) both available from Mayo Corp. and poly(phenol-formaldehyde) novalac resin (HRJ-12700) available from Schenectady International. Peroxide decomposers add benefit as synergists to hindered phenols, these are aryl phosphites;
such as Tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Benafos 1680). UV stabilizers are important for outdoor applications; these are light absorbers with a broad absorption range of which benzotriazoles are preferred. Ciba's Tinuvin 384-2 (Benzene propionic acid (3-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-di-methylethyl-4)-hydroxy, C7-C9-branched and linear alkyl esters) is suitable because of good thermal land environmental stability.
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) may be suitable. However, free amines form salts that may reduce water or some other highly polar liquid transport, these are less preferred. Therefore, nitroso-alkyl and specifically nitroso-alkyl ethers containing HALS
are preferred for these polymers to maximize their effectiveness as stabilizers.
cells,by circumventing the auto-oxidation of the hydrophilic,polymet during storage.
However, a more important advaritage .is the ability to reduce oxidation of the sulfonated hydrophilic polymer in the HUX cell during operation since at low humidity the polymer is continuously subject to the transfer of heat and thus, will see temperatures as high as 37°C. Oxidation of organic impurities may result and reduce performance this be minimized with the use of antioxidants. These are basically hindered phenols of high .
molecular weight and include: stearyl-3-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4.-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (BNX 1076) and tetrakis[methylene-3 (3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]
methane (BNX 1010) both available from Mayo Corp. and poly(phenol-formaldehyde) novalac resin (HRJ-12700) available from Schenectady International. Peroxide decomposers add benefit as synergists to hindered phenols, these are aryl phosphites;
such as Tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Benafos 1680). UV stabilizers are important for outdoor applications; these are light absorbers with a broad absorption range of which benzotriazoles are preferred. Ciba's Tinuvin 384-2 (Benzene propionic acid (3-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-di-methylethyl-4)-hydroxy, C7-C9-branched and linear alkyl esters) is suitable because of good thermal land environmental stability.
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) may be suitable. However, free amines form salts that may reduce water or some other highly polar liquid transport, these are less preferred. Therefore, nitroso-alkyl and specifically nitroso-alkyl ethers containing HALS
are preferred for these polymers to maximize their effectiveness as stabilizers.
[0031] Further improvements in mechanical strength and integrity especially at saturation (dehydration or hydration), or when one (separation, dehydration, hydration) or both .
sides (osmosis, filtration or dialysis) of the membrane are in contact with liquid water or some other highly polar liquid can be obtained through the formation of crosslinks between the polymer chains in the membrane. There are principally, two types of crosslinking approaches: (a) crosslinks through carbon-containing groups and (b) crosslinks through sulfur-containing groups.
sides (osmosis, filtration or dialysis) of the membrane are in contact with liquid water or some other highly polar liquid can be obtained through the formation of crosslinks between the polymer chains in the membrane. There are principally, two types of crosslinking approaches: (a) crosslinks through carbon-containing groups and (b) crosslinks through sulfur-containing groups.
[0032] The first approach (or Type I) is small molecule coupling of two chains through polymeric chain radicals. The polymeric chain radicals are created by reaction of olefinic (or styrenic) units with primary radicals (formed from the thermal decomposition~of peroxides, or created by scission and/or ionization of the olefinic units by UV, e-beam, gamma-ray, high energy particles. The polymeric chain radicals form bonds to maleimide by addition to double bonds or by radical coupling. Reaction of two such chains with the single molecule forms a crosslink. N,N'-1,3-Phenylene-dimaleimide is a preferred example. Peroxide initiators are benzoyl peroxide, 1,1-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3.
[0033] The high levels of initiator (if below the solubility limit in the polymer) required for the achievement of a dense interconnected network of chains likely leads to primary radical termination of low mobility polymeric chain radicals. Also, cross-linking agents that form stable chain radicals consume initiator without formation of the polymeric chain radicals necessary for the dense network. Co-agent radicals must be of similar reactivity to polymer chain radicals for coupling of adjacent polymer chains. More important, however, is that a substantial concentration of polymeric chain radicals are formed.
Initiators are chosen that decompose to highly reactive radicals at moderate temperatures with a very high rate of initiation. The degree of crosslinking necessary to form a 'tight' interconnected network of chains depends on a large variety of factors. The initiator type: functionality, primary radical reactivity, initiation efficiency, coupling or crosslinking agent type; crosslinking mechanism; specific interaction with polymer, microstructure of the polymer; reactivity of polymer radical, mobility and concentration of radicals which is controlled for the most part by temperature andlor where applicable the light intensity for photoinitiation or photosensitization.
Initiators are chosen that decompose to highly reactive radicals at moderate temperatures with a very high rate of initiation. The degree of crosslinking necessary to form a 'tight' interconnected network of chains depends on a large variety of factors. The initiator type: functionality, primary radical reactivity, initiation efficiency, coupling or crosslinking agent type; crosslinking mechanism; specific interaction with polymer, microstructure of the polymer; reactivity of polymer radical, mobility and concentration of radicals which is controlled for the most part by temperature andlor where applicable the light intensity for photoinitiation or photosensitization.
[0034] Organometallic crosslinking agents of the enolate-type also tare well when used in conjunction with the more reactive alkyl peroxides as initiators. The more stable benzoyl and isobutyrl peroxide radicals tend to have low~initiation efficiencies for crosslinking.but if high concentrations of initiator can be achieved by increasing solubility in the polymer then these can be suitable. Organometallic agents of chelated metals that possess multiple stable oxidation states are promising, such as metal diketonates or derivatives thereof. Aluminum acetoacetonate is a preferred example. Provided the metals are redox-active in the chelated state, these can potentially catalyze decomposition of peroxides or serve as photoactivators or ~sensitizers for photoinitiators.
Useful peroxide initiators are benzoyl peroxide, 1,1-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3. These can crosslink in conjunction with other agents or alone with heat, ultraviolet, visible light, e-beam, ,high energy particle bombardment, such, alpha particles, ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and by electric discharge such as plasma. ' [0035] The list includes but is not limited to: initiators; 1,1-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, tert-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, rneta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, benzoyt peroxide; crosslinking agents (includes coupling,agents); aluminum acetylacetonate, cobalt(///) acetylacetonate, cobalt(//) acetylacetonate, nickel.ketene acetals, N,N'-1,3-phenylerie-dimaleimide, divinyl sulfone, trispropargyl benzene, divinyl benzene, vinyl triethoxy silane, hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylolpropane trivinyl ether, .
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethyolpropane allyl ether, triaiiyl cyanurate, and triallyl phosphate. ' [0036] The second approach (or Type II) is sulfonamide crosslinking. The reaction, of sulfonyl-imidazole or equivalent with aromatic amines results in sulfonamide linkage between styrene units. The reaction of a styrene sulfonic acid unit of the polymer chain with 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole forms styrene sulfonyl imidazole. The imidazole molecule is a good leaving group so even moderate nucleophiles,such as, aromatic diamines displace them. A suitable aromatic diamine is 4-aminophenylsulfone.
Useful peroxide initiators are benzoyl peroxide, 1,1-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3. These can crosslink in conjunction with other agents or alone with heat, ultraviolet, visible light, e-beam, ,high energy particle bombardment, such, alpha particles, ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and by electric discharge such as plasma. ' [0035] The list includes but is not limited to: initiators; 1,1-Di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, tert-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, rneta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, benzoyt peroxide; crosslinking agents (includes coupling,agents); aluminum acetylacetonate, cobalt(///) acetylacetonate, cobalt(//) acetylacetonate, nickel.ketene acetals, N,N'-1,3-phenylerie-dimaleimide, divinyl sulfone, trispropargyl benzene, divinyl benzene, vinyl triethoxy silane, hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylolpropane trivinyl ether, .
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethyolpropane allyl ether, triaiiyl cyanurate, and triallyl phosphate. ' [0036] The second approach (or Type II) is sulfonamide crosslinking. The reaction, of sulfonyl-imidazole or equivalent with aromatic amines results in sulfonamide linkage between styrene units. The reaction of a styrene sulfonic acid unit of the polymer chain with 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole forms styrene sulfonyl imidazole. The imidazole molecule is a good leaving group so even moderate nucleophiles,such as, aromatic diamines displace them. A suitable aromatic diamine is 4-aminophenylsulfone.
[0037] The principal advantage of both types of crosslinking schemes is that the crosslinking agents may be added to a solution of the polymer, mixed in, and cast normally. Subsequently the HUX cell may be dried in an oven to remove residual solvent, heated in an oven, or exposed to radiation. It is an object of the invention that the additives.be simply incorporated into the formulation.
[0038] FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of a humidity exchange cell or ventilator core 20 including a composite membrane 10, a first chamber 22 for containing a first fluid, a second chamber 24 for containing a second fluid and a number of spacers or ribs 16 which are adhered to membrane 10. Cell 20 includes a series of alternating first and second chambers. A cap 26 may be used to enclose the topmost and/or bottommost chambers.
[0039] The membranes 10 are stacked one on top of another to form ventilator core 20 as shown in FIG 2. The orientation of the each layer is~rotated by 90 degrees as it is put down into the core. This forms the cross-flow pattern for the exchange of heat and moisture within the core. Not shown, but fully.realizable, is a counter-flow arrangement of the layers. Here the layers would be in a single orientation, with no rotation, in the core. A complex manifold would be designed to route gas streams to every other layer in the stack. These manifolds would be placed on opposite sides of the core. The non-manifolded sides of the core could be sealed to the external environment if necessary.
[0040] Spacer 16, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, is configured as a series of ribs, typically adhered to the humidity-conducting polymer sun'ace. These ribs may have a synthetic polymer composition, particularly, PVC, and may be rectangular or circular in cross-section. In other embodiments (not shown), Spacer 16 maybe a corrugated paper or plastic sheet. In some embodiments, spacer 16 may be a series of adhesive beads. The adhesive may be a hot-melt, cold-melt, or solid adhesive; it may be either thermoplastic or thermosetting. The HUX cell may possess certain specific sub-elements to be effective as a mass (i.e. moisture) exchanger. The basic sub-elements are as follows: (a) a hydrocarbon hydrophilic polymer membrane formulated to be highly permeable to water or some other highly polar liquid or gas, (b) a support matrix to impart mechanical integrity to the membrane and to maintain planarity during~operation and (c) a manifold for the distribution of a fluid across the face of the membrane. The disclosed HUX cell is of unitary design in that it incorporates all three sub-elements into a complete cell structure that can be fabricated as a single unit. The device can be built up of this structure by simple stacking and securing the cells in an enclosure.
Examples [0041] A cross-flow sensible and latent heat exchanger was constructed. The membranes in the exchanger were made by laminating a nylon non-woven reinforcement to a layer of a sulfonated styrene-olefin polymer. The membranes were stacked on top of one another using a PVC spacer with an applied adhesive. The PVC spacers were oriented at 90 degrees to each other on alternating layers. Every other layer in the core had the same flow direction: 1, 3, 5, 7 etc. had the same flow direction while 2, 4, 6, 8;
etc. had a flow direction that was oriented 90 degrees. The edges of each layer in the core were sealed with double-sided adhesive tape. The cross-flow exchanger was placed in a test apparatus where the flow rate, temperature, and moisture of two airflows could be controlled. One air flow had approximately a 90 °F temperature at a relative humidity of 55% of saturation. The other airflow was held at 70 °F and a relative humidity of 50% of saturation. The exchange of sensible and latent heat between the two airflows at different airflow rates was moriitored. The data in graph form is shown in FIG. 3. The airflow is expressed is normalized as a function of the square feet of membrane area. This allows us to compare exchangers of various materials and exchangers against each other using the exchange area within the exchanger.
The graph shows that over 70% total effectiveness for this type of exchanger can be achieved using sulfonated styrene-olefin polymer membranes.-
Examples [0041] A cross-flow sensible and latent heat exchanger was constructed. The membranes in the exchanger were made by laminating a nylon non-woven reinforcement to a layer of a sulfonated styrene-olefin polymer. The membranes were stacked on top of one another using a PVC spacer with an applied adhesive. The PVC spacers were oriented at 90 degrees to each other on alternating layers. Every other layer in the core had the same flow direction: 1, 3, 5, 7 etc. had the same flow direction while 2, 4, 6, 8;
etc. had a flow direction that was oriented 90 degrees. The edges of each layer in the core were sealed with double-sided adhesive tape. The cross-flow exchanger was placed in a test apparatus where the flow rate, temperature, and moisture of two airflows could be controlled. One air flow had approximately a 90 °F temperature at a relative humidity of 55% of saturation. The other airflow was held at 70 °F and a relative humidity of 50% of saturation. The exchange of sensible and latent heat between the two airflows at different airflow rates was moriitored. The data in graph form is shown in FIG. 3. The airflow is expressed is normalized as a function of the square feet of membrane area. This allows us to compare exchangers of various materials and exchangers against each other using the exchange area within the exchanger.
The graph shows that over 70% total effectiveness for this type of exchanger can be achieved using sulfonated styrene-olefin polymer membranes.-
Claims (20)
1. A cell for transferring heat and moisture between a first fluid and a second fluid, said cell comprising:
at least one composite membrane, disposed between at least one first chamber for flow of the first fluid therethrough and at least one second chamber for flow of the second fluid therethrough;
whereby heat and moisture is transferable between the first fluid and second fluid via the composite membrane.
at least one composite membrane, disposed between at least one first chamber for flow of the first fluid therethrough and at least one second chamber for flow of the second fluid therethrough;
whereby heat and moisture is transferable between the first fluid and second fluid via the composite membrane.
2. A cell according to claim 1, wherein said composite membrane comprises:
an at least partially sulfonated humidity-conducting polymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer; and a reinforcing substrate bonded thereto.
an at least partially sulfonated humidity-conducting polymer comprising residues derived from at least one arylvinyl monomer; and a reinforcing substrate bonded thereto.
3. A cell according to claim 2, additionally comprising at least one spacer disposed on a surface of the composite membrane
4. A cell according to claim 3, wherein said at least one spacer comprises a dimension normal to the surface of the composite membrane corresponding to a height of the first chamber.
5. A cell according to claim 3, wherein a longitudinal axis of the at least one spacer is oriented parallel to a direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber.
6. A cell according to claim 5, wherein the direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber is orthogonal to a direction of flow of the second fluid in the second chamber.
7. A cell according to claim 5, wherein the direction of flow of the first fluid in the first chamber is opposite to a direction of flow of the second fluid in the second chamber.
8. A cell according to claim 3, wherein the at least one spacer comprises a plurality of synthetic polymer ribs.
9. A cell according to claim 3, wherein the at least one spacer comprises an adhesive composition.
10. A cell according to claim 3, wherein the at least one spacer comprises a corrugated sheet.
11. A cell according to claim 2, wherein said at least one composite membrane comprises a plurality of composite membranes, and said at least one first chamber and said at least one second chamber comprises a plurality of alternating first chambers and second chambers, each separated by a composite membrane.
12. A cell according to claim 2, wherein said reinforcing substrate comprises a nonwoven fabric.
13. A cell according to claim 2, wherein said reinforcing substrate comprises a microporous film.
14. A cell according to claim 2, wherein said reinforcing at least one synthetic fiber.
15. A cell according to claim 14, wherein said at least one synthetic fiber comprises at least one polyolefin.
16. A cell according to claim 2, wherein the humidity-conducting polymer additionally comprises an additive selected from the group of antioxidants, biocides, flame retardants, uv stabilizers, hydrophilic plasticizers, and mixtures thereof.
17. A cell according to claim 2, wherein the humidity-conducting polymer comprises at least one antioxidant, at least one biocide, and at least one flame retardant.
18. A cell according to claim 2, wherein the humidity-conducting polymer is crosslinked using a peroxide initiator and an organometallic enolate coupling agent.
19. A cell according to claim 18, wherein the peroxide initiator is 1,1-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane and the organometallic enolate coupling agent is aluminum acetoacetonate.
20. A cell according to claim 18, wherein the peroxide initiator is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3.
*****
*****
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US27545901P | 2001-03-13 | 2001-03-13 | |
US60/275,459 | 2001-03-13 | ||
US32774601P | 2001-10-09 | 2001-10-09 | |
US60/327,746 | 2001-10-09 | ||
PCT/US2002/007709 WO2002072242A1 (en) | 2001-03-13 | 2002-03-13 | Heat and moisture exchange device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2440961A1 true CA2440961A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 |
Family
ID=26957431
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002440961A Abandoned CA2440961A1 (en) | 2001-03-13 | 2002-03-13 | Heat and moisture exchange device |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20030106680A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004535270A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101022879A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2440961A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2389063A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002072242A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8057574B2 (en) | 2003-07-08 | 2011-11-15 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Membrane post treatment |
US8524794B2 (en) | 2004-07-05 | 2013-09-03 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Hydrophilic membranes |
US9868834B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2018-01-16 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Polymer blend for membranes |
US9887042B1 (en) | 2013-03-26 | 2018-02-06 | Ehrenberg Industries Corporation | Dielectric material, capacitor and method |
US10322375B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2019-06-18 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Aeration device for filtration system |
Families Citing this family (64)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005030812A1 (en) | 2003-09-23 | 2005-04-07 | Dais-Analytic Corp. | Novel block copolymers and method for making same |
JP4206894B2 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2009-01-14 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Total heat exchange element |
US20050158198A1 (en) * | 2003-12-21 | 2005-07-21 | Albers Walter F. | Micro-cycle energy transfer systems and methods |
CN100439849C (en) * | 2004-02-10 | 2008-12-03 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Temperature/humidity exchanger |
WO2006017245A2 (en) * | 2004-07-12 | 2006-02-16 | Aegis Biosciences, Llc | Sulfonated styrene polymers for medical articles |
CN100487003C (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2009-05-13 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | A kind of polymer and proton exchange membrane of containing polymer |
US20060147773A1 (en) * | 2005-01-06 | 2006-07-06 | Steinshnider Jeremy D | Heat and humidity exchanger |
TWI326691B (en) | 2005-07-22 | 2010-07-01 | Kraton Polymers Res Bv | Sulfonated block copolymers, method for making same, and various uses for such block copolymers |
US7320361B2 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2008-01-22 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat exchanger |
WO2007139116A1 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-12-06 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for production of cross copolymers, cross copolymers obtained by the process, and use thereof |
KR100737695B1 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2007-07-09 | 이찬봉 | Heat conduction unit with improved laminar |
WO2008037079A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-03 | Dpoint Technologies Inc. | Pleated heat and humidity exchanger with flow field elements |
CN103203185B (en) * | 2007-01-20 | 2016-01-13 | 戴斯分析公司 | There is the drier of the dry chamber comprised through adding hot-air |
US8586637B2 (en) * | 2007-06-26 | 2013-11-19 | Dais Analytic Corporation | Stable and compatible polymer blends |
US7824766B2 (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2010-11-02 | Energy Wall, Llc | Sorption paper and method of producing sorption paper |
EP2250446B1 (en) * | 2008-01-25 | 2020-02-19 | Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC | Indirect evaporative cooler |
US8012539B2 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2011-09-06 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Method for making sulfonated block copolymers, method for making membranes from such block copolymers and membrane structures |
SI2435171T1 (en) * | 2009-05-18 | 2021-10-29 | Zehnder Group Int Ag | Coated membranes for enthalpy exchange and other applications |
US8445631B2 (en) | 2009-10-13 | 2013-05-21 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Metal-neutralized sulfonated block copolymers, process for making them and their use |
US8263713B2 (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2012-09-11 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Amine neutralized sulfonated block copolymers and method for making same |
WO2011085186A2 (en) | 2010-01-09 | 2011-07-14 | Dais Analytic Corporation | Anionic exchange electrolyte polymer membranes |
US9377207B2 (en) | 2010-05-25 | 2016-06-28 | 7Ac Technologies, Inc. | Water recovery methods and systems |
CN103153434A (en) | 2010-09-07 | 2013-06-12 | 戴斯分析公司 | Fluid treatment systems and methods using selective transfer membranes |
US9394414B2 (en) | 2010-09-29 | 2016-07-19 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Elastic, moisture-vapor permeable films, their preparation and their use |
US9429366B2 (en) | 2010-09-29 | 2016-08-30 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Energy recovery ventilation sulfonated block copolymer laminate membrane |
WO2012054325A1 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2012-04-26 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Method for producing a sulfonated block copolymer composition |
EP2673587A1 (en) * | 2011-02-09 | 2013-12-18 | Klingenburg GmbH | Heat and/or moisture exchange element |
US9541302B2 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-01-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Flat panel contactors and methods |
US9861941B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 | 2018-01-09 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Modified sulfonated block copolymers and the preparation thereof |
CN103649191B (en) * | 2011-07-14 | 2016-05-18 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | The selective gas transport of film that comprises brominated styrene-butadiene copolymer |
US9643391B2 (en) * | 2011-08-11 | 2017-05-09 | Mahle International Gmbh | Device for controlling the temperature of an energy accumulator, more particularly for a vehicle, and method for production thereof |
US20130108880A1 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-02 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Sulfonated block copolymer laminates with polar or active metal substrates |
US11021559B2 (en) | 2011-10-31 | 2021-06-01 | Kraton Polymers Llc | Sulfonated block copolymer laminates with polar or active metal substrates |
ES2527826T3 (en) | 2012-01-20 | 2015-01-30 | Zehnder Verkaufs- Und Verwaltungs Ag | Heat exchanger element and production procedure |
US9293269B2 (en) | 2012-02-08 | 2016-03-22 | Dais Analytic Corporation | Ultracapacitor tolerating electric field of sufficient strength |
WO2013157045A1 (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2013-10-24 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Heat exchange element |
ES2755800T3 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2020-04-23 | 7Ac Tech Inc | Methods and systems for turbulent and corrosion resistant heat exchangers |
WO2014089164A1 (en) | 2012-12-04 | 2014-06-12 | 7Ac Technologies, Inc. | Methods and systems for cooling buildings with large heat loads using desiccant chillers |
KR20150122167A (en) | 2013-03-01 | 2015-10-30 | 7에이씨 테크놀로지스, 아이엔씨. | Desiccant air conditioning methods and systems |
US9140471B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-09-22 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Indirect evaporative coolers with enhanced heat transfer |
US9140460B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-09-22 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Control methods and systems for indirect evaporative coolers |
US9709285B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2017-07-18 | 7Ac Technologies, Inc. | Methods and systems for liquid desiccant air conditioning system retrofit |
KR102099693B1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2020-05-15 | 7에이씨 테크놀로지스, 아이엔씨. | Methods and systems for mini-split liquid desiccant air conditioning |
KR102223241B1 (en) | 2013-06-12 | 2021-03-05 | 7에이씨 테크놀로지스, 아이엔씨. | In-ceiling liquid desiccant air conditioning system |
WO2015006856A1 (en) | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | Marcel Riendeau | Heat / enthalpy exchanger element and method for the production |
EP2829836A1 (en) | 2013-07-22 | 2015-01-28 | Zehnder Verkaufs- und Verwaltungs AG | Enthalpy exchanger element and method for the production |
EP2829834A1 (en) | 2013-07-22 | 2015-01-28 | Zehnder Verkaufs- und Verwaltungs AG | Enthalpy exchanger element and method for the production |
WO2015082974A1 (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2015-06-11 | Zehnder Group International Ag | System and method for fastening a heating or cooling body |
KR102391093B1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2022-04-27 | 에머슨 클리메이트 테크놀로지즈 인코퍼레이티드 | Rooftop liquid desiccant systems and methods |
JP6443246B2 (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2018-12-26 | 王子ホールディングス株式会社 | Base paper for total heat exchanger element and manufacturing method thereof |
FR3024533B1 (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-08-26 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | IMPROVED ENTHALPIC EXCHANGER |
EP3667190A1 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2020-06-17 | 7AC Technologies, Inc. | Methods and systems for mini-split liquid desiccant air conditioning |
CZ2014956A3 (en) * | 2014-12-23 | 2016-05-18 | 2Vv S.R.O. | Enthalpic heat-exchange apparatus |
DK3247485T3 (en) | 2015-01-23 | 2022-09-26 | Zehnder Group Int Ag | ENTALPY EXCHANGE ELEMENT, ENTALPY EXCHANGE ELEMENT COMPRISING SUCH ELEMENTS AND PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING THESE |
DE102016210484A1 (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2017-12-14 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Method for dehumidifying moist gas mixtures |
DE102016210478A1 (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2017-12-14 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Method for dehumidifying moist gas mixtures |
EP3276292A1 (en) | 2016-07-25 | 2018-01-31 | Zehnder Group International AG | Enthalpy exchanger element, enthalpy exchanger comprising such elements and method for their production |
US11759753B2 (en) | 2017-07-24 | 2023-09-19 | Zehnder Group International Ag | Enthalpy exchanger element, enthalpy exchanger comprising such elements and method for their production |
EP3704416B1 (en) | 2017-11-01 | 2023-04-12 | Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for uniform distribution of liquid desiccant in membrane modules in liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems |
EP3704415A4 (en) | 2017-11-01 | 2021-11-03 | 7AC Technologies, Inc. | Tank system for liquid desiccant air conditioning system |
US11022330B2 (en) | 2018-05-18 | 2021-06-01 | Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. | Three-way heat exchangers for liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems and methods of manufacture |
CN111561706B (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2022-01-25 | 大唐环境产业集团股份有限公司 | Integrated gas liquid removal and water heat recovery device and method |
CN111533865B (en) * | 2020-05-20 | 2022-07-05 | 青岛大学 | Anti-protein-adsorption self-cleaning block copolymer, preparation method and application thereof |
US11391487B2 (en) | 2020-09-17 | 2022-07-19 | Bradford D Wallace | Air to air cross flow heat and moisture exchanger |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2287933A1 (en) * | 1974-10-15 | 1976-05-14 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Insert for membrane exchange or sepn appts - with ribs supporting membrane and allowing circulation, useful in haemodialysis, etc. |
JPS5579996A (en) * | 1978-12-14 | 1980-06-16 | Teijin Ltd | Wet heat exchanger |
US4797190A (en) * | 1986-10-06 | 1989-01-10 | T And G. Corporation | Ionic semiconductor materials and applications thereof |
EP0326083B1 (en) * | 1988-01-26 | 1994-06-01 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Vapor permselective membrane |
BR9100570A (en) * | 1990-02-12 | 1991-10-29 | Union Carbide Ind Gases Tech | PROCESS FOR THE DEHYDRATION OF GASES AND MEMBRANES COMPOSITE FOR THE SAME |
US5468574A (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 1995-11-21 | Dais Corporation | Fuel cell incorporating novel ion-conducting membrane |
JPH1054691A (en) * | 1996-08-08 | 1998-02-24 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Shim of heat exchanger, and member for heat exchanger, and heat exchanger, and its manufacture |
US6110616A (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 2000-08-29 | Dais-Analytic Corporation | Ion-conducting membrane for fuel cell |
US6145588A (en) * | 1998-08-03 | 2000-11-14 | Xetex, Inc. | Air-to-air heat and moisture exchanger incorporating a composite material for separating moisture from air technical field |
CA2283089C (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2004-05-25 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat exchanger and method for preparing it |
US6233824B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-05-22 | Carrier Corporation | Cylindrical heat exchanger |
US6413298B1 (en) * | 2000-07-28 | 2002-07-02 | Dais-Analytic Corporation | Water- and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof |
-
2002
- 2002-03-13 US US10/098,928 patent/US20030106680A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-13 GB GB0321274A patent/GB2389063A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-03-13 JP JP2002571197A patent/JP2004535270A/en active Pending
- 2002-03-13 WO PCT/US2002/007709 patent/WO2002072242A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-03-13 CA CA002440961A patent/CA2440961A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-13 CN CNA028098609A patent/CN101022879A/en active Pending
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8057574B2 (en) | 2003-07-08 | 2011-11-15 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Membrane post treatment |
US8262778B2 (en) | 2003-07-08 | 2012-09-11 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Membrane post treatment |
US8524794B2 (en) | 2004-07-05 | 2013-09-03 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Hydrophilic membranes |
US9868834B2 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2018-01-16 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Polymer blend for membranes |
US9887042B1 (en) | 2013-03-26 | 2018-02-06 | Ehrenberg Industries Corporation | Dielectric material, capacitor and method |
US10322375B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2019-06-18 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Aeration device for filtration system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002072242A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 |
CN101022879A (en) | 2007-08-22 |
GB0321274D0 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
JP2004535270A (en) | 2004-11-25 |
GB2389063A (en) | 2003-12-03 |
US20030106680A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20030106680A1 (en) | Heat and moisture exchange device | |
US6841601B2 (en) | Crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes for heat and moisture exchange devices | |
US7179860B2 (en) | Crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes for heat, ion and moisture exchange devices | |
US9255744B2 (en) | Coated membranes for enthalpy exchange and other applications | |
RU2587445C2 (en) | Laminated sulphonated block copolymer membrane for ventilation with energy recovery | |
US8936668B2 (en) | Selective water vapour transport membranes comprising a nanofibrous layer and methods for making the same | |
US8550151B2 (en) | Heat exchanger | |
TWI681811B (en) | Spiral-wound acid gas separation membrane element, acid gas separation membrane module, and acid gas separation apparatus | |
CN107249715B (en) | Liquid-gas film energy exchanger | |
KR100621716B1 (en) | Total heat exchanging element | |
US6413298B1 (en) | Water- and ion-conducting membranes and uses thereof | |
TWI698274B (en) | Spiral acid gas separation membrane element, acid gas separation membrane module, and acid gas separation apparatus | |
CN111148962B (en) | Sheet for heat exchange element, method for producing same, heat exchange element, and heat exchanger | |
WO2019009000A1 (en) | Gas separation membrane element, gas separation membrane module and gas separation device | |
WO2007116567A1 (en) | Total enthalpy heat exchanger | |
JPH07190666A (en) | Heat exchanger, its spacer plate and manufacture of partition plate of heat exchanger | |
JPS60205193A (en) | All weather heat exchanger | |
JP2018004134A (en) | Total heat exchange element and total heat exchange-type ventilation device | |
JP2020183841A (en) | Total heat exchange element | |
EP4111101B1 (en) | Air-cooling system | |
CN116648592A (en) | Partition member for total heat exchange element, and ventilation device | |
CN115485509A (en) | Dehumidification system |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDE | Discontinued |