CN103623685A - 用于减少温室气体的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供通过捕获并以生物质的形式储存二氧化碳来减少温室气体的方法,该生物质可以转化成高价值材料,例如具有大于37%的ω-3的油、生物柴油、磷脂、甘油、葡萄糖和蛋白饲料。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及用于减少温室气体的方法,并且更具体地,本公开涉及通过二氧化碳捕获、固定和转化来减少温室气体。
背景技术
随着例如全球变暖和因化石燃料大量使用引起的化石燃料耗竭等全球环境问题的出现,已提议多种用于解决这些问题的方法。常规碳捕获&储存(CCS)方法包括通过利用吸收、吸附、膜分离等从二氧化碳源(例如,热电厂、炼钢厂和锅炉)捕获二氧化碳,并将捕获的二氧化碳输送至地下或海洋油藏、气藏、或煤层,以在其中注入和储存二氧化碳。尽管这些方法直接减少温室气体,但是用于捕获、输送和储存1吨二氧化碳的成本分别为$60-70、$1-10和$2-10。除捕获并储存二氧化碳的方法之外,还开发出用于将二氧化碳转化成生物质例如甲烷、甲醇、塑料(例如聚碳酸酯、碳酸酯等)的方法。然而,这此产物在温室气体减少方面的提升价值远低于与捕获二氧化碳有关的成本。图1示出捕获并储存二氧化碳的常规方法。
一种常规的用于减少温室气体的方法公开了一种使用微藻固定二氧化碳的系统,其包括用于捕获二氧化碳的气体捕获装置和通过接收二氧化碳和水来培养微藻的光生物反应器。可以通过湿法来进行气体捕获,并且该系统还可以包括用于储存在光生物反应器中培养的微藻的生物质。然而,捕获并储存的二氧化碳的价值受到限制,因为该系统不包括用于将二氧化碳转化成非有害形式的方法和装置。此外,这种用于固定二氧化碳的常规系统的操作要求使该系统不能广泛用于工业设置。由于预计温室气体水平全球增加会在全球水平具有严重不利的环境后果,所以迫切地需要减少、消除和/或减轻温室气体产生的方法和装置。
发明内容
本发明提供捕获并储存二氧化碳的方法,经该方法,可以通过捕获二氧化碳来减少温室气体并且可以通过将捕获的二氧化碳转化成具有大于37%的ω-3的功能性油、磷脂、生物柴油、葡萄糖等来获得高增值材料。
在优选的示例性实施方式中,本发明提供通过捕获并固定二氧化碳以获得生物质(例如C6H12O6)并转化生物质而由二氧化碳制备高增值材料的方法。
可以通过如下过程捕获二氧化碳,在该过程中,通过从二氧化碳源排放的含有二氧化碳的排放气体与液体吸收剂之间的气液相接触而化学吸收二氧化碳,并通过将热施加至液体吸收剂而从液体吸收剂中分离二氧化碳。
经由通过利用捕获的二氧化碳且包括光合作用的微藻例如栅藻(Senedesmus)和小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris)的生长过程以及随后对所得微藻进行的干燥过程而获得生物质(C6H12O6)的方法,可以固定二氧化碳。通过使用压制机来破碎生物质外的细胞壁以产生油或油饼,根据本文技术的生物质(C6H12O6)的转化可以产生具有大于37wt%的ω-3的功能性油、生物柴油、磷脂、葡萄糖、蛋白饲料、甘油等。
下文讨论本发明的其它方面和优选实施方式。
附图说明
现在将参考附图图示的本发明的某些示例性实施方式来详细地描述本发明的上述和其它特征,下文给出的这些实施方式仅仅用于示例说明,因此不是对本发明的限制,其中:
图1示意性地示出捕获并储存二氧化碳的常规技术;
图2示意性地示出根据本发明的示例性实施方式通过二氧化碳的捕获、固定和转化而减少温室气体并产生附加值的方法;
图3示意性地示出根据本发明示例性实施方式的二氧化碳捕获和固定;
图4是示出根据本发明示例性实施方式的生物质(C6H12O6)转化的示意性框图。
应当理解到,所附的附图并非必然是按比例的,而只是呈现说明本发明的基本原理的各种优选特征的一定程度的简化表示。本文公开的本发明的具体设计特征,包括,例如,具体尺寸、方向、位置和形状将部分取决于特定的既定用途和使用环境。
在附图中,附图标记在附图的几张图中通篇指代本发明的相同或等同部件。
具体实施方式
下面将详细地参照本发明的各个实施方式,其实施例图示在所附附图中,并在下文加以描述。尽管将结合示例性实施方式描述本发明,但应当理解,本说明书无意于将本发明局限于这些示例性实施方式。相反,本发明不仅要涵盖这些示例性实施方式,还要涵盖由权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的各种替代形式、修改、等效形式和其它实施方式。
应理解,本文使用的术语“车辆”或“车辆的”或其它类似术语包括通常的机动车,例如,包括多功能运动车(SUV)、公共汽车、卡车、各种商务车的客车,包括各种船只和船舶的水运工具,飞行器等等,并且包括混合动力车、电动车、插入式混合电动车、氢动力车和其它代用燃料车(例如,来源于石油以外的资源的燃料)。如本文所提到的,混合动力车是具有两种或多种动力源的车辆,例如,具有汽油动力和电动力的车辆。
本文中提供的范围应理解为该范围内所有数值的简写。例如,1~50的范围应理解为包括选自1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、或50、以及所有介于上述整数之间的小数值(例如,1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8、和1.9)的任何数字、数字的组合、或子范围。关于子范围,具体考虑从范围内的任意端点开始延伸的“嵌套的子范围”。例如,1~50的示例性范围的嵌套子范围可以包括一个方向上的1~10、1~20、1~30和1~40,或在另一方向上的50~40、50~30、50~20和50~10。
除非特别说明或从上下文明显得到,否则本文所用的术语“约”理解为在本领域的正常容许范围内,例如在均值的2个标准偏差内。“约”可以理解为在所述数值的10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%或0.01%内。除非另外从上下文清楚得到,本文提供的所有数值都由术语“约”修饰。
二氧化碳的捕获可以包括利用例如胺、碳酸钾、或氨水的液体吸收剂而进行的化学吸收。如图3所示,通过捕获装置的吸收塔,经由含有二氧化碳的排放气体与液体吸收剂之间的气液相接触,优选在约25℃至约80℃下进行,可以化学吸收从二氧化碳源排放的含有二氧化碳的排放气体,从而排出二氧化碳已去除的排放气体。然后,与二氧化碳化学结合的液体吸收剂可以被输送到高温再生塔,其优选在约60℃至150℃,以断裂化学键并分离出二氧化碳,从而可以将高浓度二氧化碳,优选大于约90%的二氧化碳,暂时储存在储存罐等中,以便将二氧化碳输送到二氧化碳固定装置。
如图3所示,通过将捕获的二氧化碳供应到包括微藻的光生物反应器并对反应器提供来自光源的光能和培养基,其中培养基优选BG-11,从而可以经光合作用固定二氧化碳。更具体地,主动同化碳的微藻例如栅藻和小球藻可以在适当的培养基中培养并且在光生物反应器中培养,同时通过用于增加气液相材料之间的传递率(transfer rate)的中空膜接触器来将捕获的二氧化碳加入到光生物反应器中,以使二氧化碳可以以HCO3 -和CO3 2-的形式溶解并饱和。溶解于培养基中的二氧化碳可以用作碳源,以利用光源例如日光、荧光灯或发光二极管(LED)通过微藻的光合作用产生生物质(例如C6H12O6)。就此而言,当使用荧光灯在约25℃至约30℃将约30至约40ppm的微藻培养于约0.05至约0.2M的培养基中约5~9天时,对于每1吨捕获的二氧化碳,生物质产出可以在约200至约400kg的范围内。
如图4所示,通过使用压制机来破碎生物质外的细胞壁,可以转化生物质(例如C6H12O6)获得油和油饼。例如,如果对于每1kg的生物质将约3至约7ml的5%磷酸溶液添加至油中,并且将混合物在约70℃至约100℃加热约10~60分钟并使其保持,则可以产生具有大于37wt%的ω-3的高功能性油和磷脂。此外,如果对于每1kg的生物质向油饼添加约90至约130ml的丙酮溶液,并且保持混合物,则可以获得misella以及碳水化合物与蛋白质的混合物。如果通过在约40℃至70℃加热misella使丙酮沸腾,则可以获得微藻油(提取油)。如果将约15至约25ml的甲醇和约0.1至约1.0ml的氢氧化钠添加到微藻油,并且在约40℃至约100℃对混合物加热约30~60分钟并使其保持,则可以获得生物柴油和甘油。而且,如果将稀硫酸添加到从油饼获得的碳水化合物与蛋白质的混合物中,并且在约100℃~150℃加热混合物约10~40分钟,则可以产生葡萄糖和蛋白饲料。就此而言,对于每1kg生物质根据本文技术可获得的产物的收率和产出在下表1中公开。
表1从二氧化碳转化获得的材料的收率和产出
当根据本发明的实施方式对1吨捕获的二氧化碳进行处理时,可以获得35kg生物质,并且由其产生的增值材料的产出和价值在下表2中公开。
表2高增值材料的产出和价值
高增值材料 | 产出(kg) | 价值($) |
功能性油 | 31.5 | 146.8 |
生物柴油 | 48.3 | 48.1 |
磷脂 | 4.9 | 9.6 |
甘油 | 4.9 | 0.5 |
葡萄糖 | 123.6 | 129.6 |
蛋白饲料 | 77 | 35.9 |
总计 | 0.847 | 370.5 |
根据本发明,可以如下获得高增值产物。
尽管根据常规的捕获和储存方法可以减少温室气体,但是处理1吨二氧化碳花费$63-90。尽管已开发出方法用于将二氧化碳转化成生物质、甲烷、甲醇、例如聚碳酸酯和碳酸酯的塑料等等,但是这些产物的提升价值远低于用于捕获二氧化碳的成本。
根据本发明的方法,可以减少温室气体,并且根据上述的碳固定技术可以获得高价值产物例如昂贵的高功能性油、生物柴油、磷脂和葡萄糖($300~420/1吨二氧化碳)。因此,收益可以大于支出($60~70用于捕获,并且$170~200用于固定和转化)。
已经参考本发明的优选实施方式对本发明进行了详细说明。然而,本领域技术人员能够理解,可以在不偏离本发明的原理和精神的情况下对这些实施方式进行改变,本发明的范围由所附的权利要求及其等同方式限定。
Claims (20)
1.一种方法,包括:
从二氧化碳源捕获二氧化碳;
固定所述二氧化碳;
将固定的二氧化碳转化成生物质;以及
制备高价值材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中捕获处理还包括:
用选自胺、碳酸钾、氨水、及其任意组合的液体吸收剂来吸收所述二氧化碳。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中捕获处理还包括:
使所述二氧化碳与液体吸收剂接触;
通过从二氧化碳产生源排放的排出气体中所含有的二氧化碳与所述液体吸收剂之间的气液相接触,在捕获装置的吸收塔中化学吸收所述二氧化碳;以及
排放其中二氧化碳被去除的排出气体。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中在25℃~80℃的温度范围内化学吸收所述二氧化碳。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,还包括:
将所述液体吸收剂和吸收的二氧化碳输送到高温再生塔;
在所述高温再生塔中从所述液体吸收剂中分离出二氧化碳;以及
将分离出的二氧化碳隔离到储存罐。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述高温再生塔的温度在60℃~150℃的范围内并且隔离出的二氧化碳具有90%或更高的浓度。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中固定处理还包括:
将捕获的二氧化碳供应至包括微藻、光源和培养基的光生物反应器;以及
产生生物质,
其中所述光源是日光或人造光源,并且所述微藻是栅藻(Senedesmus)或小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris)。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述二氧化碳经中空膜接触器以HCO3 -或CO3 2-的形式供应到所述光生物反应器。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中通过使用压制机压破所述微藻的细胞壁而将所述生物质转化成油和/或油饼。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中用磷酸溶液处理所述油并对其加热以产生具有大于37wt%的ω-3的加工油或磷脂。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中对于每1kg的所述生物质,向所述油添加3~7ml的3~7%磷酸溶液。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中将添加有所述磷酸溶液的油在70℃~100℃的温度范围内加热10~60分钟。
13.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中用丙酮溶液处理所述油饼以产生misella和/或碳水化合物与蛋白质的混合物。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中对于每1kg的所述生物质,向所述油饼添加90~130ml的所述丙酮溶液。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中进一步加热所述misella使丙酮沸腾,从而获得微藻油(提取油)。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中将所述misella加热至40℃~70℃的温度范围。
17.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中向所述微藻油添加甲醇和氢氧化钠,并加热混合物以获得生物柴油或甘油。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中向所述微藻油添加15~25ml的甲醇和0.1~1.0ml的氢氧化钠,并在40℃~100℃加热混合物30~60分钟。
19.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中向从所述油饼获得的碳水化合物与蛋白质的混合物添加稀硫酸,并加热所述混合物以产生葡萄糖或蛋白饲料,其中加热过程在100~150℃进行10~40分钟。
20.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述高价值材料包括选自具有大于37%的ω-3的功能性油、生物柴油、磷脂、甘油、葡萄糖和蛋白饲料的一种或多种材料。
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