CN103588752A - 一种甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体及其两亲性嵌段共聚物制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体及其两亲性嵌段共聚物制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种侧链含原酸酯基团(六元环)的酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成方法,以及该载药体系在药物传递领域的应用。本发明的共聚物具有良好的酸敏感性,生物相容性和生物可降解性,可在水溶液中自组装并形成壳核结构的药物载体,在靶向治疗领域具有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种侧链含原酸酯基团的新型酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成方法及其药物传递性能。属于聚合物载体与缓控释材料技术领域。
背景技术
克服肿瘤细胞内多种抗药性是肿瘤化疗面临的难题之一,而利用环境响应性的智能聚合物胶束输送抗癌药物是解决这一难题的有效途径。肿瘤微酸环境可用于触发纳米载体的快速药物释放、输送药物到达细胞内甚至特定的细胞器中,大量增加药物作用部位如细胞质和细胞核中的药物浓度,避免癌细胞的多种抗药机制,克服肿瘤的耐药性,减少肿瘤化疗的毒副作用。
pH响应聚合物胶束主要是通过双亲性的嵌段或者接枝共聚物自组装形成胶束制备而成,共聚物中含有对pH响应的基团(如缩醛键、腙键、酰胺键,原酸酯键等)的聚合物链段,而以原酸酯键为敏感基团的聚合物目前已经可以通过较少步骤且简单的反应获得(中国专利CN101831068A,CN101880265A)。目前国内外研究中,主要是通过ATRP的方法获得带有原酸酯的聚合物,其主要缺点是反应条件苛刻,得到的聚合物分布较宽,且反应过程产生的金属化合物不易除去,后续处理不方便。
发明内容
本发明目的就是为了提供一种侧链含原酸酯基团的新型酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成方法及其药物传递性能。
一种甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体的结构如化学式Ⅰ所示:
所述的甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式I)的合成线路如下图所示:
所述的甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式I)的合成方法,优选的步骤如下:
1)无水乙醇、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸及浓硫酸催化作用下发生酯化反应,其摩尔比为(15-20):1:(0.01-0.2),在130℃反应8-24小时,过量碳酸钠中和剩余浓硫酸,粗产物离心,过滤,上清液蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于氯仿,依次经碳酸钠水溶液及饱和盐水洗,干燥得到纯产物2,2-二羟基丁酸乙酯,直接用于下一步反应;
2)2,2-二羟甲基丁酸乙酯、原甲酸三甲酯及对甲苯磺酸溶于乙腈中,其摩尔比为1:(4.0-10):(0.01-0.4):(1-1000),常温反应2-24小时,粗产物蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于乙酸乙酯(1-20mL/g)经碳酸钠水溶液洗,干燥得到纯产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯,直接用于下步反应;
3)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯、催化剂四氢锂铝及溶剂四氢呋喃混合均匀,其摩尔比为1:(4-10):(1-1000),,50-75℃下反应2-24小时,粗产物加过量碱除去剩余四氢锂铝,过滤,溶液蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于乙酸乙酯(1-20 mL/g),经碳酸钠水溶液洗,干燥得到纯产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲醇,直接用于下一步反应;
4)将2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲醇、4-甲基氨基吡啶、二环己基碳二亚胺及甲基丙烯酸溶于二氯甲烷加入,其摩尔比为1:(0.05-0.4):(1.5-5.0):(1.0-1.2):(1-1000),避光室温反应2-24小时,过滤除去不溶物,经碳酸钠水溶液及盐水洗,粗产物经硅胶层析分离,得到产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯单体,直接用于下一步反应。
一种由甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式I)合成侧链含有原酸酯基团的新型两亲性嵌段共聚物的结构如化学式Ⅱ所示:
X表示数值20-120。
所述的侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的合成方法,优选的步骤:将甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式Ⅰ),大分子链转移剂,引发剂,准确称量放入干燥的玻璃聚合管中,其投料摩尔比为(20-200):1:(0.1-0.5),通氮气脱气30分钟后封管,然后聚合管被放入50-80℃的油浴中聚合,反应2-24小时后,将反应物溶解于有机溶剂(0.5-20mL/g),粗产物用冰乙醚沉降,过滤收集沉淀,室温下真空干燥得到目标共聚物。
所述的侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的合成方法,所用的大分子链转移剂结构是化学式Ⅲ的三硫代聚乙二醇类化合物,其分子量是5400:
所述的侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的合成方法,侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物的聚合度是20-120,所用的有机溶剂是四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,二氧六环、苯、甲苯或者对二甲苯,所用的引发剂是2,2-偶氮二异丁氰。
所述的酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的应用,其特征在于所述酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物在水溶液中自组装形成胶束结构,根据亲疏水嵌段比例不同导致胶束尺寸不同,并在自组装过程中负载药物。
所述的一种聚合物胶束药物组合物,包括一种结构如化学式II所示的侧链含原酸酯基元的两亲性嵌段聚合物胶束,以及至少一种掺入在该胶束中的活性剂,其中所述的活性剂选自抗炎药、癌症化疗药物、免疫抑制剂、代谢药物、抗过敏药物、肝病治疗药物、神经系统治疗药物以及循环系统疾病治疗药物。
所述的胶束药物组合物,其中所述的癌症化疗药物选自紫杉醇、阿霉素、环孢霉素和卡莫司汀。
将活性剂掺入到两亲性嵌段聚合物胶束中的方法包括搅拌、加热、超声波、溶剂蒸发或者渗透处理。
本发明的新型酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物具有良好的酸敏感性,生物相容性和生物可降解性,可在水溶液中自组装并形成壳核结构的药物载体,在靶向治疗领域具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
附图1是实施例1中2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯单体的1H NMR和13C NMR谱图。
附图2是实施例2、3、4中嵌段共聚物P1-P3的性质表征。
附图3是实施例6中嵌段共聚物胶束的平均尺寸分布。
附图4是实施例6中嵌段共聚物胶束pH依赖的尺寸变化。
附图5是实施例7中嵌段共聚物胶束pH依赖的原酸酯键水解变化。
附图6是实施例8中嵌段共聚物胶束体外细胞毒性试验。
附图7是实施例9中嵌段共聚物胶束体内急性毒性毒性试验。
附图8是实施例10中嵌段共聚物胶束体外药物释放试验。
具体实施方式
实施例1
2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯单体的合成方法,通过下述步骤实现:
1)2,2-二羟甲基丁酸乙酯的制备
氮气气氛下,向250毫升三口瓶内加入20.00g(135.41mmoL)2,2-二羟基丁酸,120mL无水乙醇,2mL浓硫酸(98%),130℃回流反应12小时后室温冷却,加入过量碳酸钠固体中和剩余硫酸,反应混合物13000rmp离心10分钟,上层溶液过滤,滤液减压蒸干挥发性溶剂后,粗产物溶于氯仿,经10%碳酸钠溶液和饱和盐水洗,硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸馏除去溶剂,得到无色油状纯产物17.31g,产率72.60%.1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ,ppm):0.82–0.86(m,3H,CH3),1.27–1.30(m,3H,CH3),1.50–1.56(q,2H,CH2),3.20–3.30(m,2H,OH),3.69–3.73(q,2H,OH-CH2),3.95–3.99(q,2H,OH-CH2),4.19–4.24(q,2H,O-CH2).
2)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯的制备
氮气气氛下,向250mL两口瓶内加入130mL乙腈溶解的2,2-二羟甲基丁酸乙酯17.26g(98.07mmol),原甲酸三甲酯41.63g(392.28mmol)和对甲苯磺酸(1%),搅拌均匀后,室温反应12小时,减压蒸干挥发性溶剂后,粗产物溶于乙酸乙酯,经10%碳酸钠溶液洗,硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸干除去溶剂,得到无色油状纯产物16.63g,产率77.81%。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ,ppm):0.72–0.79(m,3H,CH3),1.16–1.21(q,3H,CH3),1.44–1.62(dq,2H,CH2),3.28–3.29(d,3H,O-CH3),3.51–4.31(m,6H,O-CH2),5.12–5.18(d,1H,CH-(O)3).
3)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲醇的制备
氮气气氛下,向250mL三口瓶内加入氢化锂铝4.31g(113.53mmol),恒压漏斗滴加80mL四氢呋喃,搅拌均匀后缓慢滴加50mL四氢呋喃溶解的2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯16.50g(75.69mmol),75℃回流反应12小时后室温冷却,缓慢滴加入60.53mL氢氧化钠(227.06mmol)15%溶液中和剩余四氢锂铝,反应溶液过滤后减压除去挥发性溶剂,粗产物溶于乙酸乙酯,经10%碳酸钠溶液洗,硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸干除去溶剂,得到无色油状纯产物8.57g产率64.24%。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ,ppm):0.82–0.88(m,3H,CH3),1.29–1.37(m,2H,CH2),2.37–2.38(d,1H,OH),3.36–3.45(m,3H,O-CH3),3.51–3.99(m,6H,O-CH2),5.15–5.29(d,1H,CH-(O)3).
4)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯的制备
氮气气氛下,向250mL三口瓶内加入2-甲氧基-5-乙基-1,3-二氧六环-5-甲醇8.00g(45.45mmol),4-甲基氨基吡啶16.66g(136.36mmol),二环己基碳二亚胺14.07g(68.18mmol)和120mL二氯甲烷,然后滴加30mL二氯甲烷溶解的甲基丙烯酸3.91g(45.45mmol),反应溶液搅拌均匀后室温下避光反应24小时后,过滤除去白色不溶固体,加入120mL二氯甲烷稀释溶液,经10%碳酸钠溶液及饱和盐水洗,硫酸镁干燥,溶液减压蒸干至10-20mL,粗产物经硅胶柱层析分离(淋洗:石油醚/乙酸乙酯,体积比6:1)得到淡黄色油状产物6.10g,产率(55.00%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,δ,ppm):0.83–0.89(m,3H,CH3),1.33–1.45(m,2H,CH2),1.96(2,3H,CH2–CH3),3.37–3.44(m,3H,O-CH3),3.55–4.32(m,6H,O-CH2),5.21–5.30(d,1H,CH-(O)3),5.57–6.10(d,2H,C=CH2).13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3,δ,ppm):7.21,18.12,24.18,35.35,52.90,64.29,68.14,108.58,125.50,136.02,167.04.ESI-MSCalcd for(C12H20O5),244.13;found m/z,267.00(M+Na+)。
实施例2
将1.00g(4.10mmoL)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯,聚乙二醇大分子引发剂0.74g(0.137mmoL),2,2-偶氮二异丁氰1.12mg(0.0274mmoL)准确称量放入干燥洁净的玻璃聚合管中,然后加入N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(2.0mL),聚合体系通氮气脱气30分钟后封管,聚合反应管放入70℃油浴中加热聚合,反应24小时后,将反应混合物溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后滴加入冰乙醚中,收集沉降物,再用少量冰乙醚淋洗,产物真空干燥至恒重得到目标共聚物P1,该聚合物性质见图2。
实施例3
将0.50g(2.05mmoL)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯,聚乙二醇大分子引发剂0.18g(0.0341mmoL),2,2-偶氮二异丁氰1.12mg(6.80×10-4mmoL)准确称量放入干燥洁净的玻璃聚合管中,然后加入N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(1.5mL),聚合体系通氮气脱气30分钟后封管,聚合反应管放入70℃油浴中加热聚合,反应24小时后,将反应混合物溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后滴加入冰乙醚中,收集沉降物,再用少量冰乙醚淋洗,产物真空干燥至恒重得到目标共聚物P2,该聚合物性质见图2。
实施例4
将1.00g(4.10mmoL)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯,聚乙二醇大分子引发剂0.248g(0.046mmoL),2,2-偶氮二异丁氰1.12mg(9.20×10-3mmoL)准确称量放入干燥洁净的玻璃聚合管中,然后加入N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(2.00mL),聚合体系通氮气脱气30分钟后封管,聚合反应管放入70℃油浴中加热聚合,反应24小时后,将反应混合物溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后滴加如冰乙醚中,收集沉降物,再用少量冰乙醚淋洗,产物真空干燥至恒重得到目标共聚物P3,该聚合物性质见图2。
实施例5
嵌段共聚物胶束的制备
将嵌段共聚物P1-P3各1g溶于2mL DMSO(加少量三乙胺),然后搅拌滴加20mL50mM pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液,滴加完毕后剧烈搅拌8小时,溶液转移至截留分子量为3500的透析袋内,以水(加少量三乙胺)作为透析液透析48小时,然后将袋内溶液转移至50mL离心管内,冷冻干燥,得到嵌段共聚物胶束。
实施例6
聚合物胶束尺寸测量及依赖pH尺寸变化的测定
将共聚物胶束P1-P3分别于pH=7.4,6,5,4的磷酸盐缓冲液中,配置成2mg/mL的胶束溶液,溶液过0.45微米滤头,各溶液分别在设置时间内,于马尔文粒度仪(Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS)测量其共聚物胶束尺寸变化,以pH=7.4,0小时时尺寸为初始尺寸,P1-P3平均尺寸分别为150,180,230nm(图3)。从图(4)可以看出,P1-P3胶束在pH=7.4,即中性环境下,72小时内,胶束尺寸基本保持稳定;在pH=6和5,即弱酸环境下,72小时内,胶束尺寸都成增大的趋势;在pH=4,及酸性环境下,72小时内,P1-P3胶束尺寸的变化趋势有所差别,P3由于含有疏水的嵌段数最大,其在较酸性环境下,在水溶液中的溶胀为主要驱动力,其尺寸增大,而P1和P2含有的疏水嵌段数较少,在水溶液中氢键的相互作用为主要驱动力,其尺寸减小。这个现象很好的说明了聚合物胶束可有效实现pH触发,并且可以再水溶液中进一步聚集,原位自组装形成新的二级核-壳聚合物胶束,具备药物载体的优越性能。
实施例7
聚合物胶束依赖pH降解的测定
将共聚物胶束P1-P3分别于pH=7.4,6,5,4的氘代磷酸盐缓冲液中,配置成5mg/mL的胶束溶液,于核磁共振仪(ADVANCE400)设置时间内测1H NMR,以5.23处原酸酯峰为特征峰,水解后8.27处甲酸为检测峰,观察原酸酯水解速率,如图(5)。从图可以看出,对应原酸酯水解的速率与其尺寸变化有一定的关系,尺寸的变化依赖于原酸酯水解的速率。
实施例8
细胞毒性试验
NIH3T3细胞(10000个/孔)接种于96孔培养板,在37℃和5%二氧化碳条件下培养24小时,细胞融合度60-80%。将共聚物胶束溶液加入上述已经接种,培养NIH3T3细胞的96孔板,继续培养24小时。每孔加入20微升MTT(5mg/mL),4小时后吸取培养基,每孔加入150微升DMSO,振摇10分钟,于酶标仪(ThermoScientific多功能酶标仪),570nm测定A值。按一下公式计算细胞生存率:细胞生存率(%)=(Asample-Ablank)/(Acontrol-Ablank)×100%。从图(6)可以看出,NIH3T3细胞的存活率相比于对照组,仅在较高浓度5mg/mL时,细胞存活率在50-60%,而在0.001-1mg/mL浓度范围内,细胞存活率基本都为100%,证明共聚物胶束细胞毒性较小。
实施例9
急性毒性实验
将实施例5所得的P1-P3胶束分别用生理盐水配置成50,500,2000mg/kg的储备液;小白鼠随机分成10组(5只/组),分别是9个实验组和一个空白组,采用腹腔注射的方法分别对应注射不同浓度的胶束储备液,空白组注射相同体积的生理盐水,注射完毕后每天观察其体重变化,行为变化,连续观察14天;第14天所有小白鼠通过摘取眼球取血,并解剖收集其主要器官(心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃),血样进行生化指标检测(蛋白总量、尿素氮、肌酐、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶),各器官通过H&E染色法,做成组织切片,并通过电子显微镜检测其是否正常;血样检测发现,所有实验组,包括空白组小白鼠,其血液指标都处于正常范围,且实验组与空白组相比,统计学上无显著差异;组织切片观察发现(图7),所有器官无病理学异常。证明共聚物胶束不仅无体外毒性,而且无体内急性毒性,具有良好的生物相容性。
实施例10
将实施例2所得的100mg共聚物P1与疏水性药物模型药物尼罗红30mg溶解于2mL二甲亚砜中(加少量三乙胺),搅拌溶解混合均匀,然后缓慢滴加10倍体积的磷酸盐缓冲液,滴加完毕后接续搅拌8~24小时,溶液离心,上清液转移至截留分子量为3500透析袋内透析2天,透析袋内溶液冷冻干燥,得到负载模型药物尼罗红的胶束。将该胶束各取10mg,分别溶解于5mL50mM pH=7.4和pH=5的磷酸缓冲液中,转移至截留分子量为20000的透析管内,并置于对应的缓冲液200mL内透析。在预定的时间测定尼罗红从胶束中释放的量。从图(8)中可以看出,负载的模型药物尼罗红在微酸环境pH=5中释放较缓慢,可持续释放96小时,在起始的6小时内,由于酸敏感敏感胶束的内核降解,药物快速释放约50%。
Claims (9)
2.一种权利如要求1的甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体的合成方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)无水乙醇、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸及浓硫酸催化作用下发生酯化反应,其摩尔比为(15-20):1:(0.01-0.2),在130℃反应8-24小时,过量碳酸钠中和剩余浓硫酸,粗产物离心,过滤,上清液蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于氯仿,依次经碳酸钠水溶液及饱和盐水洗,干燥得到纯产物2,2-二羟基丁酸乙酯,直接用于下一步反应;
2)2,2-二羟甲基丁酸乙酯、原甲酸三甲酯及对甲苯磺酸溶于乙腈中,其摩尔比为1:(4.0-10):(0.01-0.4):(1-1000),常温反应2-24小时,粗产物蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于乙酸乙酯(1-20mL/g),经碳酸钠水溶液洗,干燥得到纯产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯,直接用于下步反应;
3)2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲酸乙酯、催化剂四氢锂铝及溶剂四氢呋喃混合均匀,其摩尔比为1:(4-10):(1-1000),,50-75℃下反应2-24小时,粗产物加过量碱除去剩余四氢锂铝,过滤,溶液蒸干挥发性试剂后溶于乙酸乙酯(1-20mL/g),经碳酸钠水溶液洗,干燥得到纯产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲醇,直接用于下一步反应;
4)将2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-甲醇、4-甲基氨基吡啶、二环己基碳二亚胺及甲基丙烯酸溶于二氯甲烷加入,其摩尔比为1:(0.05-0.4):(1.5-5.0):(1.0-1.2):(1-1000),避光室温反应2-24小时,过滤除去不溶物,经碳酸钠水溶液及盐水洗,粗产物经硅胶层析分离,得到产物2-甲氧基-5-乙基-[1,3]-二氧六环-5-乙酰乙酸甲酯单体,直接用于下一步反应。
3.一种由甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式I)合成侧链含有原酸酯基 团的新型两亲性嵌段共聚物的结构如化学式Ⅱ所示:
X表示数值20-120。
4.一种如权利要求侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的合成方法,其特征是:将甲基丙烯酸原酸酯类新单体(化学式Ⅰ),大分子链转移剂,引发剂,准确称量放入干燥的玻璃聚合管中,其投料摩尔比为(20-200):1:(0.1-0.5),通氮气脱气30分钟后封管,然后聚合管被放入50-80℃的油浴中聚合,反应2-24小时后,将反应物溶解于有机溶剂(0.5-20mL/g),粗产物用冰乙醚沉降,过滤收集沉淀,室温下真空干燥得到目标共聚物。
6.根据权利要求4所述的侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的合成方法,其特征在于:侧链含原酸酯基团的两亲性嵌段共聚物的聚合度是20-120,所用的有机溶剂是四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇、乙腈、丙酮、氯仿、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,二氧六环、苯、甲苯、对二甲苯中的一种,所用的引发剂是2,2-偶氮二异丁氰。
7.根据权利要求3所述的酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物(化学式II)的应用,其特征在于所述酸敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物在水溶液中自组装形成胶束结构,根据亲疏水嵌段比例不同导致胶束尺寸不同,并在自组装过程中负载药物。
8.一种聚合物胶束药物组合物,其特征在于包括一种如权利要求3所述的 侧链含原酸酯基元的两亲性嵌段聚合物胶束,以及至少一种掺入在该胶束中的活性剂,其中所述的活性剂选自抗炎药、癌症化疗药物、免疫抑制剂、代谢药物、抗过敏药物、肝病治疗药物、神经系统治疗药物以及循环系统疾病治疗药物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的胶束药物组合物,其特征在于所述的癌症化疗药物选自紫杉醇、阿霉素、环孢霉素和卡莫司汀。
根据权利要求8所述的聚合物胶束药物组合物,其特征在于将活性剂掺入到两亲性嵌段聚合物胶束中的方法包括搅拌、加热、超声波、溶剂蒸发或者渗透处理。
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CN104177632B (zh) * | 2014-08-14 | 2016-08-24 | 安徽大学 | 一种由含两个原酸酯五元环的交联剂制备的核交联胶束及其合成方法与应用 |
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