CN103558340B - Early earth environment simulation equipment in degradation-mineralization balance research and method of simulation equipment - Google Patents
Early earth environment simulation equipment in degradation-mineralization balance research and method of simulation equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN103558340B CN103558340B CN201310495583.5A CN201310495583A CN103558340B CN 103558340 B CN103558340 B CN 103558340B CN 201310495583 A CN201310495583 A CN 201310495583A CN 103558340 B CN103558340 B CN 103558340B
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Abstract
The invention discloses early earth environment simulation equipment in a degradation-mineralization balance research and a method of the simulation equipment. A subjective environment simulation area is made from a rigid waterproof material and is divided into three parts, namely a buffer zone in middle and two effective environment simulation zones on two sides, wherein the buffer zone is separated from the effective zones through two layers of partition boards, and is provided with communicating holes; a valve and a control mechanism of the valve are arranged on the communicating holes; a same physical environment is simultaneously provided from the buffer zone to the effective environment zones on two sides through the communicating holes, or different physical environments are respectively provided; water outlets are formed on upper, middle and lower positions outside the two effective environment zones; a series of settling holes are formed in the bottom of each effective environment zone; each settling hole is hermetically connected with a sample connecting pipe. The invention provides an apparatus carrier for simulating an earth palaeoenvironment; experimental data is acquired through simulation tests, thus providing a more reliable experimental data basis for speculating the earth palaeoenvironment and a fossil forming process; the simulation equipment and the method are applicable to simulation experiment of various early earth environments.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of equipment of simulating the early stage environment of the earth, relate to the fields such as geology, sedimentology, petrifactology; By improving biodegradation-mineralising balancing equipment and the experimental technique thereof of the existing scientific instrument development such as microorganism reactor, climatic simulation device, realize the simulation of biodegradation and mineralization experiments, thus obtain biological in fossilisation process the relevant information such as Morphology and structure change, for understanding the extinct plants and animal in the history of earth, palaeoenvironmental evolution provides important evidence.
Background technology
Fossil develops in research at origin of life, evolution and earth environment very consequence, and save as fossil time immemorial life in its degraded, bury and also can change with Morphology and structure in fossilisation process, these change impact affects our understanding to earth evolution of early life process to the deciphering of fossil information.Traditional ancient biological study is the reason and process of going the supposition time to occur according to the fossil information of stratigraphic record mostly.Due to the imperfection of stratigraphic record, and traditional ancient biological theory method lacks effective experimental verification, usually causes the explanation for same stratigraphic record to there are some uncertain and disputes.In fact, researchers have been concerned about the restriction of the problems referred to above to petrifactology research, for obtaining the reasonable understanding to research object, adopt all kinds of Modern Scientific Instruments to control and simulate various extreme even modern non-existent environmental baseline, and the various reactions in this context of observational study object, to infer the biologic information in paleoenvironment.The method of this experimental simulation be namely a kind of can the important means of real example earth history, become the focus of international research in recent years.
Biodegradation and mineralization experiments simulation inquire into biology to be formed and the most direct effective method in preservation process at its corresponding fossil, although it is difficult to start to walk, paid attention in international most advanced and sophisticated research.Rise as far back as the nineties in 20th century, person starts to adopt modern biotechnology to be carrier just to have foreign study, as birds, typical arthropod, batrachia, fish and modern biotechnology embryo etc., simulate its degraded and bury or the process of uranium ore conservation, to understand the characteristic conditions such as the formation and reservation of fossil.At home, some researchers comprising applicant leading group have also carried out the experimental simulation of a series of degraded-mineralising research, but owing to lacking necessary opertaing device and condition, many specific conditions that may be close to the early stage environment of the earth are difficult to by simulated implementation, develop the international research frontier that the degraded-mineralizing device effectively can simulating history environment possibly has become geology extinct plants and animal.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide the early stage environmental simulation Apparatus for () and method therefor of the earth in a kind of degraded-mineralising balance studies.Be change the process of fossil under the Special controlling condition in order to the biological surface water body environment early stage at the earth of modeling effort into, process that living resources convert the mineral products such as oil or coal to and mechanism and kinetic balance process thereof.In an embodiment, this equipment called after Paleopond, takes meaning in " pond in time immemorial ".The object of the present invention is to provide the equipment carrier for simulating earth paleoenvironment (comprising biological basic living environment and sedimentary environment); Another object is to obtain the experimental data with larger confidence level and practical significance by the simulation test in this instrument, for inferring that earth paleoenvironment and fossil forming process provide more reliable experimental data basis; And provide described instrument for the application of the aspects such as the early stage various possible environmental simulation experiments of the earth.
The technical scheme completing foregoing invention task is, the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in a kind of degraded-mineralising balance studies, subjective environment simulation region is made up of rigidity impermeable material, it is characterized in that, this subjective environment simulation region is divided into three parts: center section is buffer area, the both sides of this buffer area are two effective environment regions; Described buffer area is separated by double-layer clapboard with the effective coverage of both sides; This double-layer clapboard is provided with intercommunicating pore; Described intercommunicating pore is provided with the control gear of valve and valve; From buffer area can by controlling the opening of intercommunicating pore, closure state realizes providing same physical environment to the effective environment region of both sides simultaneously; Or provide different physical environments respectively to the effective environment region of both sides; The position, upper, middle and lower in outside separately, two effective environment regions (not the side in territory, adjacent both buffer zone) is furnished with water delivering orifice; A series of deposition hole is offered, the salable connection in each deposition hole sample collection tube in the bottom in two effective environment regions.
In prioritization scheme, there is water bath in described sample collection tube exterior arrangement, make sample collection tube be immersed in water bath, carried out deposition and the mineralising temperature of sample in control tube by the temperature controlling water-bath trough inner water.
Automatically controlled and utility appliance (such as, electrically heated rod, refrigerator, aeration oxygenator etc.) is also provided with in two effective environment regions.
Described rigidity impermeable material can be organic glass, tempered glass or stainless steel etc.
The optimal design of described sample collection tube, be with cover, can the sample collection tube of freely openable.
The wall in two effective environment regions can also be provided with specimen collection well, and wherein, the aperture being arranged on outside feeds back for the control analyzing detection and data for the water body collected in subjective environment.Be arranged on top aperture for collecting the gas produced in subjective environment, and the physics and chemistry state analysis of this gas detects and data feedback controls.
Described automatically controlled and utility appliance mainly comprises: the output of subjective environment temperature control device, outside deposition environment temperature control device, subjective environment internal motivation equipment and material inputs and physics and chemistry state controlling equipment etc.
Subjective environment temperature control device, in subjective environment simulation region, adopts electric heating or refrigeration temperature control; Outside deposition environment temperature control device provides object temperature for outside water bath, adopts the mode of the controlling water level such as electrical heating or refrigeration and water flow temperature; Internal motivation equipment comprises the water movement such as internal circulation pump and cutoff board opertaing device, and with the material of realization body environment, temperature equal distribution, even or specific thermograde controls; Other opertaing device as input-output device comprise for subjective environment the aeration pump of oxygen is provided, hydrodynamic small peristaltic pump, temperature control instrument, temperature-controllable desktop is provided, expansion equipment needed for removable cover plate and other experiment is as infrared and ultraviolet and visible ray etc.
The size shape of the hole opened bottom effective coverage, without fixed measure, can relatively freely adjust according to demand.
In described sample deposition collecting region, in each water bath, the position of sample hose and quantity can independent assortments.
Described subjective environment simulation region and described sample deposition collecting region relatively independent, adopt and two overlap independently temperature-controlling system.
The technical scheme completing the application's second invention task is, the experimental technique of the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in above-mentioned degraded-mineralising balance studies, and it is characterized in that, step is as follows:
(1). " object simulated environment " (as being different from the briny environment in various time immemorial of modern marine) is set in two effective environment regions of subjective environment simulation region;
(2). in " object simulated environment ", Bioexperiment object is set;
(3). the input of subsequent species is carried out in buffer area;
(4). realize providing same physical environment by buffer zone to the effective environment region of both sides by the closure state controlling intercommunicating pore simultaneously; Or provide different physical environments respectively to the effective environment region of both sides;
In experimentation, sometimes needing the composition changing subjective environment by augmenting some materials, directly adding the cataclysm that material can cause subjective environment parameter, uncontrollable negative influence may be produced to experimental result; In instrument Paleopond, first material can be added buffer area, by the environmental baseline of the incremental change effective coverage of intercommunicating pore, thus effectively avoid the impact that this cataclysm brings, be also more conducive to the uniform distribution of material.
(5). the sediment produced in effective coverage, deposits to a series of deposition hole by bottom, deposits to downwards in sample collection tube;
(6). the sediment in periodic collection sample collection tube, water body and gas, as detection sample;
(7). by the detection to detection sample, image data; To data analysis, obtain experimental result.
In prioritization scheme, increase and have following steps:
(8). sample collection tube exterior arrangement water bath, makes sample collection tube be immersed in water bath;
(9). deposition and the mineralising temperature of sample in control tube is come by the temperature controlling water-bath trough inner water.
(10). in experimentation, can sample hose quantity as required under selected temperature gradient and each gradient, then the parameter of the corresponding water bath of setting further.
Two described effective environment regions, the two as parallel reference, also can individually can operate.
Step (3), (4) in, can by the closure or openness state of connecting hole between the effective environment region of sealed rubber plug or Valve controlling buffer area and both sides.
Principle of work of the present invention is:
One of paleontologic research field, it is the biological process study how becoming fossil, namely the degraded adopting the principle research of chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics biological and mineralization process, therefore, practice can utilize existing physics and chemistry and biological study equipment, particularly with reference to chemical equilibrium equipment and the Modern microbiological reactor of comparatively perfect, suitably transform improvement, improve the control accuracy of experimental simulation, scope and confidence level.Forming process according to fossil: biology buries-degraded-mineralising, Paleopond analog machine of the present invention is divided into three parts: subjective environment simulation region, sample analog product are as the collection detection zone of sediment water body and generation gas etc. and automatically controlled and utility appliance.
The early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded of the present invention-mineralising balance studies, subjective environment simulation region is divided into three parts (with reference to Fig. 1); Left and right two parts 1,2 is effective environment region (300mm × 300mm × 300mm), for experimental study provides object simulated environment (as artificial seawater environment), Bioexperiment object is mainly in this region survival and development, 1, can as parallel reference both 2, also can individually operate, the position, upper, middle and lower of the side of effective coverage is furnished with water delivering orifice (4 in Fig. 1); Center section (3) is buffer area, its effect is for effective coverage provides subsequent species to input, separate with the effective coverage of both sides by double-layer clapboard and pass through aperture and be communicated with respectively up and down (5), can be realized by the closure state controlling intercommunicating pore providing same to both sides simultaneously or different physical environments being provided respectively.A series of deposition hole is offered in the bottom in two effective environment regions, downward deposition channels is provided, this some holes is uniformly distributed substantially, the salable connection in each hole one can the sample collection tube with cover (7) of freely openable, these sample hoses play on the one hand collects sample to bury the effect of mineralising further, also can provide the small-sized deposition mineralising space and environment that relatively independent on the other hand.Biological most important by the formation of physico-chemical property to fossil of burying rear residing environment, this is also also be the research emphasis of numerous geology paleontologist.Instrument of the present invention (in embodiment called after Paleopond), at sample collection tube exterior arrangement water bath (8), makes sample collection tube be immersed in water bath, is come deposition and the mineralising temperature of sample in control tube by the temperature controlling water-bath trough inner water.This have good extendability and degree of freedom by sample collection tube and outside deposition temprature control unit, in experimentation, can sample hose quantity as required under selected temperature gradient and each gradient, then the parameter of the corresponding water bath of setting further.
Automatically controlled and the utility appliance of Paleopond instrument of the present invention has subjective environment temperature control device, outside deposition environment temperature control device, subjective environment internal motivation equipment and other condition opertaing device etc.Subjective environment temperature control device is mainly subjective environment and provides object temperature, usually adopts the control temperature modes such as electrical bar heating or cooling water pipe cooling; Outside deposition environment temperature control device provides object temperature for outside water bath, can adopt the mode of electrical heating or controlling water level and water flow temperature; Internal motivation equipment mainly in order to ensure that the material of subjective environment, temperature equal distribution are even, realizes by the dynamics such as internal circulation pump or driven stirring rod equipment; Other opertaing device comprise for subjective environment the aeration pump of oxygen is provided, hydrodynamic small peristaltic pump, temperature control instrument, temperature-controllable desktop is provided, expansion equipment (as infrared and ultraviolet and/or visible ray light irradiation apparatus etc.) needed for removable cover plate and other experiment.
Paleopond instrument of the present invention has following innovative characteristics:
1.different physics can be realized in Paleopond, electrochemical conditions controls different ecologic environments and mineralising environment to reach, research object in environment also will produce different result and material composition, infer issuable phenomenon in the early stage environment of the earth by coming " observation " to the simulated experiment of this environment.
2.for the purpose of geology petrifactology, simulate and biology, physics, chemical relevant dynamic process and thermodynamic process.
3.the simulation of subjective environment and the simulation of sedimentary environment differentiate by Paleopond instrument, and subjective environment simulation region provides large unified environment, and adopt the method being changed primary climate material composition by buffer zone.
4.the sample divider of multipoint acquisition formula is devised in sedimentary environment simulation region, by the environment temperature of outside water bath Quality control gatherer, and can designed, designed thermograde and independent assortment sample hose.
5.the more convenient manual control conditional parameter of open by design, be conducive to the simulation realizing varying environment flexibly, improve the scope of application, some particular surroundingss closer to the early stage ecologic environment of the earth and the special physical and chemical condition of fossil sea floor can be simulated in Paleopond, comprise chemical extreme environment, as early stage acid seawater, strong reducing property seawater etc.
6.there is good extendability, for improving material inputs system and automation control system provides space and platform in the future.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is Paleopond instrument one-piece construction figure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the design of experiment of case study on implementation.
Fig. 3 is sediment quality trend map in sample collection tube in case study on implementation.
Fig. 4 is the infrared spectrogram of the sample centrifuged supernatant in case study on implementation at a temperature.Wherein Line 1 is spectrogram at 4 DEG C, and No. 2 lines are spectrogram under room temperature, and No. 3 lines are spectrogram at 25 DEG C, and No. 4 lines are spectrogram at 30 DEG C.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1, Paleopond instrument, take meaning in " pond in time immemorial ", according to the formation basic theory of fossil, set forth the action character of Paleopond instrument in environmental simulation in time immemorial and organism degrades-mineralising balance test and technique effect further by following concrete case study on implementation, but the present invention is not therefore subject to any restriction.The basic ideas of this case study on implementation are: with the shorter shrimps of growth cycle for carrier, simulate that it grows in the seawater, dead, deposition is buried and preservation at different temperatures and remineralization efficacy.
In Fig. 1, A is that two effective environment regions are respectively 1,2; B is sample deposition collecting region; Be provided with buffer area 3 in addition; Water outlet gas outlet 4; Intercommunicating pore 5; Deposition hole 6; Sample collection tube 7; Water bath 8.
In Fig. 2, agitation cycle device 9, electrically heated rod 10, artificial seawater 11, brine shrimp ovum 12, Haikou mud 13, egg yolk 14, aeration aerating 15, continuous illumination 16, sediment 17.
In Fig. 4, I---4 DEG C; II---room temperature; III---25 DEG C; IV---30 DEG C.
The artificial seawater 20L prepared is added, Hangzhou Wan marine outfall mud 500g(weight in wet base in the primary climate simulation region of Paleopond instrument side), dry brine shrimp ovum 10g, one, live chickens yolk; Distribute in simulation region, main border two electrically heated rods, controls water temperature at 30 ± 0.5 DEG C, aeration aerating, natural lighting.The formula of its artificial seawater is: NaCl 24g/L, Na
2sO
410H
2o 91 g/L, MgCl
26H
2o 10.8 g/L, CaC1
22H
20 1.5 g/L, KCl 0.7 g/L, NaHCO
30.2 g/L, KBr 0.1 g/L, H
3bO
330m g/L.
Sample deposition collecting region has 42 sample collection tubes to be evenly distributed on bottom instrument altogether, respectively in the water bath of 4 different temperatures, wherein 12 collection tubes at 4 DEG C, 12 collection tubes at 25 DEG C, 12 collection tubes at 30 DEG C, 6 collection tubes under room temperature (5 ~ 15 DEG C); Each water bath adopts Electric heating, and carrys out control temperature amplitude of variation by controlling water level and recirculated water flow velocity and be ± 0.5 DEG C.
Together can be deposited in Paleopond and sample collection tube along with mud deposit after shrimps death, stop after experiment 30d, take out sample collection tube, observation analysis manages the situation of interior gleanings at each temperature.
Get the sample collection tube centrifugal (4000r/min, 5min) at each temperature, removing supernatant, vacuum drying at room temperature, remove the peel and weigh, obtain sedimental quality in various kinds QC, in table 1.
Sedimental quality in table 1 sample collection tube
| a-1 | b-1 | a-2 | b-2 | General assembly (TW) | Mean value | |
| 4℃ | —— | 0.188 | 0.453 | 1.174 | 1.815 | 0.39133 |
| Room temperature | 0.2 | 0.742 | 0.36 | 0.858 | 2.16 | 0.54 |
| 25℃ | 0.36 | 0.258 | 0.301 | 0.367 | 1.286 | 0.3215 |
| 30℃ | 0.144 | —— | 0.196 | —— | 0.34 | 0.17 |
Note: in upper table, "---" represents countless certificate, a-1, b-1, a-2 and b-2 are respectively sample hose numbering.
Table 1 and Fig. 3 show, and under 4 DEG C and room temperature (5 ~ 15 DEG C) two lower temperature environments, sedimental quality is obviously higher, thereafter along with the rising of temperature, and sedimental Quality Down.
Carry out infrared microscopy detection to the supernatant in sample hose, to analyze at 4 kinds of temperature basic organism and inorganics type in sample supernatant, microspectroscopy instrument used is the Nicolet iN10 of Thermo Fisher scientific & technical corporation of the U.S.
mX.
Infrared analysis shows in the supernatant at 4 kinds of temperature and all contains certain inorganic salts (may be carbonate, sulfate), and the corresponding IR trace analysis at 30 DEG C is simple, mainly with water peak (about 3200cm
-1) and inorganics peak be main; In IR collection of illustrative plates under 25 DEG C and room temperature, based on water peak and inorganics peak, and there is the organism peak that intensity is lower; IR collection of illustrative plates at 4 DEG C is except 3000cm
-1the water peak at place and 1000 cm
-1outside the inorganics characteristic peak of many places, also detect that organic content and kind are than the sample all more horn of plenty at other 3 temperature containing methyl and methylene, the ester class of not easily preserving and protein-based (or peptide bond) etc.
Associative list 1 is not difficult to judge with the sediment quality result of Fig. 2, low temperature (especially 4 DEG C) is more conducive to organic storage and maintenance, some materials be easily degraded (as protein, fat) can be preserved at low temperatures better, and when temperature is higher, this kind of living matter is easily fallen by the microbial degradation in water body, and this is also the main cause that sediment quality reduces along with temperature rising.It is all form the base substance of biological tissue that protein and fat wait, these materials preserved and meaned low temperature under the possibility that is saved of biological remains greatly improve, thus provide condition precedent for the formation of fossil.
Claims (10)
1. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in a degraded-mineralising balance studies, subjective environment simulation region is made up of rigidity impermeable material, it is characterized in that, this subjective environment simulation region is divided into three parts: center section is buffer area, the both sides of this buffer area are two effective environment regions; Described buffer area is separated by double-layer clapboard with the effective coverage of both sides; This double-layer clapboard is provided with intercommunicating pore; Described intercommunicating pore is provided with the control gear of valve and valve; Realize providing same physical environment to the effective environment region of both sides from buffer area by the closure or openness state controlling intercommunicating pore simultaneously; Or provide different physical environments respectively to the effective environment region of both sides; The position, upper, middle and lower in outside separately, two effective environment regions is furnished with water delivering orifice; A series of deposition hole is offered, the salable connection in each deposition hole sample collection tube in the bottom in two effective environment regions.
2. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 1-mineralising balance studies, it is characterized in that, water bath is had in described sample collection tube exterior arrangement, make sample collection tube be immersed in water bath, come deposition and the mineralising temperature of sample in control tube by the temperature controlling water-bath trough inner water.
3. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 1-mineralising balance studies, is characterized in that, in two effective environment regions, be also provided with automatically controlled and utility appliance.
4. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 1-mineralising balance studies, is characterized in that, described sample collection tube, be adopt with cover, can the sample collection tube of freely openable.
5. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 1-mineralising balance studies, it is characterized in that, the wall in two effective environment regions is also provided with specimen collection well, wherein, the aperture being arranged on outside feeds back for the control analyzing detection and data for the water body collected in subjective environment; Be arranged on the aperture on top for collecting the gas produced in subjective environment, and the physics and chemistry state analysis of this gas detects and data feedback controls.
6. according to the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in the degraded one of claim 1-5 Suo Shu-mineralising balance studies, it is characterized in that, described automatically controlled and utility appliance comprises: subjective environment temperature control device, outside deposition environment temperature control device, subjective environment internal motivation equipment and material inputs export and physics and chemistry state controlling equipment.
7. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 6-mineralising balance studies, it is characterized in that, the set-up mode of described automatically controlled and utility appliance is: subjective environment temperature control device, in subjective environment simulation region, adopts electric heating or refrigeration temperature control; Outside deposition environment temperature control device provides object temperature for outside water bath, adopts the mode of electrical heating or refrigeration control water flow temperature; Internal motivation equipment comprises the water movement opertaing device of internal circulation pump and cutoff board, and with the material of realization body environment, temperature equal distribution, even or specific thermograde controls; Other opertaing device comprises, and input-output device, to provide the aeration pump of oxygen, provides hydrodynamic small peristaltic pump, temperature control instrument, temperature-controllable desktop, removable cover plate and expansion equipment for subjective environment.
8. the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 7-mineralising balance studies, is characterized in that, described expansion equipment is infrared, ultraviolet and/or visible ray equipment; Described subjective environment simulation region and described sample deposition collecting region relatively independent, adopt and two overlap independently temperature-controlling system.
9. the experimental technique of the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 1-mineralising balance studies, it is characterized in that, step is as follows:
(1). in two effective environment regions of subjective environment simulation region, " object simulated environment " is set;
(2). biology and ecologic environment experimental subjects are set in " object simulated environment ";
(3). the input of subsequent species is carried out in buffer area;
(4). realize providing same physical environment by buffer zone to the effective environment region of both sides by the closure or openness state controlling intercommunicating pore simultaneously; Or provide different physical environments respectively to the effective environment region of both sides;
(5). the sediment produced in effective coverage, deposits to a series of deposition hole by bottom, deposits to downwards in sample collection tube;
(6). the sediment in periodic collection water body, gas and sample collection tube, as detection sample and research;
(7). by the detection to detection sample, image data; To data analysis, obtain experimental result.
10. the experimental technique of the early stage environmental simulation equipment of the earth in degraded according to claim 9-mineralising balance studies, is characterized in that, increases and has following steps:
(8). sample collection tube exterior arrangement water bath, makes sample collection tube be immersed in water bath;
(9). deposition and the mineralising temperature of sample in control tube is come by the temperature controlling water-bath trough inner water;
(10). in experimentation, can sample hose quantity as required under selected temperature gradient and each gradient, then the parameter of the corresponding water bath of setting further;
Step (3), (4) in, be the closed or opening being controlled connecting hole between buffer area and the effective environment region of both sides by sealed rubber plug or electric control valve.
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