CN103551367B - 城市生活垃圾综合处理方法 - Google Patents
城市生活垃圾综合处理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103551367B CN103551367B CN201310508626.9A CN201310508626A CN103551367B CN 103551367 B CN103551367 B CN 103551367B CN 201310508626 A CN201310508626 A CN 201310508626A CN 103551367 B CN103551367 B CN 103551367B
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
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- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CVTZKFWZDBJAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].N Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明涉及一种城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，对生活垃圾进行磁选和破碎；强制接触式处理与碳源利用，将带有厌氧微生物的接种水通过复数个高压喷头从生活垃圾两侧喷射向生活垃圾上，接种水与生活垃圾强制接触并达到水力搅拌和扰动，使生活垃圾在流化状态下进行生化反应；固相物料脱水与生物自干燥，将脱水后的物料送至干燥仓内，输送机输机将固相物料在干燥仓内进行循环，鼓风机进行强制通风，同时搅拌风机对干燥仓内的气流进行了搅拌，物料在干燥仓内进行好氧降解反应而进行自干燥；经磁选和重力分选后，将分选后的物料作为固体燃料。本发明能快速分离并降解生活垃圾，使生活垃圾快速减量化和稳定化，固体燃料的热值高，能充分利用各资源。
Description
技术领域
[0001]本发明涉及一种城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，属于生活垃圾处理技术领域。
背景技术
[0002]生活垃圾是指日常生活或者为日常生活提供服务的活动所产生的固体废弃物以及法律法规所规定的视为生活垃圾的固体废物。垃圾成分直接影响技术的适应性，我国生活垃圾的组成不但与国外有很大差别，而且不同城市的生活垃圾成分也有所不同。但一般来说，我国生活垃圾的特点是:可回收物质含量和热值较低，垃圾含水率和可生物降解的有机物含量高。即使可回收物质和热值相对较高的大城市生活垃圾，也由于水分含量高，其实际进焚烧炉的垃圾热值波动也很大。目前，国内外生活垃圾的主要处理技术主要包括填埋、焚烧、堆肥、物理破碎、饲料化和厌氧消化处理技术。因此，无论是填埋、焚烧还是堆肥，在处理我国生活垃圾的实践中都存在很多问题。解决这个问题的最佳技术路线是从处理的角度推进垃圾的分类收集。但是，生活垃圾的分类收集并非短期内可以实现，所以，现实的生活垃圾处理技术发展方向必须面对混合收集的、可回收物质含量和热值低、垃圾含水率和可生物降解的有机物含量高的生活垃圾。
[0003]目前较先进的城市生活垃圾处理处置的方法，将生活垃圾分选和粗破碎，经多次脱水和粉碎，将处理后得到的微细垃圾干粉在炉内燃烧，进行发电。再有是将城市生活垃圾分解成可燃物、有机营养土、金属、无机垃圾四部分，可燃物用于焚烧产生水蒸气;在特制的降解罐内，利用水蒸气的温度和压力使易腐有机垃圾降解反应，转化成有机营养土;无机垃圾制成建材或填埋处理。但上述的处理过程中，处理后的可燃物其热值不高，由于不能使生活垃圾快速减量化，不利于后续处理，对环境的影响较大。
发明内容
[0004]本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种能快速分离并降解生活垃圾中可生物降解的有机组分，使生活垃圾快速减量化和稳定化，固体燃料的热值高，能充分利用各资源的生活垃圾综合处理方法。
[0005]本发明为达到上述目的的技术方案是:一种城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:按以下步骤进行，
[0006] ㈠、磁选和破碎步骤:包括
[0007]⑴、将接收的生活垃圾中金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收；
[0008]⑵、将磁选后的生活垃圾进行破碎，破碎后的生活垃圾其粒径< 34mm、密度控制在250-500kg/m3；
[0009]㈡、强制接触式处理与碳源利用步骤:包括:
[0010]⑴、将破碎后生活垃圾送入反应仓内，将带有厌氧微生物的接种水通过复数个高压喷头从生活垃圾两侧喷射向生活垃圾上，接种水与生活垃圾强制接触并达到水力搅拌和扰动，使生活垃圾在流化状态下进行生化反应，生化反应结束后通过反应仓内的螺旋输送机将固相物料排出；
[0011]⑵、生活垃圾在生化反应过程所产生的有机液经反应仓底部的过滤格栅进入集液箱，将集液箱内的有机液送至过滤装置内进行过滤，去除有机液中颗径大于3mm的颗粒；
[0012]⑶、将过滤后的大部分有机液作为填埋场渗滤液生化处理单元碳源进行利用，余下部分回流进入有机液储罐内作为接种水，通过高压切割污水栗及管路引至各喷头；
[0013]㈢、固相物料脱水与生物自干燥步骤:包括
[0014]⑴、将反应仓排出的固相物料送入压榨脱水装置内进行脱水，将物料的含水率控制在30-35wt%，挤压出的有机液送到过滤装置；
[0015]⑵、将脱水后的物料送至干燥仓内，输送机输机将固相物料在干燥仓内进行循环，安装在干燥仓上的鼓风机进行强制通风，同时搅拌风机对干燥仓内的气流进行了搅拌，使空气与脱水后的物料充分接触，物料在干燥仓内进行好氧降解反应而进行自干燥，当物料含水率在15被%_20被%时，送至磁选装置；
[0016]㈣、磁选和重力分选步骤:包括
[0017]⑴、将自干燥后的物料送入磁选装置，将物料中的金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收；
[0018]⑵、重力分选出物料中的惰性无机物，将分选后的物料作为固体燃料，物料的低位热值控制在14000-16500kJ/kg，固体燃料焚烧发电资源化利用或水泥制造业作为燃料使用。
[0019]本发明的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法采用上述技术方案后具有如下特点:
[0020] 1、可以快速分离并降解生活垃圾中可生物降解的有机组分，使生活垃圾快速减量化和稳定化。
[0021 ]本发明将磁选后破碎后的生活垃圾入反应仓，将带有厌氧微生物的接种水通过复数个高压喷头从生活垃圾两侧喷射在生活垃圾上，接种水与生活垃圾强制接触并达到水力搅拌和扰动，而破碎后的生活垃圾的密度在250-500kg/m3，相对蓬松，且粒径较小，通过高压喷头喷射出的接种水，使生活垃圾在反应仓内处于流化状态，而流化状态的生活垃圾与接种水的接触面积大大增加，大幅度提高接触效率，故而加速生活垃圾与接种水之间的传质过程和厌氧发酵过程，可以快速分离并降解生活垃圾中可生物降解的有机组分，此过程使破碎生活垃圾中可降解有机物和碳水化合物转化利用率分别达到95wt%右左和85的％左右，大大缩短了生活垃圾的减量化和稳定化过程。
[0022] 2、出渣量少，固体燃料热值高。
[0023]本发明先通过压榨脱水装置将固相物料进行脱水，再将脱水后的物料送至干燥仓内，通过输送机输机将固相物料在干燥仓内进行循环的同时，鼓风机进行强制通风，同时搅拌风机对干燥仓内的气流进行了搅拌，使空气与脱水后的物料充分接触，由于脱水后的物料上自带微生物，在经过好氧驯化阶段、好氧生化反应阶段和成熟阶段三个阶段时，使微生物充分利用物料中水分进行好氧降解反应，在好氧降解反应中使物料温度逐渐升高至75°C左右，故而物料在干燥仓内进行好氧降解反应实现自干燥，将物料的含水率进一步降低到15wt%-20wt%，不仅出渣量少，而经磁选和重力分选后的渣料形成的固体燃料热值高。
[0024] 3、整个处理方法能采用常规设备，无高温高压强腐蚀环境，设备运行风险小。
[0025] 4、资源化程度高。
[0026]本发明将生活垃圾经强制接触式处理后，95%的易降解有机物和85%的非纤维素碳水化合物得到转换，进入填埋场填埋的只有少量难降解残渣，垃圾重量、体积和含水率都会减小，热值增大，有利于后续处理并能减轻对环境的影响，可减少了填埋过程中的填埋气体、渗滤液，减少占地空间等。本发明将生化反应过程产生的有机液经过滤水格栅进入集液箱，经过滤后经高压切割污水栗及管路引至喷头进行循环生化反应，同时强制接触式处理阶段产生的有机液与碳氮比失调的渗滤液生化处理单元组合利用，降低了生化垃圾渗滤液处理厂处理成本的同时解决了高浓度有机废水处理的问题，使生活垃圾中可生物降解的有机物充分利用。经本发明处理后固体燃料焚烧发电资源化利用或水泥制造业作为燃料使用，资源化程度高。
附图说明
[0027]下面结合附图对本发明的实施例作进一步的详细描述。
[0028]图1是本发明城市生活垃圾综合处理方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
[0029]见图1所示，本发明的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，按以下步骤进行，
[0030] ㈠、磁选和破碎步骤:包括
[0031]将接收的生活垃圾中金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收。可通过刮板输送机将生活垃圾输送至专用悬挂式磁选机内，通过悬挂式磁选机进行磁选，将金属类磁性物回收。
[0032]⑵、将磁选后的生活垃圾进行破碎，破碎后的生活垃圾其粒径< 34mm、密度控制在250-500kg/m3，通过刮板输送机将磁选后的生活垃圾送至破碎机中，将生活垃圾中的包装袋、织物、塑料、木竹等混杂物破碎成粒径S 34_的生活垃圾。
[0033]㈡、强制接触式处理与碳源利用步骤:包括:
[0034]⑴、将破碎后生活垃圾送入反应仓内，反应仓的两侧板上设有复数个高压喷头，一个侧板上可设有3〜30个高压喷头，将带有厌氧微生物的接种水通过复数个高压喷头从生活垃圾两侧喷射向生活垃圾上，接种水与生活垃圾强制接触并达到水力搅拌和扰动，使生活垃圾在流化状态下进行生化反应，本发明高压喷头处出水速度可控制在50-150m/s，出口压力可控制在0.5-2.5Mpa，高压喷头通过管路与高扬程高压力的切割污水栗相通，通过切割污水栗通过高压喷头的压力。
[0035]本发明的接种水与生活垃圾间歇强制接触处理，高压切割污水栗运行5-30分钟，停止20-60分钟，即高压喷头工作5-30分钟，停止20-60分钟，生活垃圾在反应仓内反应时间在1.5-2天。本发明可对反应仓进行加热，在反应仓壁上设有夹套，将热源引入夹套内，使反应仓内的生活垃圾其生化反应温度控制在35-40°C，进行水解酸化反应，提高生活垃圾内有机组分进一步的水解酸化效率，从而减少残留有机组分含量，有利于提高后续有机液碳源利用质量。本发明的强制接触式处理时间可控制在1.5-2天，当反应结束后通过反应仓内的螺旋输送机将固相物料排出。
[0036]⑵、生活垃圾在生化反应过程所产生的有机液经反应仓底部的过滤格栅进入集液箱，将集液箱内的有机液送至过滤装置内进行过滤，去除有机液中颗径大于3mm的颗粒，该过滤装置可采用转鼓格栅机，转鼓格栅机网孔在3_，将筛出的固相物料通过皮带输送机至送入在反应仓内再次进行生化反应，可进行多次循环，最后的出渣多为无机颗粒，且量很少，可外外运填埋。
[0037]⑶、将过滤后的大部分有机液作为填埋场渗滤液生化处理单元碳源进行利用，可将60_85wt%的有机液作为填埋场渗滤液生化处理单元碳源，而余下部分回流进入有机液储罐内作为接种水，通过高压切割污水栗及管路引至各喷头，进行回用。填埋场随着垃圾填埋年限的增加，渗滤液中氨氮浓度会越来越高，C/N值将会失调，而营养元素比例的失调会导致生物脱氮反硝化过程碳源显得严重不足，需要人为投加碳源满足微生物生长。而经过强制接触式处理装置产生的有机液COD值很高，而TN值相对较低，C/N值可达到66:1，可以按比例投加进入渗滤液生化处理单元进水段作为碳源进行利用，保证生化处理顺利进行和最后出水TN的达标排放。
[0038]㈢、固相物料脱水与生物自干燥步骤:包括
[0039]⑴、将反应仓排出的固相物料送入压榨脱水装置内进行脱水，压榨脱水装置可采用叠螺压榨机，将物料的含水率控制在30_35wt%，挤压出的有机液送到过滤装置，挤压出的液体输送至转鼓格栅机进水端进行过滤，
[0040]⑵、将脱水后的物料送至干燥仓内，输送机将固相物料在干燥仓内进行循环，安装在干燥仓上的鼓风机进行强制通风，同时搅拌风机对干燥仓内的气流进行了搅拌，该搅拌风机可采用多个安装在干燥仓上，使空气的氧气与脱水后的物料进行充分接触，由于物料上自带微生物，先后经过好氧驯化阶段、好氧生化反应阶段和成熟阶段三个阶段，使微生物充分利用物料中水分进行好氧降解反应而使料物温度逐渐升高至75°C左右，使物料在干燥仓内进行好氧降解反应而进行生物自干燥，当物料含水率在15%_20被%时，排出送至磁选装置；
[0041 ]㈣、磁选和重力分选步骤:包括
[0042]⑴、将自干燥后的物料送入磁选装置，将物料中的金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收；
[0043]⑵、重力分选出物料中的惰性无机物，可在重力分选机中进行，将砂砾和玻璃等无机惰性无机物被分选出来回收利用，分选后的物料作为固体燃料，物料的低位热值控制在14000-16500kJ/kg，固体燃料中塑料橡胶制品、织物和纤维含量Ί 80wt%，灰分为25±2wt%，处理后的物料热值高，有机物转化率高，处理量小。固体燃料焚烧发电资源化利用或水泥制造业作为燃料使用，焚烧发电的烟气余热通入反应仓，对生活垃圾进行加热，以保持生活垃圾在35-40°C的温度下进行生化反应，焚烧发电产生的电能可以供给本发明处理过程中用电设备。
[0044]见图1所示，本发明在磁选和破碎步骤以及强制接触式处理与碳源利用步骤和固相物料脱水与生物自干燥步骤中所产生的臭气均由臭气负压收集处理系统收集处理，达标后排放。
[0045]用本发明的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，将10吨生活垃圾经磁选和破碎输送反应仓内进行强制接触式处理，反化反应温度控制在35°C〜40°C，反应进行2天，经固相物料脱水后出料为5.2吨，含水率为33wt%，经生物自干燥最终得到3.8吨固体燃料，固体燃料的含水率为18wt%，其塑料含量62.8wt%，可使生活垃圾快速减量化和稳定化，有利于后续处理并能减轻对环境的影响。
Claims (6)
1.一种城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:按以下步骤进行， ㈠、磁选和破碎步骤:包括 ⑴、将接收的生活垃圾中金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收； ⑵、将磁选后的生活垃圾进行破碎，破碎后的生活垃圾其粒径< 34_、密度控制在250-500kg/m3 ； ㈡、强制接触式处理与碳源利用步骤:包括: ⑴、将破碎后生活垃圾送入反应仓内，将带有厌氧微生物的接种水通过复数个高压喷头从生活垃圾两侧喷射向生活垃圾上，接种水与生活垃圾强制接触并达到水力搅拌和扰动，使生活垃圾在流化状态下进行生化反应，生化反应结束后通过反应仓内的螺旋输送机将固相物料排出； ⑵、生活垃圾在生化反应过程所产生的有机液经反应仓底部的过滤格栅进入集液箱，将集液箱内的有机液送至过滤装置内进行过滤，去除有机液中颗径大于3_的颗粒； (3)、将过滤后的大部分有机液作为填埋场渗滤液生化处理单元碳源进行利用，余下部分回流进入有机液储罐内作为接种水，通过高压切割污水栗及管路引至各喷头； ㈢、固相物料脱水与生物自干燥步骤:包括 ⑴、将反应仓排出的固相物料送入压榨脱水装置内进行脱水，将物料的含水率控制在30-35wt%，挤压出的有机液送到过滤装置； ⑵、将脱水后的物料送至干燥仓内，输送机输机将固相物料在干燥仓内进行循环，安装在干燥仓上的鼓风机进行强制通风，同时搅拌风机对干燥仓内的气流进行了搅拌，使空气与脱水后的物料充分接触，物料在干燥仓内进行好氧降解反应而进行自干燥，当物料含水率在15wt % -20wt %时，送至磁选装置； ㈣、磁选和重力分选步骤:包括 ⑴、将自干燥后的物料送入磁选装置，将物料中的金属类磁性物通过磁选装置进行分选、回收； ⑵、重力分选出物料中的惰性无机物，将分选后的物料作为固体燃料，物料的低位热值控制在14000-16500kJ/kg，固体燃料焚烧发电资源化利用或水泥制造业作为燃料使用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:所述的反应仓内的生活垃圾的生化反应温度控制在35-40°C。
3.根据权利要求1所述的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:所述的接种水与生活垃圾间歇强制接触。
4.根据权利要求1所述的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:固体燃料中塑料橡胶制品、织物和纤维含量Ί 80wt %，灰分为25 ± 2wt %。
5.根据权利要求1所述的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:经所述过滤装置排出的固相物料通过皮带输送机送入反应仓内再次进行反应。
6.根据权利要求1所述的城市生活垃圾综合处理方法，其特征在于:在磁选和破碎步骤以及强制接触式处理与碳源利用步骤和固相物料脱水与生物自干燥步骤中所产生的臭气均由臭气负压收集处理系统收集处理，达标后排放。
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