CN103518306A - 充电控制装置和充电控制系统 - Google Patents

充电控制装置和充电控制系统 Download PDF

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CN103518306A
CN103518306A CN201280022210.XA CN201280022210A CN103518306A CN 103518306 A CN103518306 A CN 103518306A CN 201280022210 A CN201280022210 A CN 201280022210A CN 103518306 A CN103518306 A CN 103518306A
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electric power
charging
battery charge
supply
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CN103518306B (zh
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伞谷正人
上野哲
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Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Abstract

充电控制装置(1)的通信控制部(14)在接收到从电力监视装置(2)发送的抑制指令时，向信号处理部(10)指示使得降低电流容量(充电电流的上限值)。信号处理部(10)使导频信号的占空比减少。其结果，向电动汽车(200)供给的充电电力减少，因此能够避免供给电力超过合同电力，能够抑制因蓄电池的充电所造成的问题的发生。

Description

充电控制装置和充电控制系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种充电控制装置和充电控制系统。
背景技术
作为现有例子，例如有专利文献1所记载的充电系统。该充电系统由充电线缆单元和显示装置构成。充电线缆单元将内置有蓄电池的应急用电池装置、电动汽车(包括插电式混合动力汽车。以下相同。)与商用的电力系统进行连接，向应急用电池装置、电动汽车(以下称为电动汽车等。)供给充电电力。在充电线缆单元中设置有发送装置，该发送装置用于在充电线缆单元与电动汽车等之间向显示装置发送与蓄电池有关的充电信息(累计电力量、充电电压值、充电完成预定时刻等)。
显示装置接收从充电线缆单元的发送装置发送的充电信息，将接收到的充电信息显示在液晶显示器等显示设备上。由此，即使处于远离电动汽车等的地方，也能够掌握蓄电池的充电状况。
专利文献1：日本特开2010-115051号公报
但是，电动汽车等的充电所需要的充电电流在大多数情况下比电视接收机、冰箱、空调等普通的电气设备的消耗电流大。因此，在使用这些电气设备时同时进行电动汽车等的充电的情况下，从电力系统供给的电流会大幅增大。在这样从电力系统供给的电流(使用电流)大幅增大的情况下，需要采取将布线所使用的电缆更换为高容量的电缆、或变更与电力公司的合同电力之类的措施。此外，在不采取任何措施的情况下，有可能由于流过超负荷电流而配电盘的主干断路器跳闸，或电力公司设置的限流器动作而导致停止电力供给。
在专利文献1所记载的现有例子中，虽然能够掌握电动汽车等的充电状况，但是无法抑制如上述那样因电动汽车等的充电所造成的问题(电力供给的停止、合同电力的变更、电缆的更换等)的发生。
发明内容
本发明是鉴于上述问题而完成的，其目的在于抑制因蓄电池的充电所造成的问题的发生。
本发明的充电控制装置控制利用了从电力系统供给的电力的蓄电池的充电，该充电控制装置的特征在于，具备调整单元，该调整单元对向上述蓄电池供给的充电电力进行调整，使得从上述电力系统供给的供给电力为规定的阈值以下。
优选的是，在该充电控制装置中，上述调整单元指示上述蓄电池的充电电流的上限值的变更。
本发明的充电控制系统的特征在于，具备一个至多个上述充电控制装置以及监视从电力系统供给的电力的电力监视装置，上述电力监视装置具备：测量单元，其测量从上述电力系统供给的供给电流；以及控制单元，其向上述充电控制装置通知根据由该测量单元测量的上述供给电流计算出的供给电力的测量值。
本发明的充电控制系统的特征在于，具备一个至多个上述充电控制装置以及监视从电力系统供给的电力的电力监视装置，上述电力监视装置具备：测量单元，其测量从上述电力系统供给的供给电流；以及控制单元，其使上述充电控制装置的上述调整单元调整上述充电电力，使得根据由该测量单元测量的上述供给电流计算出的供给电力的测量值为上述阈值以下。
优选的是，在该充电控制系统中，上述充电控制装置有多个，上述控制单元针对多个上述充电控制装置设定优先顺序，从该优先顺序低的充电控制装置开始先调整上述充电电力。
优选的是，在该充电控制系统中，上述充电控制装置有多个，上述控制单元均等地调整多个上述充电控制装置的充电电力。
优选的是，在该充电控制系统中，还具备报告装置，该报告装置阶段性地报告上述调整单元正在调整上述充电电力的状态。
优选的是，在该充电控制系统中，上述报告装置报告上述供给电力的测量值。
发明的效果
本发明的充电控制装置和充电控制系统具有能够抑制因蓄电池的充电所造成的问题的发生的效果。
附图说明
本发明的目的和特征通过如下附图和优选实施例的说明会变得明确。
图1是表示本发明所涉及的充电控制装置和充电控制系统的实施方式的系统结构图。
图2是上述系统结构图中的报告装置的主视图。
图3是用于说明上述系统结构图中的充电控制装置的基本的充电控制动作的时序图。
图4是用于说明上述系统结构图中的合同电力与供给电力之间的关系的说明图。
具体实施方式
下面，参照附图来详细说明将本发明的技术思想应用于设置在独立式住宅中而控制利用了从电力系统供给的电力的电动汽车的蓄电池的充电的充电控制装置和充电控制系统的实施方式。在整个附图中，对相同或类似的部分附加相同的参照标记并省略说明。但是，成为充电控制的对象的蓄电池并不限定于电动汽车的蓄电池，例如也可以是如现有技术中说明的那样的应急用电池装置的蓄电池。这样的蓄电池由一个至多个电池单元构成。
如图1所示，从电力系统100经由住宅用配电盘(住宅盘)4向住宅供给单相三线式的交流电力。住宅盘4具有：初级侧与电力系统100连接的主干断路器40；以及与主干断路器40的次级侧分支连接的多个分支断路器41。但是，也有时将限流器(电流限制器)插入到主干断路器40的初级侧。此外，虽然省略图示，但是插座、负载(照明器具、电磁烹调器等)经由室内布线与各分支断路器41的次级侧连接。
如图1所示，本实施方式的充电控制系统具备充电控制装置1、电力监视装置2、报告装置3。
电力监视装置2具备控制部20、电流测量部21、信号传送部22、通信部23等。电流测量部21分别使用电流传感器210、211测量流过与主干断路器40的初级侧连接的三个电线中的中性线以外的两个电线的电流，将各个测量值输出到控制部20。控制部20以微型计算机为主构成要素，根据由电流测量部21测量的电流值和主干断路器40的初级侧电压(输入电压)的测量值(电压值)，计算从电力系统100供给的电力(供给电力)的瞬时值、累计值等供给电力的测量值。信号传送部22在与报告装置3之间进行信号传送。另外，通信部23在与充电控制装置1之间进行通信，例如进行依据RS485标准的串行通信。但是，通信部23的通信方式并不限定于RS485标准，也可以是电力线载波通信、无线通信(例如小功率无线通信等)等。
充电控制装置1具备信号处理部10、零相变流器11、漏电检测部12、开闭部13、通信控制部14、充电线缆15、充电连接器16等。另外，充电控制装置1被设置在接近电动汽车200的停车空间(车库)的地方，与通过住宅盘4的分支断路器41分支的分支电路的一个(在图1中为右下端的分支断路器41)连接。关于充电线缆15，流过向电动汽车200的供给电流(充电电流)的供电线150和传送后述的导频信号(pilot signal)的传送线151被绝缘套管包裹，在前端部分设置有充电连接器16。充电连接器16插拔自如地插入连接到设置于电动汽车200的车体的插入口(inlet)。而且，在将充电连接器16插入连接到插入口时，能够从电力系统100经由住宅盘4和充电控制装置1供给电力(充电电力)，以及能够在充电控制装置1的信号处理部10与电动汽车200的充电用ECU(电子控制单元)之间传送导频信号。
开闭部13具备插入到从分支断路器41到供电线150的供电线路上的电磁继电器(未图示)，通过与来自信号处理部10的指示相应地使电磁继电器闭合或断开，来开闭上述供电线路。漏电检测部12通过零相变流器11检测流过供电线路的不平衡电流，在该不平衡电流的检测电平超过阈值的情况下判断为产生了漏电，控制开闭部13来使供电路线断开。通信控制部(调整单元)14具有：在与电力监视装置2的通信部23之间进行通信(RS485标准的串行通信)的功能(通信功能)；以及如后述那样调整向电动汽车200供给的充电电流的功能(调整功能)。这样的通信控制部14由微型计算机和串行通信用的集成电路等构成。此外，在电力监视装置2中，通过电流传感器212测量经由充电控制装置1向电动汽车200供给的电流(充电电流)。
在此，参照图3的时序图来说明充电控制装置1的基本的充电控制动作。首先，当在时刻t0将充电连接器16连接到电动汽车200的插入口时，从信号处理部10向传送线151施加规定的电压V1(例如V1=12伏特)。而且，施加到传送线151的电压成为控制导频(CPLT)信号(以下简称为导频信号。)的传送介质，与该电压电平和占空比相应地如后述那样在充电用ECU与信号处理部10之间收发各种信息。
充电用ECU在检测到电压V1的导频信号时，将导频信号的电压电平从V1降压至V2(例如V2=9伏特)(时刻t1～t2)。信号处理部10在检测到导频信号从V1降低至V2时，输出规定频率(例如1kHz)的脉冲状的导频信号(时刻t2～)。该导频信号的信号电平是±V1，但上限电平降压至V2。导频信号的占空比表示充电电流的上限值(充电控制装置1的电流容量)，是针对每个充电控制装置1预先设定的。例如在电流容量是12安培的情况下将占空比设定为20%，在电流容量是30安培的情况下将占空比设定为50%。充电用ECU在检测出导频信号的占空比而识别出电流容量时，将导频信号的电压电平从V2降压至V3(例如6V)(时刻t3)。信号处理部10在检测到导频信号的信号电平从V2降低至V3时，使开闭部13闭合来开始充电电力的供给。
充电用ECU根据电流容量来设定用于将蓄电池的充电电平充电至目标电平的电流值(≤充电控制装置1的电流容量)，向搭载于电动汽车200的充电器(未图示)输出充电指令。接收到充电指令的充电器一边调整充电电流使其不超过充电用ECU所设定的电流值，一边对蓄电池进行充电(时刻t3～)。在蓄电池的充电电平达到目标电平时，充电用ECU向充电器输出充电结束指令来结束向蓄电池的充电，使导频信号的电压电平从V3恢复为V2(时刻t4)。充电器在接收到充电结束指令时，结束蓄电池的充电。
信号处理部10在检测到导频信号从V3变化为V2时，使开闭部13断开来停止交流电力的供给。充电用ECU使导频信号的电压电平恢复为当初的V1(时刻t5)。信号处理部10在导频信号的电压电平恢复为V1时，停止规定频率的振荡，将导频信号的电压电平维持为V1来恢复为待机状态(时刻t6)。
如上述那样，充电控制装置1接通或断开向电动汽车200的充电电力的供给，并且向电动汽车200的充电用ECU指示充电电流的上限值，由此控制搭载于电动汽车200的蓄电池的电池单元的充电。
报告装置3具备控制部30、信号传送部31、显示部32、音响部33、操作输入部34等。信号传送部31在与电力监视装置2的信号传送部22之间进行信号传送。显示部32具备由发光二极管构成的显示元件；以及被控制部30控制而使显示元件发光的发光电路。但是，也可以使用液晶显示器、有机EL显示器等二维的显示设备来代替发光二极管。音响部33具备扬声器和驱动扬声器的驱动电路。操作输入部34具备按键开关，在按键开关被进行了按压操作的情况下，输出操作信号。
控制部30以微型计算机为主构成要素，具有如下报告功能：对显示部32、音响部33进行控制来向利用者(住户)报告经由信号传送部31从电力监视装置2接收的监视信息。另外，控制部30还具有如下控制功能：经由信号传送部31向电力监视装置2传送与从操作输入部34输出的操作信号相应的控制指令。其中，将在后面说明报告功能、控制功能的详情。
另外，报告装置3在如图2所示那样嵌入配设在住宅内的墙壁等中的器体300的内部容纳有控制部30、信号传送部31、显示部32、音响部33、操作输入部34等。在器体300的前表面的左上部例如设置有使从音响部33放射的声音通过的许多音孔301。另外，在器体300前表面的音孔301的右邻，横向一列地排列设置有使显示部32所具有的多个发光二极管中的三个发光二极管所发出的光向前方透过的三个透孔302、303、304。在器体300前表面的音孔301的下方，横向一列地排列设置有使显示部32所具有的多个发光二极管中的五个发光二极管所发出的光向前方透过的五个透孔305～309。并且，在器体300前表面的右下部，设置有用于对操作输入部34的按键开关进行按压操作的开关操作部310。
但是，对于搭载于电动汽车200的蓄电池的充电(以下称为电动汽车200的充电)，通常需要十几安培～几十安培左右的大的充电电流。图4以从0点到24点的一日的时刻为横轴，以供给电力(单位：kVA)为纵轴，分为不对电动汽车200进行充电的情况(参照折线α)和对电动汽车200进行充电的情况(参照折线β)来示出该住宅中的一日(24小时)的供给电力的实际情况。此外，在图4中，假定电动汽车200的充电所需要的电力(充电电力)为3.8kVA(=200V×19A)，24小时连续充电。
在此，在设该住宅的合同电力(由与电力公司之间的合同决定的供给电力(瞬时值)的上限值)是5kVA时，在不对电动汽车200进行充电的情况下，如用折线α所示那样，从傍晚到夜间，供给电力最大为4kVA，不会超过合同电力。但是，在对电动汽车200进行充电的情况下，充电电力和由电动汽车200以外的负载消耗的消耗电力的合计值如折线β所示那样有可能在早上和从傍晚到夜间的时间段内超过合同电力(在图4中参照阴影线的部分)。而且，如果供给电力超过合同电力，则主干断路器40跳闸，或者限流器动作而导致停止电力供给。
因此，在本实施方式中，当在电力监视装置2的控制部(控制单元)20中判断为供给电力超过合同电力的可能性高时，从控制部20经由通信部23向充电控制装置1发送充电电力的抑制指令。例如，在通过电流测量部21测量的供给电力(电动汽车200的充电电力和由电动汽车200以外的负载消耗的电力的合计)超过被设定得比合同电力低的阈值(例如合同电力×0.9)的情况下，控制部20向充电控制装置1通知充电电力的抑制指令。但是，控制部20在能够将通过电流测量部21测量的充电电流(通过电流传感器212检测的电流)大致看作为零的情况下，判断为在电动汽车200中没有进行充电，不进行充电电力的抑制指令的通知。
在充电控制装置1中，接收到从电力监视装置2发送的上述抑制指令的通信控制部14向信号处理部10指示使得降低电流容量(充电电流的上限值)。然后，信号处理部10在接收到来自通信控制部14的指示时，使导频信号的占空比减少。例如，在充电控制装置1的电流容量是30安培的情况下，当初是50%的占空比减少到40%～20%，结果，电流容量被变更为比当初的30安培低的值。
电动汽车200的充电用ECU根据变更后的电流容量再次设定充电电流的电流值，并向充电器输出充电指令。接收到该充电指令的充电器一边调整充电电流使其不超过充电用ECU所设定的新的电流值，一边对蓄电池进行充电。其结果，向电动汽车200供给的充电电力减少，因此能够避免供给电力超过合同电力的情况。
如上述那样，充电控制装置1具备调整单元(通信控制部14)，该调整单元对向蓄电池(电动汽车200)供给的充电电力进行调整使得从电力系统100供给的供给电力为规定的阈值以下，因此能够抑制因蓄电池的充电所造成的问题的发生。
此外，也可以从电力监视装置2的控制部20向充电控制装置1的通信控制部14通知供给电力的富余量(从阈值减去供给电力的测量值所得的值)的信息，通信控制部14根据供给电力的富余量调整充电电流的上限值(电流容量)。或者，也可以从控制部20只通知供给电力的测量值，通信控制部14根据阈值和供给电力的测量值计算供给电力的富余量。在该情况下，在电力监视装置2中只进行供给电力的监视，由充电控制装置1的通信控制部14进行充电电力的调整以及判断是否需要该调整。但是，在供给电力的富余量极少的情况下，也可以由通信控制部14向信号处理部10指示充电的停止。
接着，说明报告装置3的动作。电力监视装置2的控制部20随时计算供给电力的测量值相对于合同电力的比例(=供给电力的测量值÷合同电力×100%)，将该计算结果作为监视信息从信号传送部22传送到报告装置3。在报告装置3中，由控制部30控制显示部32来报告(显示)经由信号传送部31从电力监视装置2接收到的监视信息。即，控制部30使显示部32所具备的多个发光二极管中的与在报告装置3的器体300前表面在横向上并排设置的五个透孔305～309对应的与上述比例相应的个数的发光二极管发光。例如，如果上述比例小于20%则使一个发光二极管发光，如果上述比例是20%～40%则使两个发光二极管发光，如果上述比例是40%～60%则使三个发光二极管发光，如果上述比例是60%～80%则使四个发光二极管发光，如果上述比例是80%以上则使五个发光二极管全部发光，由此能够向利用者报告当前的大致的供给电力的测量值。
另外，电力监视装置2的控制部20阶段性(例如无调整、有调整、停止这三个阶段)地报告充电控制装置1的通信控制部14正在调整充电电力的状态。即，控制部20在没有发出充电电力的抑制指令的情况下，从信号传送部22传送“无调整”的监视信息，在发出了充电电力的抑制指令的情况下，从信号传送部22传送“有调整”的监视信息，在发出抑制指令之后充电电流的测量值变为零的情况下，从信号传送部22传送“强制停止”的监视信息。
在报告装置3中，由控制部30控制显示部32来报告(显示)经由信号传送部31从电力监视装置2接收到的监视信息。即，控制部30从显示部32所具备的多个发光二极管中的与设置于报告装置3的器体300前表面的三个透孔302～304对应的发光二极管中，择一性地使与上述监视信息对应的任意一个发光二极管发光。例如，在“无调整”的情况下使与左端的透孔302对应的发光二极管发光，在“有调整”的情况下使与中央的透孔303对应的发光二极管发光，在“强制停止”的情况下使与右端的透孔305对应的发光二极管发光，以此报告充电电力的调整状态。此外，也可以是，不仅通过显示部32进行显示，还通过从音响部33的扬声器鸣响的声音(蜂鸣音、声音等)向利用者报告监视信息等。
在此，当设置于器体300前表面的操作部310被进行了按压操作时，从操作输入部34向控制部30输出操作信号。接收到该操作信号的控制部30使得从信号传送部31传送用于禁止电动汽车200的充电的指令(充电禁止指令)。电力监视装置2的控制部20使得从通信部23向充电控制装置1发送经由信号传送部22接收到的充电禁止指令。充电控制装置1的通信控制部14向信号处理部10提供从电力监视装置2接收到的充电禁止指令。信号处理部10在接收到充电禁止指令的情况下，即使检测到导频信号的信号电平从V2降低至V3，也不使开闭部13闭合。
另外，在报告装置3的操作部310再次被进行按压操作而从操作输入部34向控制部30输出了操作信号时，接收到该操作信号的控制部30使得从信号传送部31传送用于解除电动汽车200的充电禁止的指令(充电禁止解除指令)。在该充电禁止解除指令从电力监视装置2经由充电控制装置1的通信控制部14到达信号处理部10时，信号处理部10如果检测到导频信号的信号电平从V2降低至V3，则使开闭部13闭合。
即，在报告装置3的操作部310被进行按压操作而传送了充电禁止指令之后，到操作部310再次被进行按压操作而传送充电禁止解除指令为止的期间，在充电控制装置1中强制地停止充电电力的供给。因此，在电动汽车200外出的情况下，如果充电控制装置1被设定为上述的充电禁止状态，则能够防止其他人随意地将充电线缆15连接到电动汽车而充电(盗电)。但是，也可以由接收到充电禁止指令的控制部20使插入到充电控制装置1的信号处理部10与传送线151之间的开关(未图示)等断开，从而将充电控制装置1设定为充电禁止状态。
另外，在设置多个充电控制装置1的情况下，多个充电控制装置1的通信控制部14分别与一个电力监视装置2的通信部23进行总线连接。即，所有的充电控制装置1的通信控制部14都能够接收从电力监视装置2的控制部20经由通信部23发送的充电电力的抑制指令。但是，通过向电力监视装置2和各充电控制装置1分别分配固有的地址，并指定地址，能够在电力监视装置2与各充电控制装置1之间进行一对一的通信。
在这样设置有多个充电控制装置1的情况下，例如通过以下的两种方法抑制充电电力。一种方法是：电力监视装置2的控制部20针对多个充电控制装置1(电动汽车200)设定优先顺序，在供给电力的测量值超过阈值时，从该优先顺序低的充电控制装置1开始先调整(抑制)充电电力。另一种方法是：在供给电力的测量值超过阈值时，电力监视装置2的控制部20对正在充电的所有充电控制装置1均等地调整(抑制)充电电力。此外，优选的是能够任意地选择这两种方法。另外，也可以采用上述两种方法以外的方法。
以上说明了本发明的优选实施方式，但本发明并不限于这些特定的实施方式，能够进行不脱离权利要求书的范畴的各种变更和变形，它也属于本发明的范畴内。

Claims (8)

1.一种充电控制装置，控制利用了从电力系统供给的电力的蓄电池的充电，该充电控制装置的特征在于，
具备调整单元，该调整单元对向上述蓄电池供给的充电电力进行调整，使得从上述电力系统供给的供给电力为规定的阈值以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充电控制装置，其特征在于，
上述调整单元通过指示上述蓄电池的充电电流的上限值的变更来调整上述充电电力。
3.一种充电控制系统，其特征在于，具备一个至多个根据权利要求1或2所述的充电控制装置以及监视从电力系统供给的电力的电力监视装置，
上述电力监视装置具备：
测量单元，其测量从上述电力系统供给的供给电流；以及
控制单元，其向上述充电控制装置通知根据由该测量单元测量的上述供给电流计算出的供给电力的测量值。
4.一种充电控制系统，其特征在于，具备一个至多个根据权利要求1或2所述的充电控制装置以及监视从电力系统供给的电力的电力监视装置，
上述电力监视装置具备：
测量单元，其测量从上述电力系统供给的供给电流；以及
控制单元，其使上述充电控制装置的上述调整单元调整上述充电电力，使得根据由该测量单元测量的上述供给电流计算出的供给电力的测量值为上述阈值以下。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的充电控制系统，其特征在于，
上述充电控制装置有多个，上述控制单元针对多个上述充电控制装置设定优先顺序，从该优先顺序低的充电控制装置开始先调整上述充电电力。
6.根据权利要求3或4所述的充电控制系统，其特征在于，
上述充电控制装置有多个，上述控制单元均等地调整多个上述充电控制装置的充电电力。
7.根据权利要求3至6中的任一项所述的充电控制系统，其特征在于，
还具备报告装置，该报告装置阶段性地报告上述调整单元正在调整上述充电电力的状态。
8.根据权利要求7所述的充电控制系统，其特征在于，
上述报告装置报告上述供给电力的测量值。
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