CN103384708A - 含有交联聚丙烯酸的水性钻井流体 - Google Patents
含有交联聚丙烯酸的水性钻井流体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103384708A CN103384708A CN2011800664191A CN201180066419A CN103384708A CN 103384708 A CN103384708 A CN 103384708A CN 2011800664191 A CN2011800664191 A CN 2011800664191A CN 201180066419 A CN201180066419 A CN 201180066419A CN 103384708 A CN103384708 A CN 103384708A
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- Prior art keywords
- water
- drilling fluid
- approximately
- fluid
- based drilling
- Prior art date
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Abstract
钻探油气井的方法由使用含高分子量交联聚丙烯酸作为增粘剂的水性钻井流体组成。该钻井流体可进一步含有润滑剂,加重剂和/或润湿剂以及合成粘土。该水性钻井流体显示出摩擦系数基本上接近于油性钻井泥浆的摩擦系数。该钻井流体在超过150℃的井温下显示出稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及含有交联聚丙烯酸的水性钻井流体。
背景技术
大多数油气井的钻井包括使用钻井流体,常常称为钻探泥浆。在钻探过程中,该流体在压力下通过钻柱注射,并通过钻柱-孔环返回到表面上。一旦返回到表面上,则钻井流体含有来自钻头的切屑。尽管在再-循环流体之前,在表面处除去了大多数大的切屑,但较小尺寸的颗粒保持悬浮在钻井流体内。
除了从井眼中除去钻探的切屑以外,钻井流体还行使了其他功能。这些功能包括冷却钻头,润滑钻头,优化液压能传输到钻头上,增加井眼的稳定性并提供流体静力学压力,以防止坍塌或高压地质区,当这些区被钻头穿透时。
当选择合适的钻井流体时,必须平衡四种性能:粘度,密度,凝胶强度和过滤。
一般地,粘度维持尽可能低,以提供所要求的孔稳定性和流体损失控制。尽管稀薄的流体通常最好地清洁钻头,但为了从孔中除去粗糙砂砾,粘稠的泥浆常常是重要的。
密度增加(它定义为相对于单位体积钻井流体的重量)是在悬浮液中携带且再-循环的钻井材料量的量度。过量的悬浮切屑是非所需的,因为它们通常具有磨蚀性且增加泵,钻柱和钻头上的磨损。切屑的再粉碎还倾向于降低钻探进程的速率。进一步地,在该流体内较高浓度的固体通常导致在井眼壁上形成较稠的滤饼。
凝胶强度是在流动停止之后,钻井流体保持颗粒在悬浮液中的能力的量度。保持切屑在悬浮液中会防止当钻杆的连接件添加到钻柱上时,井眼内的工具沙锁(sandlocking),并最小化沉积物在孔底部收集。高凝胶强度的缺点是切屑不能容易地沉降出钻探泥浆。这通常意味着这种切屑会被再-循环,从而导致颗粒被钻头粉碎,增加泥浆密度,增加泥浆泵的磨损,并降低穿透速率。
过滤是指通过在孔壁上以滤饼形式沉积泥浆固体,钻井流体限制流体损失到地层内的能力。尽管理想的滤饼薄,且通过侵入到地层内,最小流体损失,但对泥浆来说,滤饼的厚度通常是地层渗透性的函数。厚的滤饼具有许多缺点,所述缺点包括通过循环钻井流体,腐蚀滤饼,粘附钻杆,降低流体静力学压力和在工具取出过程中井眼壁部分坍塌。
当今,在油气开发中使用的钻井流体主要是水性或油性(包括合成油性)的。通常油性流体是非所需的,因为存在较大的处理担心和火灾危险。另外,与水性泥浆相比,油性流体是环境上不可接受的。进一步地,每桶油性泥浆的成本相对于水性泥浆要高,这是因为油比水昂贵得多。相对于水性泥浆,选择油性泥浆的合理性通常归因于在特定使用条件下它优异的性能。例如,相对于水性流体,油性流体通常提供优异的润滑性能。进一步地,对于一些亲水地层,例如页岩来说,通常优选油性流体,因为避免了水渗透地层。页岩可在含水粘土和膨润土存在下钻探,且没有溶胀或脱落(sloughing),而溶胀或脱落可引起管道粘附难题。此外,可配制油性泥浆,耐受最多500°F的温度。
最近,含有合成聚合物的合成油性泥浆变得突出(prominent)。尽管合成油性泥浆常常提高了性能,但它们显著地比较昂贵。鉴于增加的环境危险,涉及井场内务处理(wellsite housekeeping),运输和批准处置油性流体、合成油性流体和钻探的切屑的额外成本,在开发改进的水性钻井流体方面重新让人感到兴趣。
典型地,水性钻井流体由水相和悬浮的固相组成。液相或者新鲜或者是盐水。悬浮在液相内的固相可包括为满足手头特定的需求而共混的多种材料。作为一个实例,当高压力的地层要穿透时,比重超过4.1的重晶石(硫酸钡)常常用作加重成分,以增加钻井流体的松密度(bulk density)。当一些类型的高孔隙度、低压力的地层要穿透时,使用其他添加剂来控制钻井流体的循环损失。
典型地,通过一种或更多种增粘剂(viscosifying agent)提供钻井流体必不可少的粘度。增粘剂进一步起到促进加重剂(weightingagent)在流体内悬浮的作用。常用的增粘剂是蒙脱石钠(膨润土),一种天然存在的商业粘土。然而,膨润土在一些油井钻探应用中具有固有的性能局限性-尤其当高地质地层温度结合其他地质污染物,例如二氧化碳,且可水合的钻探固体引起非所需的升高的粘度时。这一条件常常难以控制且校正是昂贵的。
在文献中报道了其他增粘剂。例如,常常在有或无膨润土的情况下,使用黄原胶,减慢或防止加重剂沉降。
进一步地,对显示出与油性流体相同或几乎相同润滑性的水性钻井流体存在巨大的需求。通常通过流体的摩擦系数测量润滑性;显示出较低摩擦系数的流体提供较大的润滑性。油性流体的摩擦系数通常为约0.07-0.13;水性流体的摩擦系数通常为约0.17-约0.30。
另外,对象油性钻井流体一样,能耐受高温,即超过500°F的水性钻井流体具有需求。
进一步地,在升高的温度下,显示出可忽略不计的粘度,且最小化二氧化碳和其他污染物对流体体系影响的不含膨润土的水性钻井流体具有需求。
发明内容
含有交联的聚丙烯酸作为增粘剂的水性钻井流体提供钻井流体必不可少的流体粘度。交联的聚丙烯酸的重均分子量典型地为约100,000-约1千万。典型地,钻井流体含有低浓度的交联聚丙烯酸,典型地约0.25-约3.0,通常约0.5-约2.0磅/桶(ppb)钻井流体。
交联的聚丙烯酸是烯键式不饱和羧酸和交联剂,例如二乙烯基二醇或多元醇的多链烯基聚醚等的反应产物
水性钻井流体可进一步含有润滑剂。尽管可使用常规的润滑剂,但优选的润滑剂是硫化的植物油,例如磺化植物油,或脂肪酸聚甘油酯。可进一步使用润滑剂的共混物。
除了进一步任选地含有加重剂和/或润湿剂以外,钻井流体还可进一步含有合成硅酸盐或合成蒙皂石粘土,最优选合成粘土(laponite)。
钻井流体显示出比相应的水性流体低的摩擦系数。事实上,钻井流体的摩擦系数基本上接近于油性钻探泥浆的摩擦系数。正因为如此,本文定义的水性钻井流体的润滑性基本上类似于油性钻探泥浆的润滑性。
进一步地,本文描述的钻井流体在高至150℃的温度下显示出稳定性,和抗污染物性。进一步地,该流体在高流体固体含量,反应性钻井页岩切屑和二氧化碳存在下稳定。
附图说明
为了更加充分地理解在本发明的详细说明中提到的附图,列出了每一附图的简要说明,其中:
图1阐述了本文描述的含有交联的聚丙烯酸的含水钻井流体相对于不含交联的聚丙烯酸的含水钻井流体之间的摩擦系数。另外,图1比较了本文描述的含水钻井流体和常规的油性钻井流体之间的摩擦系数。
具体实施方式
本文描述的钻井流体是环境友好的水性钻井流体。它含有高分子量的水不溶性聚合物。典型地,交联的聚丙烯酸的重均分子量为约100,000-约1千万,优选约500,000-约5百万。
高分子量的聚合物典型地具有吸收流体,例如水的能力。可在低浓度下使用高分子聚合物,增粘水性钻井流体。合适的高分子聚合物包括在美国专利No.2,798,053和美国专利No.5,221,722中列出的那些,在此通过参考引入。
该高分子量聚合物是游离酸聚合物。本文定义的交联的聚丙烯酸具有能使密度剂,例如重晶石和赤铁矿悬浮的能力。进一步地,本文描述的交联的聚丙烯酸有助于粘度和严格控制流体内的流体流动机理的能力。
在优选的实施方案中,该聚合物是两种重要单体成分的共聚物,-一种是单体烯键式不饱和羧酸和另一种是交联剂。
烯键式不饱和羧酸单体含有至少一个碳碳烯键式双键,和至少一个羧基。该酸优选具有下式:
其中R是选自氢,卤素,羟基,内酯,内酰胺,和氰(-C≡N)基,单价烷基,单价芳基,单价芳烷基,单价烷芳基和单价脂环族基团中的取代基。
例举的酸是丙烯酸,甲基丙烯酸,乙基丙烯酸,氯-丙烯酸,溴-丙烯酸,马来酸或酸酐,β-甲基丙烯酸(巴豆酸),氰基-丙烯酸,α-苯基丙烯酸,α-苄基丙烯酸,以及α-环己基丙烯酸。
进一步地,烯键式不饱和羧酸单体可以是β-丙烯酰氧基丙酸,氢化山梨酸,山梨酸,α-氯山梨酸,肉桂酸,β-苯乙烯基丙烯酸(1-羧基-4-苯基丁二烯-1,3),氢化粘康酸,衣康酸,柠康酸,中康酸,粘康酸,戊烯二酸,乌头酸和其他。
合适的交联剂包括二乙烯基二元醇和多元醇的多链烯基聚醚,含至少4个至少3个羟基连接到其上的碳原子的多元醇,和每一分子含大于一个链烯基醚基的聚醚。
或者替代地用作交联剂的多链烯基聚醚每一分子含有大于一个(优选大于或等于2个)链烯基醚基,和那些最有用的拥有存在烯双键连接到端亚甲基上的链烯基,从而为CH2=C<。它们通过醚化含至少4个碳原子和至少3个羟基的多元醇而制造。这组化合物例如通过Williamson-类合成容易生产,其中链烯基卤,或这种卤化物的混合物,例如烯丙基氯,烯丙基溴,甲基烯丙基氯或甲基烯丙基溴与一种或更多种多元醇的强碱性水溶液反应。这一合成的产物通常是每一分子上含变化量醚基的聚醚的复杂混合物。因此分析这些材料仅仅揭示了在每一分子上醚基的平均数。
例举的多元醇包括丁三醇,例如1,2,3-丁三醇,2,3,4-三羟基丁酸,丁醛糖,例如赤藓糖和苏糖,酮丁糖,例如赤藓酮糖;戊醛糖,例如阿拉伯糖,木糖,来苏糖和核糖;戊酮糖,例如阿拉伯酮糖和木酮糖;己醛糖,例如葡萄糖,半乳糖,甘露糖,古洛糖,艾杜糖,塔罗糖和阿洛糖;酮己糖,例如果糖或果糖(levulose)和山梨糖醇;其他糖,其中包括单糖,二糖,三糖和多糖,例如蔗糖,麦芽糖,乳糖和棉籽糖;己聚糖,戊聚糖和己聚糖-戊聚糖,半乳甘露聚糖和半乳甘露聚糖胶和淀粉;上述的还原形式,和其他糖与多糖,例如“糖醇”赤藻糖醇,木糖醇,单-,二-和三-季戊四醇,阿拉伯糖醇,甘露醇,艾杜糖醇,塔罗糖醇,山梨糖醇,纤维醇和卫矛醇;糖的氧化衍生物,其中没有进行氧化到其中起始的单糖碳链单元断开的点,例如单-和二-羧基“糖酸”,其中包括葡糖酸,葡糖醛酸,半乳糖酸,半乳糖醛酸,葡糖二酸(saccharic acid),粘酸和果胶酸。
在生产多链烯基聚醚单体中使用的一组优选的多元醇是低聚糖,单糖,例如葡萄糖,半乳糖,果糖,山梨糖,鼠李糖,麦芽糖和乳糖,三糖,例如棉籽糖和二糖,例如蔗糖。
在其中交联剂是多链烯基聚醚的情况下,通常5%-30wt%交联的聚丙烯酸是多链烯基聚醚,更优选10-20wt%。
优选地,水不溶的交联聚丙烯酸是聚卡波非,它定义为用二乙烯基二醇或3,4-二羟基-1,5-己二烯交联的聚丙烯酸。相对于100重量份单体,交联剂的用量可以变化到最多约5wt%,优选0.01-3%,特别地0.5-2wt%。合适的聚卡波非和制造这种聚合物的方法包括在美国专利No.5,221,722中提到的那些,在此通过参考引入。
粒状形式的交联的聚丙烯酸的平均粒度小于约10微米。典型地,在本文定义的钻井流体内交联的聚丙烯酸的用量为约0.25-约3.0,优选约0.5-约2.0ppb。
交联的聚丙烯酸显示出大于约20,000cPs,和有时超过50,000cPs的Brookfield粘度,当在水中1%的聚合物浓度下,在pH7.0-7.5下测量时。
优选的交联聚丙烯酸包括改性的阴离子高分子量丙烯酸类聚合物,例如Polygel CA,Polygel CB,Polygel CS和Perforamol32(3VSigma S.P.A.的产品)以及Carbopol674,941和981(The LubrizolCorporation的产品)。这些聚合物报道为特征在于在0.2wt%粘液(mucilage)(定义为采用NaOH中和到pH7.5的聚合物在水中的分散体)下,在25℃下,在20rpm下的Brookfield RVT为3,000-8,500mPa·s,更值得注意的是约3,000-约5,000mPa·s,和在0.5wt.%粘液下,为约3,500-约13,000mPa·s,更值得注意的是约6,000-约9,000mPa·s的粘度。
典型地通过添加苛性碱,实现本文描述的钻井流体的pH。优选地,钻井流体的pH为约8.0-约12.0,更优选约9.0-约11.0,最优选约9.0-约10.0。实现钻井流体所必不可少的pH所使用的碱包括NaOH,KOH或NH4OH。
在优选的实施方案中,水性钻井流体进一步含有润滑剂。可使用提供流体润滑性的本领域已知的常规的润滑剂。这些润滑剂包括例如矿物油,合成油,二元醇,沥青,酯(其中包括磷酸酯),硫化脂肪酸的硫化组分,脂肪酸的硫化酯,硫化聚合的脂肪酸,硫化烯烃及其共混物。另外,也可使用这些润滑剂的共混物。当使用时,润滑剂(或润滑剂共混物)的用量范围典型地为全部流体质量的约1-约15%。
在优选的实施方案中,润滑性试剂是脂肪酸聚甘油酯或硫化植物油,例如磺化植物油。
钻井流体可进一步含有一种或更多种密度剂,或加重剂用以增加钻井流体的密度。合适的密度剂包括重晶石;氧化铁,粒状赤铁矿;碳酸钙;碳酸镁;钠、钾、铷或铯的碳酸盐;钠、钾、铷或铯的甲酸盐;及其混合物。特别优选重晶石和/或赤铁矿。加重材料典型地是相对致密的固体,它在钻井流体的连续相内不可溶,且用于增加钻井流体的密度。当使用时,钻井流体内密度剂的用量范围为钻井流体重量的约1-75%,更通常2-50%,尤其5-40%。
在另一优选的实施方案中,钻井流体可含有合成的硅酸盐或合成的蒙皂石粘土作为膨润土的有效的替代品,以提供流体粘度。优选合成粘土。当存在时,钻井流体内合成粘土的用量为钻井流体的约0-约4,优选约0-约1,更优选约0.01-约0.25ppb。当处理过的井内温度大于或等于150℃时,合成粘土是特别所需的。
为了避免因油损坏湿固体,钻井流体可进一步含有水润湿剂。润湿剂起到确保固体从钻井流体中沉降出来的作用。润湿剂可以是会润湿固体表面足以允许它们在比固体比重低的流体内沉降且惰性的任何液体。润湿剂进一步释放粘附到固体上的固体中的气泡,从而使得它们漂浮并防止它们从液体中沉降出来。典型地,润湿剂是能润湿固体的表面活性试剂或表面活性剂。在优选的实施方案中,润湿剂的HLB大于8.0,优选大于10.0,最优选大于12.0。
合适的润湿剂包括异丁基溶纤剂,氧基烷基化壬基苯酚和烷醇酰胺以及烷芳基磺酸盐,例如十二烷基苯磺酸盐,粗妥尔油,氧化粗妥尔油,表面活性剂,有机磷酸酯,改性咪唑啉和酰胺基胺,烷基芳族硫酸盐和磺酸盐,烷氧基化醇和烷氧基化糖酯及其结合物的混合物。当使用时,钻井流体内润湿剂的典型用量为钻井流体重量的约0.1%-约2%,优选约0.1%-约1%,更优选约0.1%-约0.5%。
本发明的钻井流体显示出比不含作为增粘剂的交联聚丙烯酸的相应水性流体低的摩擦系数。一般地,与油性钻井流体相比,水性钻井流体对岩石和金属具有较高的摩擦系数。如图1所示,对于13.0-18.5ppg流体来说,含常规增粘剂的水性流体(WBM)的摩擦系数为约0.20-约0.28(当不使用润滑剂时),相比当使用润滑剂时为约0.17-约0.27。历史上,油性流体(OBM)和合成基流体(SBM)的优点是它们较低的摩擦系数,典型地对于中等重量的OBM流体来说,为约0.08-约0.14,和对于合成基流体(SBM)来说,为约0.09-约0.13。这种较低的摩擦系数通常使得在钻探偏离或水平的井眼中允许增加钻探速率。如图1所示,NDF形式的本发明的钻井流体显示出接近于OBM和SBM的摩擦系数,为约0.06-约0.13。
已发现,本文描述的交联的聚丙烯酸水性钻井流体的摩擦系数小于或等于0.15,更具体地小于或等于0.12,典型地约0.05-约0.10。因此,本文描述的水性钻井流体显示出润滑性平行于可商购的油性钻井流体的润滑性。
另外,含交联聚丙烯酸的钻井流体显示出高的热稳定性。例如,确定出该流体在超过150℃的高温下显示出稳定性。
进一步地,可在没有引起非所需的升高的粘度的情况下,在含有诸如二氧化碳和可水合的钻探固体之类污染物的地质条件中使用本文描述的钻井流体(它含有交联的聚丙烯酸作为膨润土的有效替代品)。正因为如此,可用所述的含水钻井流体处理具有高含量地质污染物的高温地层,这是因为发现流体明显地较少受到高温和污染的影响。正因为如此,在专门的低固体钻井流体中,本文所述的流体是膨润土的经济替代品。在所述的条件下,含水钻井流体显示出优于含有在先使用的膨润土或聚合物的常规含水钻井流体的性能有效性。
除了没有显示出温度的负面影响以外,本文描述的流体没有显示出来自这些污染物的负面影响,所述污染物在膨润土基流体内典型地引起非所需的高和难以控制的粘度。例如甚至在高温下,通过使用本文描述的钻井流体,最小化侵入到地层内的二氧化碳。
通过使用本文描述的钻井流体提供的进一步的优点是它是环境友好的。一旦它们被处理,则来自流体的切屑可以以环境健康的方式弃置。例举的方法包括土壤整理,垃圾填埋处理,热解吸,加强的生物降解,固化和切屑注射和生物补偿(bio-remediation)。
下述实施例是本发明一些实施方案的阐述。考虑到本文列出的说明,在本文权利要求范围内的其他实施方案对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。说明书连同实施例打算仅仅视为例举,和通过随后的权利要求表明本发明的范围与精神。
实施例
实施例1.以表I中列出的用量,将EvoVis,一种含有交联聚丙烯酸酯的Newpark Drilling Fluids,LLC的产品与水和苛性碱和壬基苯酚乙氧化物结合,并在室温下混合约45分钟。所得流体的pH为约9.5。然后添加重晶石和钻探的固体(能通过40目筛网的地面Haynesville页岩)和聚甘油共混物润滑剂(以NewEase203形式商购于Newpark Drilling Fluids,LLC),和额外的苛性碱使流体的pH变为10.0。表I中列出了所得配方:
表I
流体,每桶 | |
水,桶(bbl) | 0.701 |
苛性碱,磅/桶(ppb) | 0.20 |
EvoVis,ppb | 2.5 |
EvoCon,ppb | 1.0 |
苛性碱,ppb | 0.50 |
重晶石,ppb | 422.24 |
Dill固体,ppb | 9.13 |
NewEase203,体积% | 3.0 |
在共混之后,测定流体中的泥浆性能。测定流体的物理性能并在下表II中列出。
在Fann35流变仪(Bl bob)上进行粘度测量,同时在各种速度下,在120°F下剪切流体。
根据API Recommended Practice13-Bl,第3版,2003年12月中概述的测试工序,测定塑性粘度(PV)和屈服点(YP)。
表II
性能 | 起始共混之后 |
密度,lb/gal | 16.0 |
600rpm/300rpm | 85/51 |
200rpm/100rpm | 39/25 |
6rpm/3rpm | 4/3 |
120°F下的塑性粘度,cP | 34 |
屈服点,lb/100ft2 | 17 |
10s凝胶,lb/100ft2 | 4 |
10min凝胶,lb/100ft2 | 7 |
75°F下的pH(Meter) | 8.4 |
润滑系数 | 0.087 |
根据前述,观察到可在没有脱离本发明新颖概念的真实精神和范围的情况下,做出许多变化和改型。
Claims (30)
1.一种水性钻井流体,它包括在1%分散体内Brookfield粘度大于约20,000cPs的交联聚丙烯酸,该分散体的pH大于或等于7.0,其中聚丙烯酸的重均分子量为约100,000-1千万,和进一步其中该流体的摩擦系数小于或等于0.15。
2.一种钻探地下井穿过地下地层的方法,所述地下地层在水存在下溶胀,该方法包括在钻探过程中,在井内循环权利要求1的水性流体。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中水性流体进一步包括在含水分散体中悬浮的密度剂。
4.权利要求2的方法,其中水性流体进一步包括laponite粘土。
5.权利要求2的方法,其中井内温度大于或等于150℃。
6.权利要求2的方法,其中水性钻井流体进一步包括润滑剂。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中润滑剂包括选自磺化植物油和脂肪酸聚甘油酯中的润滑性试剂。
8.权利要求2的方法,其中交联聚丙烯酸的重均分子量为约500,000-5百万。
9.权利要求2的方法,其中交联聚丙烯酸由用选自多链烯基醚和二乙烯基二醇中的至少一种交联剂交联的聚丙烯酸或其盐组成。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中交联剂是二乙烯基二醇。
11.权利要求2的方法,其中流体的摩擦系数小于0.12。
12.权利要求3的方法,其中密度剂是选自重晶石;赤铁矿;氧化铁;碳酸钙;碳酸镁;钠、钾、铷或铯的碳酸盐;钠、钾、铷或铯的甲酸盐;及其混合物中的至少一种物质。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中密度剂是重晶石或赤铁矿。
14.权利要求2的方法,其中在1%分散体内,在pH7.0-7.5下,交联聚丙烯酸的Brookfield粘度大于约50,000cPs。
15.权利要求9的方法,其中交联剂是多链烯基醚。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中通过醚化含有至少4个碳原子和至少3个羟基的多元醇,生产交联剂。
17.权利要求2的方法,其中水性钻井流体不含膨润土。
18.权利要求2的方法,其中水性钻井流体进一步包括水润湿剂。
19.一种钻探地下井穿过地下地层的方法,该方法包括在钻探过程中,在井内循环水性钻井流体,所述水性钻井流体包括含约0.2-约0.5wt%Brookfield粘度为约3,500-13,000的交联聚丙烯酸的含水分散体,该分散体的pH大于或等于7.0,其中聚丙烯酸的重均分子量为约100,000-1千万,和进一步其中流体的摩擦系数小于或等于0.15。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中分散体的pH为约8.0-约12.0。
21.权利要求19的方法,其中水性钻井流体进一步包括润滑剂。
22.权利要求19的方法,其中润滑剂包括选自脂肪酸聚甘油酯和磺化植物油中的润滑性试剂。
23.权利要求19的方法,其中交联聚丙烯酸的重均分子量为约500,000-5百万。
24.权利要求19的方法,其中所述交联聚丙烯酸由用选自多链烯基醚和二乙烯基二醇中的至少一种交联剂交联的聚丙烯酸或其盐组成。
25.权利要求19的方法,其中所述流体进一步包括密度剂。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述密度剂是选自重晶石;赤铁矿;氧化铁;碳酸钙;碳酸镁;钠、钾、铷或铯的碳酸盐;钠、钾、铷或铯的甲酸盐;及其混合物中的至少一种物质。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中所述密度剂是重晶石或赤铁矿。
28.权利要求19的方法,其中所述水性钻井流体进一步包括laponite粘土。
29.权利要求19的方法,进一步包括水润湿剂。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中所述水润湿剂的HLB大于8.0。
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