CN103261092A - 由合成气体制备二氧化碳 - Google Patents

由合成气体制备二氧化碳 Download PDF

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CN103261092A
CN103261092A CN2011800588997A CN201180058899A CN103261092A CN 103261092 A CN103261092 A CN 103261092A CN 2011800588997 A CN2011800588997 A CN 2011800588997A CN 201180058899 A CN201180058899 A CN 201180058899A CN 103261092 A CN103261092 A CN 103261092A
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synthesis gas
materials flow
carbonic acid
gas
acid gas
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L·A·戴维斯
N·帕拉
E·J·小博姆
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Universal Oil Products Co
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Abstract

本发明提供一系列加工步骤以从合成气体中除去二氧化碳。首先将离开硫化氢吸收器的合成气压缩，经受脱水步骤和低温液化和分离以除去二氧化碳。高压合成气然后继续至二氧化碳吸收器中以除去二氧化碳。该系统可以以与现有技术系统相比更低的溶剂速率和设备尺寸操作。

Description

由合成气体制备二氧化碳
早期国家申请的优先权要求
本申请要求2010年12月15日提交的美国申请No.61/423,328的优先权。
发明背景
本发明涉及气体的分离。更特别地，它涉及通过酸性气体、二氧化碳、硫化氢和一氧化碳的脱除而纯化富氢料流如合成气体(合成气)料流。本发明进一步涉及需要比现有技术方法明显更少的能量的二氧化碳脱除方法。
由于二氧化碳排放，世界上存在越来越多关于化石燃料燃烧的顾虑。认为大气CO2能够通过俘获来自地球表面的辐射热而产生“温室效应”，由此使得全球变暖。尽管尚未控制CO2向大气中的排放，问题是这种上升的政治顾虑之一：未来的规则是解决该问题的新技术和发明的强可能性和价值。许多技术研讨会中提出限制CO2从化石燃料中的排放的方式是使用化石燃料中的能量制备氢气，所述氢气在燃烧时仅排放水蒸气。在氢气制备期间，化石燃料中的碳转化成CO2。在目前的提议下，然后将CO2与氢气分离并压缩至高压以处理。需要高压以进行最通常提出的处理方法：通过深地下或深海洋保留而封存。尽管许多商业方法可用于制备纯化的氢气和CO2，通过采用分离方法和CO2压缩方法消耗的能量非常高，使得现有方法不具有经济吸引力。我们的发明提出极大降低该能量消耗的方法。
由化石燃料制备氢气的方法是熟知的。一类宽泛的这些方法为气化，其中将含碳燃料(例如碳)在高温和升高的压力下在水蒸气的存在下部分氧化以主要形成一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2S)。然后通过熟知的水煤气变换转化反应，使一氧化碳与水蒸气在催化剂下反应以形成另外的氢气和二氧化碳。化石燃料中的硫在气化期间主要转化成硫化氢。然后通过通常称为酸性气体脱除(之所以如此叫是因为化合物CO2和H2S会在水中电离以形成温和酸性溶液)的熟知工艺方法将氢气纯化以除去CO2和H2S。
存在大量酸性气体脱除方法。多数商业应用方法使用对酸性气体具有亲合力的一些形式的溶液。溶剂宽泛地变化并包括化学物质如单乙醇胺水溶液、冷甲醇，或在水中电离的热碳酸钾。参考书Gas Purification，第5版列出了多于12种用于酸性气体脱除的溶剂基方法。通常，酸性气体在吸收塔中被吸收到溶剂中以形成富含酸性气体的溶剂料流。然后通过在降低的压力下闪蒸、用氮气或蒸汽介质汽提和/或溶剂蒸馏的一些组合将酸性气体从富溶剂中除去。然后使现在贫含酸性气体的溶剂返回吸收塔中。
这些溶剂基酸性气体脱除方法的主要缺点是需要显著量的蒸汽或电形式的能量以使溶剂再生。将酸性气体在溶剂内稀释的非常作用意指需要显著的能量以酸性气体作为纯料流重组。如果必须将酸性气体加压以封存，则该能量成本变得更坏。溶剂在降低的压力下闪蒸期间的压力损失则必须通过酸性气体的压缩而恢复。如果在封存CO2以前必须将H2S与CO2分离，则必须耗费甚至另外的能量(其问题仍待通过环境规则解决)。
在使用吸收技术以将H2S和CO2脱除分离成它们各自的纯化料流的典型气化设计中，产生的CO2在压力下使得需要大量压缩以使CO2达到地理封存或增强油回收(EOR)应用的压力。发现该CO2压缩需求相当于吸收装置本身的能量需求的3-4倍。资金和操作费用方面的这一成本是禁止的。
现有技术的另一问题是工业开始要求关于CO2杂质的更严格规格。另外，由于在CO2不能被封存的情况下的环境排放，近来工业提出关于纯化CO2料流的CO含量的非常严格的规格。
现有技术设计尝试通过使用再循环闪蒸罐以在降低的压力下闪蒸出CO(连同H2、CH4等)并将它压缩回CO2吸收塔中而解决该问题。这在大部分CO2在其余中压和低压CO2闪蒸罐中闪蒸出以前进行。现有技术设计的问题是CO2循环系统具有非常的操作和资金费用，且对于CO2中非常低的CO规格，该费用变得被禁止。显然，在高压下提供纯化CO2的较少成本的方法是非常有价值的。
本发明使用现有技术的一些元素而不改进。本发明涉及，但不明确包括：使用一系列加工步骤以从离开H2S吸收器顶部的合成气中除去CO2。这些包括但不限于压缩步骤以使压力升高至7584kPa(1100psig)，脱水步骤以除去水，和低温液化和分离以从合成气流中除去CO2。该系列步骤从合成气流中除去80%的CO2，并将它作为高压、高纯度密相料流输送至界区中。现在高压合成气继续至CO2吸收器中用于除去CO2，这通过容许较低的溶剂速率和设备尺寸而极大地获益于提高的压力。如在一系列闪蒸罐以前，保留在进入CO2吸收器中的合成气中的CO2被除去。本发明明确地包括使CO2从所有闪蒸罐再循环返回一系列加工步骤中的联合而不是分别处理来自闪蒸罐的二氧化碳。
本发明的益处为明显降低的资金费用和明显降低的操作费用。在一个分析中，仅操作节约可接近40兆瓦电。本发明在想要二氧化碳产物流具有低一氧化碳含量的情况下具有特定应用。

Claims (6)

1.一种处理合成气体的方法，其包括：
a)从所述合成气体中除去硫化氢；
b)将所述合成气体压缩以产生压缩的合成气体料流；
c)将所述压缩的合成气体料流脱水以产生干压缩合成气体料流；
d)将所述干压缩合成气体料流冷却以从所述干压缩合成气体料流中除去大部分二氧化碳以产生部分纯化的合成气体料流和二氧化碳产物流；
e)首先将所述部分纯化的合成气体料流送入二氧化碳吸收器中以产生纯化的合成气体料流和包含二氧化碳的料流；和
f)使所述包含二氧化碳的料流返回步骤(b)、(c)和(d)中以将另外的二氧化碳加入所述二氧化碳产物流中。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中在返回所述步骤(b)、(c)和(d)中以前，首先将所述包含二氧化碳的料流压缩。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其中将所述合成气体压缩至7584kPa(1100psig)。
4.根据权利要求1的方法，其中在送入所述步骤(b)、(c)和(d)中以前，将所述包含二氧化碳的料流从所述二氧化碳吸收器送入至少一个闪蒸罐中。
5.根据权利要求4的方法，其中所述至少一个闪蒸罐包括至少一个再循环闪蒸罐、至少一个中压闪蒸罐和至少一个低压闪蒸罐。
6.根据权利要求4的方法，其中在通过所述至少一个闪蒸罐以后，将所述二氧化碳压缩以形成压缩的二氧化碳料流。
CN2011800588997A 2010-12-15 2011-12-09 由合成气体制备二氧化碳 Pending CN103261092A (zh)

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US42332810P 2010-12-15 2010-12-15
US61/423,328 2010-12-15
PCT/US2011/064068 WO2012082531A1 (en) 2010-12-15 2011-12-09 Production of carbon dioxide from synthesis gas

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