CN103236086B - One takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account - Google Patents
One takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to digital elevation model modeling field, particularly one takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account.Extract the hydrology response region of topographical surface by carrying out Runoff Analysis to DEM, set up the hierarchical structure tree of watershed; By the hydrological characteristics of extensive earth's surface spot elevation, calculate the hydrology contribution index of spot elevation for landform shape; Terrain feature point set is chosen by the weighting terrain representation error investigating spot elevation; And adopt elasticity to seek position strategy adjustment degree of integration controling parameters automatically, thus realize taking the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM automatic Synthesis of the earth's surface hydrology into account.Therefore, tool of the present invention has the following advantages: landform and the hydrological characteristics that effectively can keep original high accuracy DEM, and can ensure the landform of multiple dimensioned lower DEM and the topological sum logical consistency of hydrological characteristics; Improve robotization and the formation efficiency of multiple dimensioned DEM modeling, and the needs to dimension self-adaption DEM in practical application can be met.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method, especially relate to one and take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account.
Background technology
Digital elevation model (DigitalElevationModel, DEM) numeral as earth surface landform describes and analog form, be the important component part of spatial data infrastructure, relate to the field of scientific study of earth three-dimensional information and production division has a wide range of applications in water conservancy, mapping, national defense construction etc.For meeting the needs of different levels, the mode that various countries all adopt multiple engineer's scale to coexist sets up multistage yardstick (or multiresolution) dem data storehouse.Such as American Association space agency (NASA), State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Ministry of National Defence (NIMA) and Germany and Italian Space Agency, establish the ASTERDEM of SRTM1DEM and 15 meter resolution of the SRTM3DEM of 90 meters of resolution, 30 meters of resolution, Britain establishes the BlueskyDTM of LandmapDTM and the 5 meter resolution of 25 meters of resolution, and China also establishes 1:1 ten thousand DEM(NFGIS-DEM of nationwide 1:100 ten thousand, 1:25 ten thousand, 1:5 ten thousand DEM and provincial, and municipal level in succession).
Along with renewal and the raising of the Spatial data capture means such as synthetic-aperture radar, laser radar, laser scanning system, the acquisition of terrain data becomes efficient and quick, on the one hand greatly meet people carry out geoscience research potential demand in each field, also bring the sharp increase problem of terrain data in data volume, ageing and complicacy etc. on the other hand.As earth observation systems EOS(EarthObservingSystem), round-the-clock round-the-clock to the earth can be realized by seven satellites such as TERRA, AQUE and QULA and by the observation of cloud and mist interference, the remotely-sensed data that only TERRA obtains every day just reaches TB level, and the combination of TERRA and AQUA satellite also achieves the Data Update of whole world least four times every day.Because engineer's scale dem data amount at different levels is that geometric series increases progressively fast, the storage of mass data, renewal and consistency maintenance demand propose stern challenge to the sustainability that point engineer's scale DEM builds this way of storehouse.
Adopting DEM complex art to realize DEM to be changed to small scale (low precision) by large scale (high precision), and then provide yardstick terrain information service flexibly, is the inexorable trend of modern DEM production and administration.According to the difference of dem data organizational form, research DEM integration algorithm can be divided into four classes substantially both at home and abroad at present:
(1) DEM based on discrete point is comprehensive.The core concept of these class methods is, think spot elevation on earth's surface in space layout with around other spot elevation in certain limit there is correlativity.Representational research mainly has an identity distance method, terrain representation error method, space plane law vector angle-off set.These methods utilize the spatial coherence of spot elevation comprehensive to realize DEM, but the mutual decision of adjacent idea makes the processing sequence of idea have larger impact to synthesis result, also inevitably lack and hold the entirety of surface configuration.
(2) comprehensive based on isocontour DEM.Level line overall approach mainly adopts line simplification algorithm and innovatory algorithm thereof to carry out comprehensively to level line, remove thin portion to bend, retain main bending, as two-dimentional Douglas-Peucker method, Li-Openshaw method, QTM method, wavelet method, fractal overall approach, genetic algorithm.Because adjacent contour has similarity in various degree usually, and level line expresses landforms in mode in groups, also scholar is had to carry out structured generalization from the mutual relationship between level line to level line, as elevation zone overall approach, structure lines tracing, surface drainage system structuring method, gradual overall approach.Level line carries out " moulding " by the continuity on isoline and the sudden change between isoline to earth's surface, although isocontour combined process utilizes topographic structure line to be assisted, but essence is carried out comprehensively to the two-dimensional signal projecting to plane space, and the three-dimensional comprehensive of really meaning, therefore, need to be further processed the topology conflict comprehensively between rear level line.
(3) DEM of rule-based graticule mesh is comprehensive.This kind of comprehensive core concept regards regular grid as gray level image, the gray-scale value being positioned at each grid be positioned at this place or insert in the landforms point height value at this place corresponding, comprehensive by realizing DEM to the process of gray-scale value, as filter method, wavelet analysis method, information theory method, quaternary tree local entropy method, map algebra method.Due to the restriction of Grid DEM own data structure, the details of landform is always suppressed in grid, therefore, must add more characteristic information when comprehensive.Current great majority all need to add based on the integrated approach of Grid DEM the rapport that terrain feature point or characteristic curve strengthen local grid and overall surface configuration.
(4) DEM based on profile line is comprehensive.Mahes(1998) propose, with equidistant sectional elevation cutting earth's surface, to carry out linear abbreviation to the profile line obtained, retain the main concavo-convex characteristic on earth's surface.The abbreviation of this method to terrain information provides new thinking, but correlative study is at present less, and correlation technique and application prospect need to study checking further.
In above-mentioned research, DEM is comprehensively usually expressed as the data compression in data processing aspect.To meet people to the process of terrain information and analysis needs, just require that different scale dem data can have terrain information " fidelity " of yardstick adaptation, operation decision-making level then needs the morphologic characteristics contained using DEM as geography foundation, and it can be used as the spatial context of comprehensive behavior to associate with data model to carry out collaborative abbreviation.With regard to relief elements, the geo-phenomenon of the geomorphic unit that geomorphic province topographic relief reflects in tectonic structure, water regime etc. and rule, belong to the spatial context category that DEM is comprehensive.Particularly for fully-developed landforms, the main valley floor of landform and ridge structure lines have significantly catchmenting property and point water-based, this is the theoretical foundation that in geography research, earth's surface hydrological analysis and hydrographic features are extracted, and is also the context constraint needing in DEM combined process to consider.
Though the research of Chinese scholars in various degree paid close attention to spatial context to formulating the effect of integration scenario, the data processing of the contextual information of geographical level and geometry level is integrated together by the algorithm not being formed with effect yet.These algorithms otherwise before comprehensive by the step analysis of topographic structure, be confined to that geometry carries out to the secondary paddy ridge local be rejected level and smooth, or supplement the structure lines information of non-abbreviation after comprehensive, the supplementary of tactic pattern is carried out to synthesis result.In DEM combined process, how incident space context carries out the abbreviation of unification, still lacks applicable algorithm model at present.
Summary of the invention
Above-mentioned technical matters of the present invention is mainly solved by following technical proposals:
One takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, carries out charge for remittance analysis to original high accuracy DEM, extracts catchment line and the watershed line of surface configuration described by DEM, sets up the hydrology network of original high accuracy DEM;
Step 2, the basis of the hydrology network of step 1 foundation is resolved the hydrology context of landforms object described by original high accuracy DEM: utilize the remittance relation of earth's surface charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure of the spider lines that catchments, then mating, according to the hierarchical structure of the hierarchical structure determination watershed line network of the spider lines that catchments of watershed line and the line that catchments is carried out based on the coupled relation of mountain valley, earth's surface and ridge;
Step 3, carries out hydrology semantically enhancement to the earth's surface spot elevation of original high accuracy DEM: the extensive model of hydrological characteristics setting up landform altitude point, according to the hydrology contribution index of the hydrology context calculating earth's surface spot elevation that step 2 obtains;
Step 4, according to step 1 gained hydrology network, original high accuracy DEM is decomposed by basin, terrain feature point set is extracted: the mode adopting Basin Boundary convex hull and earth's surface spot elevation to build TIN calculates earth's surface spot elevation and whether there is caused DEM terrain representation error in units of basin, the relatively terrain representation error size of earth's surface spot elevation, then concentrate from earth's surface spot elevation and extract the moulding unique point of landforms and set up the queue of terrain feature point, on this basis according to the degree of integration controling parameters that user specifies yardstick to determine, obtain the terrain feature point set of corresponding scale,
Step 5, concentrates from terrain feature point the spot elevation isolated and catchment line and watershed line, carries out the abbreviation of corresponding scale to catchment spider lines and watershed line network of original high precision;
Step 6, according to the Hydrology of the terrain feature point set under the corresponding scale that step 4 and step 5 obtain and abbreviation, sets up affined TIN TIN, and interpolation regular grid is as the DEM after comprehensive on this basis;
Step 7, calculates the precision of comprehensive rear DEM, if precision does not reach the degree of integration that user sets yardstick, adopt elasticity to seek position strategy adjustment degree of integration controling parameters automatically, the terrain feature point subset of acquisition corresponding scale, repeats step 5 ~ step 7.
Take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account in above-mentioned one, in described step 1, the concrete steps setting up the hydrology network of original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 1.1, set up according to the elevation difference of DEM regular grid and flow to matrix, using unlabelled optional position grid as Seed Points, grid is imported by the reverse iterative search of eight neighborhood, the point of grid is not flowed into as runoff source point to only have outflow grid, then follow the trail of according to footpath flow path direction, improvement D8 algorithm is adopted to set up runoff cumulant matrix, specifically: first traversal rule graticule mesh, calculate the difference of elevation of each graticule mesh to eight field graticule mesh, be water (flow) direction direction signs maximum for difference of elevation, obtain flowing to matrix; Then the unlabelled graticule mesh of random selecting is as Seed Points, imports grid by eight neighborhood reverse search, does not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point to only have outflow grid.Follow the trail of by footpath flow path direction, on flow path, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1 again; For multiple directions import grid, runoff semi-invariant each remittance directional cumulation amount logic and basis on add 1, obtain runoff cumulant matrix;
Step 1.2, the runoff semi-invariant of each grid points is extracted according to step 1.1 gained runoff cumulant matrix, extraction is greater than the loosely spaced lattice of setting threshold value as wire grid of catchmenting, that sets up in integrating step 1.1 flows to the source that matrix extracts the line that catchments from wire grid of catchmenting, and then according to the runoff cumulant matrix set up in step 1.1 using the source of the line that catchments as Seed Points, reverse extension catchments line until runoff source;
Step 1.3, carries out vector quantization to the line loosely spaced lattice that catchments that step 1.2 is set up, and the matrix that flows to then utilizing step 1.2 to set up builds the spider lines that catchments;
Step 1.4, extract using the source of the line that catchments and jaw or the line segment between jaw and outlet as the core that catchments in basin, then according to step 1.1 obtain to flow to all inflows the to be catchmented area identification of core of matrix and runoff cumulant matrix be corresponding charge for remittance response region;
Step 1.5, carries out sharpening and skeleton line extraction to the watershed border that step 1.4 obtains, sets up watershed line net.
Take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account in above-mentioned one, in described step 2, the contextual concrete steps of the hydrology of resolving landforms object described by original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 2.1, using the master data organization unit of core as water gathering system of catchmenting that step 1.4 obtains, utilizes earth's surface
The remittance relation of charge for remittance response region sets up the hierarchical structure tree of catchment network, namely has:
The core that catchments of set membership, the catchment charge for remittance response region of core of parent comprises all sub-levels and to catchment the charge for remittance response region of core;
And the core that catchments of brotherhood, brother's its charge for remittance response region of core that catchments imports same parent charge for remittance response region each other;
Step 2.2, using the starting point of watershed line and crunode or the line segment between crunode and the outlet point water core as basin, base
In the coupled relation in watershed line and basin, utilize the remittance relation of charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure tree of point water nuclear network, namely have:
Point water core of set membership, parent divides the overlapping margins of water core and parent charge for remittance response region, and subset divides the overlapping margins of water core and subset charge for remittance response region and crossing with the border of parent charge for remittance response region;
Point water core of brotherhood, the charge for remittance response region of point its correspondence of water core of brotherhood is all brotherhood each other, and all not with the overlapping margins of parent charge for remittance response region;
The contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology is taken into account in above-mentioned one, the earth's surface spot elevation of step 3 to original high accuracy DEM carries out hydrology semantically enhancement, specific implementation is that the hierarchical structure of catchment spider lines and the watershed line network obtained according to step 2 sets up basin exponential function, then carries out extensive by calculating basin exponential sum microtopography index two kinds of hydrology contribution indexs to the hydrological characteristics of earth's surface spot elevation.
Take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account in above-mentioned one, in described step 4, the specific implementation step obtaining terrain feature point set is as follows:
Step 4.1, is divided into several feature extraction unit by original high accuracy DEM by basin, extracts Basin Boundary convex hull and builds initial irregularities triangulation network TIN, obtain flash trimming residue spot elevation alternatively feature point set out-of-bounds;
Step 4.2, randomly draw the candidate feature point that candidate feature point is concentrated, the earth's surface spot elevation hydrology contribution index that integrating step 3 obtains calculates the weighted point identity distance that it arrives irregular TIN surface, choose the maximum spot elevation of weighted point identity distance as current 1st unique point, add in terrain feature point sequence;
Step 4.3, inserts this terrain feature point in irregular TIN and is reconstructed, and concentrates and deletes this unique point, repeat step 4.2 ~ step 4.3, until weighted point identity distance is less than given threshold value or all spot elevations all enter characteristic point sequence from candidate feature point.
The contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology is taken into account in above-mentioned one, in described step 5, the specific implementation of abbreviation Hydrology is, that specifies yardstick determination landform unique point according to user chooses quantity, respective subset is obtained from the characteristic point sequence that step 4 obtains, then concentrate from terrain feature idea the terrain feature point isolated and be positioned at and catchment line and watershed line, respectively along line and the watershed line path of initially catchmenting, according to catchment line and new catchment line and the watershed line of watershed line terrain feature point reconstruct in subset, the topological relation of line and watershed line and general landform unique point of keeping in restructuring procedure catchmenting is constant.
The contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology is taken into account in above-mentioned one, in described step 7, it is undertaken by the precision of the comprehensive rear DEM of calculation procedure 6 gained that employing elasticity seeks position strategy automatic adjustment degree of integration controling parameters, and specific implementation step is as follows:
Step 7.1, the relation function F_s that yardstick and DEM elevation describe difference is set up according to multiple dimensioned DEM resources bank, yardstick according to user's setting obtains corresponding F_s (x), and the DEM elevation before and after relatively more comprehensive describes error, calculates the difference F (x) that elevation describes error;
Step 7.2, elasticity is adopted to seek position strategy based on following constraint condition control DEM degree of integration: setting tolerance threshold value is ε, if | F_s (x)-F (x) | > ε and F_s (x) >F (x), then increase the feature point set extracted from step 4 characteristic point sequence, otherwise, if | F_s (x)-F (x) | > ε and F_s (x) <F (x), then reduce the feature point number extracted from step 4 characteristic point sequence, repeat step 4 ~ step 7, until | F_s (x)-F (x) | < ε terminates.
Therefore, tool of the present invention has the following advantages: (1) effectively can keep landform and the hydrological characteristics of original high accuracy DEM, and can ensure the landform of multiple dimensioned lower DEM and the topological sum logical consistency of hydrological characteristics; (2) improve robotization and the formation efficiency of multiple dimensioned DEM modeling, and the needs to dimension self-adaption DEM in practical application can be met.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that the present invention takes the hydrology contextual DEM automatic Synthesis process flow diagram into account.
Fig. 2 be the present invention catchment line adverse current extend process flow diagram.
Fig. 3 a is water gathering system schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 b is water gathering system Shreve code pattern of the present invention.
Fig. 3 c is water gathering system hierarchical chart of the present invention.
Fig. 4 a is water diversion system of the present invention and watershed line watershed subdivision schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 b is water diversion system hierarchical chart of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is that unique point of the present invention chooses process flow diagram.
Fig. 6 the present invention is based on elasticity to seek the schematic diagram that best composite thresholds is determined in position.
Fig. 7 is the process flow diagram of the present invention's control DEM degree of integration automatically.
Fig. 8 a is the contour map of experimental result DEM of the present invention.
Fig. 8 b is the contour map that the hydrology strengthens method experimental result DEM.
Fig. 8 c is the contour map of VIP method experimental result DEM.
Fig. 8 d is the contour map of Decimation method experimental result DEM
Fig. 9 is the Topographic Wetness Index curve of the different degree of integration of four kinds of methods.
Embodiment
Below by embodiment, and by reference to the accompanying drawings, technical scheme of the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment:
One, first, the knowwhy that the present invention relates to is introduced.
1, theoretical foundation.
Carry out dem data comprehensive, deriving from from larger proportion chi (high resolving power) DEM and obtain comparatively small scale (low resolution) DEM, is the summary to terrain information and simplification, instead of simple minutia reject.Therefore, although DEM is comprehensively usually expressed as the compression to data on operating level, but the terrain feature that should contain using DEM in operation decision-making level, as geography foundation, it can be used as the spatial context of comprehensive behavior to associate with data model and carries out collaborative abbreviation.With regard to relief elements, topographic relief reflects fully-developed valley floor and ridge has significantly catchmenting property and point water-based, this is the theoretical foundation that in geography research, earth's surface hydrological analysis and hydrographic features are extracted, and also should be the spatial context of carrying out DEM synthetic operation.
The comprehensive essence of DEM is that terrain information is changed from larger proportion chi to the information flow compared with small scale.Surface configuration is the concept of a spatial aggregation body, surrounded by different geometric surfaces, have certain volume, size, just, the foreign object feature such as shape.The landform of any complexity all can be thought be made up of level land (comprising high level land, terrace, low-lying level land), hillside fields and depression (comprising isolated depression and combination depression), and finally these basic landform units are all again come " location " and " qualitative " by spot elevation in region relative to the around height of spot elevation to describe.Therefore, landform altitude point has set meaning, and point set entirety constitutes the grown form on earth's surface, also constitutes the support of landforms space geometric from, comprises geomorphic province threshold, water diversion system.Therefore, the key that DEM is comprehensive is how to choose the spot elevation keeping having larger contribution to the description of surface configuration and landform contextual feature.
The effect of contraction of topographic space context to DEM synthetic operation is mainly reflected in choosing in process landform unique point.In other words, keep the DEM of earth's surface hydrological characteristics comprehensive, the percentage contribution that need associate landform feature point pairs landform hydrological characteristics chooses terrain feature point from original DEM.And when terrain feature candidate point is close to the percentage contribution that earth's surface is moulding, preferentially need chooses and the larger point of percentage contribution is expressed to landform hydrological characteristics.
Based on this, the present invention proposes and achieves a kind of new DEM integrated approach.The hydrology response region of topographical surface is extracted by carrying out Runoff Analysis to DEM, set up the stratification organize models of watershed, the extensive model of hydrological characteristics of earth's surface spot elevation is set up on this basis according to the hierarchical structure of earth's surface Hydrology, and by quantifying earth's surface spot elevation hydrology percentage contribution and carry out the hydrology semantically enhancement of DEM, choose terrain feature point set.Can find out, in this way, the combined process of DEM considers the contextual effect of contraction of the earth's surface hydrology all the time, and the direction that DEM works in coordination with abbreviation to the conversion of the data of small scale (low resolution) towards terrain information and hydrographic information from large scale (high resolving power) is carried out.
2, spot elevation hydrological characteristics is extensive.
Catchment network has different semantic meanings with the spot elevation on point network of rivers network from the general spot elevation in other regions, plays explicit expression to the earth's surface hydrographic information in dem data.Therefore, in DEM combined process, consider the space constraint that the earth's surface hydrology is upper and lower, by carrying out semantically enhancement to realize to the spot elevation in hydrology network system.This needs foundation to carry out on the extensive basis of information earth's surface hydrology context.Hydrographic information is divided into two class River Basin Hydrology information and hydrology microtopography information two parts by us, is carried out the hydrologic characteristic value of extensive earth's surface spot elevation by definition basin exponential sum microtopography index.
(1) basin index
From hydrology basic theories, basin, earth's surface has obvious hierarchy nesting structure, and every one-level watershed is made up of several times one-level subcatchment.Using the source of the line that catchments and jaw or the line segment between jaw and outlet as the core that catchments in basin, the starting point of watershed line and crunode or the line segment between crunode and outlet are as point water core in basin.To core or point water nuclear unit l of catchmenting arbitrarily, if the watershed area of its correspondence is Area (l), the water catchment area in whole basin is Area (S), then in catchment core or point water nuclear unit, the computing formula in basin index α (pt_l) of arbitrary spot elevation pt_l is:
α(pt_l)=Area(l)/Area(S)（1）
Wherein, the basin index that core and point water core imports point of catchmenting is got the highest level linked with it and to be catchmented core or minute water core spot elevation contribution margin.
(2) microtopography index
The hydrology microgeomorphologyd of line and watershed line of catchmenting is formed by the effect of regional area tectonic structure and geomorphologic agent simultaneously, and its form describes by terrain parameter.To core or point water nuclear fragmentation l of catchmenting arbitrarily, on definition l, the mima type microrelief contribution index β (pt_l) of arbitrary spot elevation pt_l, is the elevation rate of change along hydrology line elevation descent direction
with the elevation rate of change in vertical hydrology line direction
vector, that is:
3, the extraction of terrain feature point.
Earth's surface is three-dimensional continuous print body object, and the abbreviation for terrain information should carry out in three-dimensional space.Therefore, determine whether terrain feature point in DEM combined process, this spot elevation of paper examines is to the contribution amount of topographic relief.In DEM quality analysis field, the difference simulating ground and actual landform by DEM evaluates the topograph precision of DEM.The present invention uses for reference this thought, whether elevation sampled point is existed the DEM landform differential expression that the causes basis for selecting as terrain feature point.Consider that TIN can simulate surface relief more flexibly, terrain feature is chosen on TINDEM basis carries out.
Basic thought is: first extract zone boundary, builds initial TIN, with all spot elevations alternatively unique point except border; Then the three-dimensional point identity distance of all candidate points to TIN surface is calculated,
The maximum spot elevation of selected point identity distance is as the 1st terrain feature point; Inserted in TIN by 1st terrain feature point and be reconstructed, then recurrence is chosen and interpolation the 2nd, 3 ... n terrain feature point, until the some identity distance of the terrain feature point selected is less than given threshold value or is 0.
Above-mentioned unique point choose process using earth's surface spot elevation relative to the some identity distance of TIN as the quantizating index of DEM landform differential expression.In order to retain catchmenting and a point water feature of landform shape, the present invention calculates weighted point identity distance d in conjunction with the hydrological characteristics index of spot elevation
i:
d
i=delta_d
(i,tin)×(1+α
i+β
i)（3）
Wherein delta_d
(i, tin)for candidate feature point i is relative to the three-dimensional point identity distance of current TIN, α
iand β
ifor the hydrology contribution index of this point, be respectively basin exponential sum microtopography index.Catchment the α of spot elevation on line and watershed line
iand β
icalculated by formula (1), (2), the α of other region spot elevations
iand β
ivalue is 0.
Terrain feature point is chosen after process completes, and what obtain is by the thick characteristic point sequence to essence description to landform.The yardstick can specified according to user describes the corresponding relation of error with comprehensive front and back DEM difference of elevation, chooses terrain feature point set from front to back from sequence.
Two, below, the concrete implementation step in conjunction with above-mentioned theory knowledge is specifically introduced.
As shown in Figure 1:
(1) matrix M _ dir and runoff cumulant matrix M_acc is flowed to according to the elevation difference foundation of original high accuracy DEM regular grid.Concrete process of establishing is as follows:
First traversal rule graticule mesh, calculates the difference of elevation of each graticule mesh to eight field graticule mesh, is water (flow) direction, obtains M_dir direction signs maximum for difference of elevation.Then the unlabelled graticule mesh of random selecting is as Seed Points, imports grid by eight neighborhood reverse search, does not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point to only have outflow grid.Follow the trail of by footpath flow path direction, on flow path, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1 again; For multiple directions import grid, runoff semi-invariant each remittance directional cumulation amount logic and basis on add 1, obtain M_acc.This process is the improvement to D8 algorithm, and specific implementation program is not introduced in detail.
(2) from runoff cumulant matrix M_acc, extract the grid that charge for remittance amount is greater than given threshold value, follow the trail of initially to be catchmented line along water (flow) direction, the adverse current of the line that then carries out catchmenting extends.Concrete methods of realizing is as follows:
1. the source Pt_i of the current line that catchments first is extracted as starting point, then according to flowing to matrix M _ dir and the cumulant matrix M_acc that confluxes, choose in eight neighborhood flow to this starting point and charge for remittance amount Acc the maximum as the first candidate point Pt_a, i.e. Acc (Pt_a)=max (Acc (inflow grid));
2. again according to DEM and the accumulative matrix M _ acc that confluxes, choose that elevation Z in eight neighborhood is not less than Pt_i, charge for remittance amount is less than Pt_i and charge for remittance amount the maximum as the second candidate point Pt_b, i.e. Z (Pt_b) >Z (Pt_i), Acc (Pt_b) <Acc (Pt_i), and Acc (Pt_b)=max (Acc (eight neighborhood));
3. compare the charge for remittance amount of Pt_a and Pt_b, if both are equal, select Pt_a to extend some Pt_i-1 as the upstream of Pt_i, otherwise, select the large person of charge for remittance amount to extend some Pt_i-1 as upstream, namely have Acc (Pt_i-1) >=Acc (Pt_a).
4. to extend some Pt_i-1 as new starting point, repeat 1. ~ 4., until flowing to the upstream point sink flow extending point is 0, namely there is Acc (Pt_0)=0.
The implementation procedure that line adverse current of catchmenting extends is shown in accompanying drawing 2.This process effectively can solve the bifurcation problem that runoff is traced to the source: when occurring that multiple branch afflux or the parallel runoff of existence and valley floor bearing of trend are shoulder to shoulder, get the strongest footpath flow path of earth's surface hydrology response all the time as valley floor bearing of trend.
(3) a point network of rivers network becomes duality relation with catchment network, corresponding hydrology response region is masked as according to flowing to all inflows the to be catchmented grid region of line of matrix and runoff cumulant matrix, sharpening and skeleton line extraction are carried out to hydrology response region border, corresponding watershed line can be obtained.Watershed boundary sharpening and skeleton line extract the map algebra disposal route based on grid belonging to our design, and specific implementation process is not introduced in detail.
(4) Shreve method is adopted to carry out the tissue of Hydrology.Using the source of the line that catchments and jaw or the line segment between jaw and the outlet core that catchments (accompanying drawing 3a) as basin, the starting point of watershed line and crunode or the line segment between crunode and outlet as point water core (accompanying drawing 4a) in basin, corresponding to the coding unit (accompanying drawing 3b) in Shreve coding scheme.The structural relation of catchmenting between core is determined by the remittance relation of watershed, and new data organization model is as shown in accompanying drawing 3c.
(5) according between watershed and can share the geomorphologic characteristics of watershed divide between watershed and its subregion, the structural relation of water diversion system is realized by the multiple watershed decomposing point water core and relate to.If point water core AB is the line a(accompanying drawing 3a that catchments) watershed divide of the sub-watershed in place, if it also belongs to the core g(accompanying drawing 3a that catchments simultaneously) watershed divide of place father's watershed, then using point water core AB as the minimum unit of water diversion system.Definition point water network layer relation is consistent with watershed hierarchical relationship, and the organize models of water diversion system as depicted in fig. 4b.
(6) on the hierarchical structure tree basis setting up catchment network and point network of rivers network, the extensive index of hydrological characteristics of respectively catchment core and point water core spot elevation is calculated, i.e. basin index α and microtopography index β.
The computing formula of basin index α is: α (pt_l)=Area (l)/Area (S).Wherein, l represents a certain core or point water core of catchmenting, and pt_l is the spot elevation that correspondence is catchmented on core or point water core; Area (l) is the hydrology response region area of catchment core or point water core, the area that Area (S) is whole basin.When l is leaf node in the hierarchical tree structure of hydrology network, then the hydrology response region of l is got with l is the basin of core of catchmenting; When l has cotyledon node in the hierarchical tree structure of hydrology network, then the hydrology response region of l gets basin and each subset water core basin sum of the core l that catchments.
The computing formula of microtopography index β is:
wherein,
represent the elevation rate of change along hydrology line elevation descent direction,
represent the elevation rate of change in vertical hydrology line direction.
(7) using the weight coefficient of extensive for the hydrological characteristics of spot elevation index as Feature Selection, calculate spot elevation to the moulding contribution amount of surface configuration, set up terrain feature point sequence.Detailed process is as follows:
1. the three-dimensional boundaries first extracting original high accuracy DEM builds limited initial TIN
0, build limited TIN removing
0outside all spot elevations alternatively unique point Cand (n).
2. on this basis, in conjunction with basin exponential sum microtopography index calculated candidate terrain feature point to the contribution amount of surface configuration, computing formula is: d
i=delta_d
(i, tin)× (1+ α
i+ β
i).D in formula
ifor candidate's terrain feature point i is relative to current TIN
iweighted point identity distance, delta_d
(i, tin)for candidate's terrain feature point i is relative to current TIN
ithree-dimensional point identity distance, α
iand β
ifor the hydrology contribution index of this point, be divided into other basin exponential sum microtopography index.Catchment the α of candidate's terrain feature point on line and watershed line
iand β
icalculate in process (4), the α of other region candidate terrain feature points
iand β
ivalue is 0.Choose the maximum candidate point of weighted point identity distance as the 1st terrain feature point Pt
1, put into terrain feature point sequence Q.
3. the terrain feature point Pt then will chosen
1insert TIN
0in re-establish the triangulation network, obtain TIN
1, and concentrate this point of deletion from candidate feature point.
4. residue candidate point is calculated to the contribution amount of surface configuration, recurrence is chosen, interpolation the 2nd, 3 ... n terrain feature point, until the some identity distance of the terrain feature point selected is 0 or is less than given threshold value, or candidate point enters in terrain feature point sequence Q entirely, and process terminates.Terrain feature point is chosen process flow diagram and is seen accompanying drawing 5.
(8) set the initial number of terrain feature point set as ε, using ε as DEM degree of integration controling parameters, selected characteristic point subset P from terrain feature point queue Q, then extract the terrain feature point P ' deriving from catchment network and point network of rivers network from P, then carries out abbreviation to catchment line and watershed line.
Hydrology network requirement after abbreviation keeps having topological coherence with the feature point set chosen.Concrete methods of realizing is as follows: for a certain core l that catchments, and gets 3 spot elevation Pt from source terminad order
i-1, Pt
iand Pt
i+1, Pt
i-1for source point, bifurcation or the core that catchments needing the spot elevation retained, be designated as Pt_A, Pt_B, Pt_C.If Pt_B ∈ is P ', or set up triangle Δ ABC with Pt_A, Pt_B and Pt_C, have
and Pt_B and triangle Δ ABC has intersection point, then retain Pt on the footpath flow path of core l that catchments
iif, Pt_A=Pt
i, Pt_B=Pt
i-1; Otherwise, the footpath flow path of core l that catchments deletes Pt
iif, Pt_B=Pt
i+1.Get the next spot elevation Pt of the core l that catchments
i+2if, Pt_C=Pt
i+2, repeat this process, until Pt_B is the end of core l of catchmenting.The abbreviation process of watershed line is identical with it.
(9) generate limited TIN with catchment line and watershed line and the terrain feature point set P that chooses after abbreviation, then adopt original high accuracy DEM resolution interpolation regular grid obtain comprehensive after DEM, calculate comprehensive before and after the root-mean-square error RMSE of DEM difference of elevation.
(10) to calculate in national geographic information the difference of elevation RMSE of the similarly multiple dimensioned dem data of looks type area in the heart, set up accuracy evaluation standard.
If there is the dem data of user's designated ratio chi in multiple dimensioned dem data storehouse, then from accuracy evaluation standard, directly take out corresponding difference of elevation RMSE; If there is not the dem data storehouse of user's designated ratio chi, then set up the relation curve function F _ s between yardstick and DEM difference of elevation RMSE according to multiple dimensioned DEM, the yardstick of then specifying according to user obtains corresponding difference of elevation RMSE.The process setting up accuracy evaluation standard can complete in the process setting up multiple dimensioned dem data storehouse, also can carry out early stage in combined process.
If be F_s (x) according to the target scale difference of elevation RMSE that accuracy evaluation standard obtains, calculate comprehensive front and back DEM difference of elevation RMSE, be set to F (x), compare the size of F_s (x) and F (x).
(11) according to the comparative result of F_s (x) and F (x), what the strategy adopting elasticity to seek position adjusted spot elevation automatically chooses quantity.For initially choosing spot elevation quantity ε, if the change step delta_ ε=ε of compressibility, comprehensive state register k1=1, k2=1.As F_s (x) <F (x), get k2=1, if k2==k1, then have delta_ ε=delta_ ε; If k2 ≠ k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε * 0.5 and k1=k2.As F_s (x) >F (x), get k2=-1, if k2==k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε; If k2 ≠ k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε * 0.5 and k1=k2.
Elasticity is utilized to seek the data volume ε of position strategy automatic adjustment terrain feature point set P, as F_s (x) <F (x), ε=ε+delta_ ε; As F_s (x) >F (x), ε=ε-delta_ ε.Elasticity is utilized to seek a schematic diagram of Developing Tactics feature point set data volume ε as shown in Figure 6.
(12) from the queue of terrain feature point, choose new terrain feature point set according to feature point set data volume ε, repeat (8) step ~ the (12) step, until F_s (x) ≈ F (x) or reach the condition jumping out circulation, process terminates.The flow process of automatic control DEM degree of integration as shown in Figure 7.
(13) high mountain sample district, the southwest dem data choosing geomorphic development maturation is tested, and raster resolution is 15m*15m, and sample district scope is about 3.6km*4.2km.Adopt the present invention to propose respectively take earth's surface water regime DEM integrated approach into account, the hydrology strengthens VIP overall approach and Decimation overall approach that overall approach, ArcGIS software provides to original meticulous DEM process.
Be inserted into TIN in the terrain feature point choosing 5%, then draw the topograph precision that contouring investigates synthesis result.The isocontour superposition in comprehensive front and back is as shown in accompanying drawing 8a-8d.As can be seen from the Overlay of contour map, when unique point boil down to raw data 5%, the method that the present invention proposes can retain initial landform feature to greatest extent, the landform paddy ridge region level line architectural feature of classic method synthesis result is stiff, and VIP method and Decimation method have lost the terrain information of raw data all largely.
Adopt four kinds of algorithms to choose the terrain feature point of 50%, 25%, 10% and 5% respectively, then interpolation generates the Topographic Wetness Index that Grid DEM calculates different degree of integration DEM, and the hydrological characteristics investigating four kinds of methods keeps effect.Each algorithm synthesis result Topographic Wetness Index standard deviation statistics curve as shown in Figure 9.The Topographic Wetness Index standard deviation curve that contrast different characteristic point is chosen under rate condition is known, due in combined process, method of the present invention judges the importance of valley floor and ridge and the identification of terrain feature point all account for earth's surface hydrology contextual information, and synthesis result can keep landform humidity characteristic preferably.
Specific embodiment described herein is only to the explanation for example of the present invention's spirit.Those skilled in the art can make various amendment or supplement or adopt similar mode to substitute to described specific embodiment, but can't depart from spirit of the present invention or surmount the scope that appended claims defines.
Claims (4)
1. take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step 1, carries out charge for remittance analysis to original high accuracy DEM, extracts catchment line and the watershed line of surface configuration described by DEM, sets up the hydrology network of original high accuracy DEM;
Step 2, the basis of the hydrology network of step 1 foundation is resolved the hydrology context of landforms object described by original high accuracy DEM: utilize the remittance relation of earth's surface charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure of the spider lines that catchments, then mating, according to the hierarchical structure of the hierarchical structure determination watershed line network of the spider lines that catchments of watershed line and the line that catchments is carried out based on the coupled relation of mountain valley, earth's surface and ridge;
Step 3, carries out hydrology semantically enhancement to the earth's surface spot elevation of original high accuracy DEM: the extensive model of hydrological characteristics setting up landform altitude point, according to the hydrology contribution index of the hydrology context calculating earth's surface spot elevation that step 2 obtains;
Step 4, according to step 1 gained hydrology network, original high accuracy DEM is decomposed by basin, terrain feature point set is extracted: the mode adopting Basin Boundary convex hull and earth's surface spot elevation to build TIN calculates earth's surface spot elevation and whether there is caused DEM terrain representation error in units of basin, the relatively terrain representation error size of earth's surface spot elevation, then concentrate from earth's surface spot elevation and extract the moulding unique point of landforms and set up the queue of terrain feature point, on this basis according to the degree of integration controling parameters that user specifies yardstick to determine, obtain the terrain feature point set of corresponding scale,
Step 5, concentrates from terrain feature point the spot elevation isolated and catchment line and watershed line, carries out the abbreviation of corresponding scale to catchment spider lines and watershed line network of original high precision;
Step 6, according to the Hydrology of the terrain feature point set under the corresponding scale that step 4 and step 5 obtain and abbreviation, sets up affined TIN TIN, and interpolation regular grid is as the DEM after comprehensive on this basis;
Step 7, calculates the precision of comprehensive rear DEM, if precision does not reach the degree of integration that user sets yardstick, adopt elasticity to seek position strategy adjustment degree of integration controling parameters automatically, the terrain feature point subset of acquisition corresponding scale, repeats step 5 ~ step 7;
In described step 1, the concrete steps setting up the hydrology network of original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 1.1, set up according to the elevation difference of DEM regular grid and flow to matrix, using unlabelled optional position grid as Seed Points, grid is imported by the reverse iterative search of eight neighborhood, the point of grid is not flowed into as runoff source point to only have outflow grid, then follow the trail of according to footpath flow path direction, improvement D8 algorithm is adopted to set up runoff cumulant matrix, specifically: first traversal rule graticule mesh, calculate the difference of elevation of each graticule mesh to eight field graticule mesh, be water (flow) direction direction signs maximum for difference of elevation, obtain flowing to matrix; Then the unlabelled graticule mesh of random selecting is as Seed Points, grid is imported by eight neighborhood reverse search, flow out grid do not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point to only have, then follow the trail of by footpath flow path direction, on flow path, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1; For multiple directions import grid, runoff semi-invariant each remittance directional cumulation amount logic and basis on add 1, obtain runoff cumulant matrix;
Step 1.2, the runoff semi-invariant of each grid points is extracted according to step 1.1 gained runoff cumulant matrix, extraction is greater than the loosely spaced lattice of setting threshold value as wire grid of catchmenting, that sets up in integrating step 1.1 flows to the source that matrix extracts the line that catchments from wire grid of catchmenting, and then according to the runoff cumulant matrix set up in step 1.1 using the source of the line that catchments as Seed Points, reverse extension catchments line until runoff source;
Step 1.3, carries out vector quantization to the line loosely spaced lattice that catchments that step 1.2 is set up, and the matrix that flows to then utilizing step 1.2 to set up builds the spider lines that catchments;
Step 1.4, extract using the source of the line that catchments and jaw or the line segment between jaw and outlet as the core that catchments in basin, then according to step 1.1 obtain to flow to all inflows the to be catchmented area identification of core of matrix and runoff cumulant matrix be corresponding charge for remittance response region;
Step 1.5, carries out sharpening and skeleton line extraction to the watershed border that step 1.4 obtains, sets up watershed line net;
In described step 2, the contextual concrete steps of the hydrology of resolving landforms object described by original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 2.1, using the master data organization unit of core as water gathering system of catchmenting that step 1.4 obtains, utilizes the remittance relation of earth's surface charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure tree of catchment network, namely has:
The core that catchments of set membership, the catchment charge for remittance response region of core of parent comprises all sub-levels and to catchment the charge for remittance response region of core;
And the core that catchments of brotherhood, brother's its charge for remittance response region of core that catchments imports same parent charge for remittance response region each other;
Step 2.2, using the starting point of watershed line and crunode or the line segment between crunode and outlet as point water core in basin, based on the coupled relation of watershed line with basin, utilizes the remittance relation of charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure tree of dividing water nuclear network, namely has:
Point water core of set membership, parent divides the overlapping margins of water core and parent charge for remittance response region, and subset divides the overlapping margins of water core and subset charge for remittance response region and crossing with the border of parent charge for remittance response region;
Point water core of brotherhood, the charge for remittance response region of point its correspondence of water core of brotherhood is all brotherhood each other, and all not with the overlapping margins of parent charge for remittance response region;
In described step 7, it is undertaken by the precision of the comprehensive rear DEM of calculation procedure 6 gained that employing elasticity seeks position strategy automatic adjustment degree of integration controling parameters, and specific implementation step is as follows:
Step 7.1, relation function F_s (x) that yardstick and DEM elevation describe difference is set up according to multiple dimensioned DEM resources bank, yardstick according to user's setting obtains corresponding F_s (x), DEM elevation before and after relatively more comprehensive describes error, calculates the difference F (x) that elevation describes error;
Step 7.2, elasticity is adopted to seek position strategy based on following constraint condition control DEM degree of integration: setting tolerance threshold value is ε, if | F_s (x)-F (x) | > ε and F_s (x) >F (x), then increase the feature point set extracted from step 4 characteristic point sequence, otherwise, if | F_s (x)-F (x) | > ε and F_s (x) <F (x), then reduce the feature point number extracted from step 4 characteristic point sequence, repeat step 4 ~ step 7, until | F_s (x)-F (x) | < ε terminates.
2. one according to claim 1 takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, the earth's surface spot elevation of step 3 to original high accuracy DEM carries out hydrology semantically enhancement, specific implementation is that the hierarchical structure of catchment spider lines and the watershed line network obtained according to step 2 sets up basin exponential function, then carries out extensive by calculating basin exponential sum microtopography index two kinds of hydrology contribution indexs to the hydrological characteristics of earth's surface spot elevation.
3. one according to claim 1 takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, in described step 4, the specific implementation step obtaining terrain feature point set is as follows:
Step 4.1, is divided into several feature extraction unit by original high accuracy DEM by basin, extracts Basin Boundary convex hull and builds initial irregularities triangulation network TIN, obtain flash trimming residue spot elevation alternatively feature point set out-of-bounds;
Step 4.2, randomly draw the candidate feature point that candidate feature point is concentrated, the earth's surface spot elevation hydrology contribution index that integrating step 3 obtains calculates the weighted point identity distance that it arrives irregular TIN surface, choose the maximum spot elevation of weighted point identity distance as current 1st unique point, add in terrain feature point sequence;
Step 4.3, inserts this terrain feature point in irregular TIN and is reconstructed, and concentrates and deletes this unique point, repeat step 4.2 ~ step 4.3, until weighted point identity distance is less than given threshold value or all spot elevations all enter characteristic point sequence from candidate feature point.
4. one according to claim 1 takes the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the earth's surface hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, in described step 5, the specific implementation of abbreviation Hydrology is, that specifies yardstick determination landform unique point according to user chooses quantity, respective subset is obtained from the characteristic point sequence that step 4 obtains, then concentrate from terrain feature idea the terrain feature point isolated and be positioned at and catchment line and watershed line, respectively along line and the watershed line path of initially catchmenting, according to catchment line and new catchment line and the watershed line of watershed line terrain feature point reconstruct in subset, the topological relation of line and watershed line and general landform unique point of keeping in restructuring procedure catchmenting is constant.
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