CN103236086A - Multiscale DEM (Digital Elevation Model) modeling method giving consideration to contents of surface hydrology - Google Patents
Multiscale DEM (Digital Elevation Model) modeling method giving consideration to contents of surface hydrology Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of modeling of a DEM (digital elevation model) and particularly relates to a multiscale DEM modeling method giving consideration to contents of surface hydrology. By carrying out runoff analysis on the DEM to extract a hydrological response region of a topographical surface, a hierarchical structure tree of a watershed area is established; by generalizing hydrological characteristics of a surface elevation point, a hydrological contribution index of the elevation point for a topographic form is calculated; by inspecting weighted topography description error of the elevation point, topographic feature point set is selected; and an elastic position seeking strategy is adopted to automatically regulate an integration degree control parameter so as to implement multiscale DEM automatic integration giving consideration to the contents of surface hydrology. Therefore, the multiscale DEM modeling method has the following advantages that topographic and hydrological features of an original high-accuracy DEM can be effectively kept and topological and logic consistency of the topographic and hydrological features of the multiscale DEM can be ensured; and automation and generating efficiency of the multiscale DEM modeling are improved and the requirement on the scale self-adaptation DEM in the practical application can be met.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method, especially relate to a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account.
Background technology
Digital elevation model (Digital Elevation Model, DEM) describe and analog form as the numeral of earth surface landform, be the important component part of spatial data infrastructure, the scientific research field and the production division that relate to earth three-dimensional information in water conservancy, mapping, national defense construction etc. have application widely.For satisfying the needs of different levels, various countries all adopt the mode of multiple engineer's scale coexistence to set up multistage yardstick (or multiresolution) dem data storehouse.For example U.S.'s associating space agency (NASA), State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Ministry of National Defence (NIMA) and Germany and Italian Space Agency, the SRTM1DEM of the SRTM3DEM of 90 meters resolution, 30 meters resolution and the ASTER DEM of 15 meters resolution have been set up, Britain has set up the Landmap DTM of 25 meters resolution and the Bluesky DTM of 5 meters resolution, and China has also set up 1:1 ten thousand DEM(NFGIS-DEM of nationwide 1:100 ten thousand, 1:25 ten thousand, 1:5 ten thousand DEM and provincial, and municipal level in succession).
Renewal and raising along with spatial data obtaining means such as synthetic-aperture radar, laser radar, laser scanning systems, obtaining of terrain data becomes efficient and quick, on the one hand greatly satisfy the potential demand that people carry out geoscience research in each field, also brought terrain data in the sharp increase problem of aspects such as data volume, ageing and complicacy on the other hand.As earth observation systems EOS(Earth Observing System) observation that can realize, round-the-clock round-the-clock to the earth and not disturbed by cloud and mist by seven satellites such as TERRA, AQUE and QULA, only the remotely-sensed data obtained every day of TERRA just reaches the TB level, and the combination of TERRA and AQUA satellite has also realized the Data Update of global every day of least four times.Because engineer's scale dem data amounts at different levels are geometric series and increase progressively fast, the storage of mass data, renewal and consistency maintenance demand have proposed stern challenge to the sustainability that minute engineer's scale DEM builds this way of storehouse.
Adopting the DEM complex art to realize that DEM is changed to small scale (low precision) by large scale (high precision), and then yardstick terrain information service flexibly is provided, is the inexorable trend of modern DEM production and management.According to the difference of dem data organizational form, research DEM integration algorithm can be divided into four classes substantially both at home and abroad at present:
(1) comprehensive based on the DEM of discrete point.The core concept of these class methods is, think spot elevation on the face of land on space layout with certain limit on every side in other spot elevation have correlativity.Representational research mainly has an identity distance method, the topograph theory of error, space plane method vector angle method.These methods utilize the spatial coherence of spot elevation to realize that DEM is comprehensive, but the mutual decision of adjacent idea makes the processing sequence of idea to synthesis result bigger influence be arranged, and also inevitably lack the integral body of surface configuration is held.
(2) comprehensive based on isocontour DEM.The level line overall approach mainly adopts curve abbreviation algorithm and improves algorithm level line is carried out comprehensively, remove the bending of thin portion, keep main bending, as two-dimentional Douglas-Peucker method, Li-Openshaw method, QTM method, wavelet method, fractal overall approach, genetic algorithm.Because adjacent contour has similarity in various degree usually, and level line is expressed landforms in mode in groups, also there is the scholar from the mutual relationship between level line level line to be carried out structured generalization, as elevation zone overall approach, structure line following method, surface drainage system structuring method, gradual overall approach.Level line carries out " moulding " by the continuity on the isoline and the sudden change between isoline to the face of land, though isocontour combined process utilizes the topographic structure line to be assisted, but essence is that the two-dimensional signal that projects to plane space is carried out comprehensively, be not the three-dimensional comprehensive of real meaning, therefore, need the topology conflict between the level line of comprehensive back be further processed.
(3) DEM of rule-based graticule mesh is comprehensive.The comprehensive core concept of this class is to regard regular grid as gray level image, the gray-scale value that is positioned at each grid be positioned at this place or insert in the landforms point height value at this place corresponding, realize that by the processing to gray-scale value DEM is comprehensive, as filter method, wavelet analysis method, information theory method, quaternary tree local entropy method, map algebraic approach.Because the restriction of Grid DEM its data structure, the details of landform always is suppressed in grid, therefore, must add more characteristic information when comprehensive.Great majority all need add the rapport that terrain feature point or characteristic curve strengthen local grid and overall surface configuration based on the integrated approach of Grid DEM at present.
(4) comprehensive based on the DEM of profile line.Mahes(1998) propose with the equidistant sectional elevation cutting face of land profile line that obtains to be carried out linear abbreviation, keep the main concavo-convex characteristic on the face of land.This method provides new thinking to the abbreviation of terrain information, yet correlative study at present is less, and correlation technique and application prospect are still waiting further research checking.
In above-mentioned research, DEM comprehensively is usually expressed as the data compression on the data analysis layer face.If will satisfy people to the processing of terrain information and analyze needs, just require different proportion chi dem data to have " fidelity " that yardstick adapts to terrain information, then need be with morphologic characteristics that DEM was contained as the geography foundation in operation decision-making level, and it is associated as the spatial context of comprehensively behavior and data model work in coordination with abbreviation.With regard to the landforms key element, the geomorphic unit that the geomorphic province topographic relief reflects is learned phenomenon and rule on the ground of aspects such as tectonic structure, water regime, belongs to the comprehensive spatial context category of DEM.Particularly for the fully-developed landforms, the main valley floor of landform and ridge structure line have obvious water collection and branch water-based, this is the theoretical foundation that face of land hydrological analysis and hydrographic features are extracted in the geography research, and also being needs the context constraint considered in the DEM combined process.
Though the research of Chinese scholars concern in various degree spatial context to formulating the effect of integration scenario, the algorithm that is not formed with effect is yet handled the contextual information of geographical level and is incorporated into the data of how much levels.These algorithms otherwise before comprehensive by the step analysis of topographic structure, it is level and smooth to be confined to that geometry is carried out in the less important paddy ridge part that is rejected, or in the additional not structure line information of abbreviation in comprehensive back, synthesis result is carried out the additional of tactic pattern.How the incident space context carries out the abbreviation of unification in the DEM combined process, still lacks the algorithm model that is suitable at present.
Summary of the invention
Above-mentioned technical matters of the present invention is mainly solved by following technical proposals:
A kind ofly take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology into account, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 5 is concentrated the spot elevation isolate on catchment line and the watershed line from terrain feature point, and catchment spider lines and watershed line network of original high precision carried out the abbreviation of corresponding scale;
Step 6 according to the terrain feature point set under step 4 and the resulting corresponding scale of step 5 and the hydrology system of abbreviation, is set up affined TIN TIN, and the interpolation regular grid is as the DEM after comprehensive on this basis;
Step 7 is calculated the comprehensively precision of back DEM, if precision does not reach the degree of integration that the user sets yardstick, adopts elasticity to seek the tactful degree of integration control parameter of adjusting automatically in position, obtains the terrain feature point subclass of corresponding scale, repeating step 5～step 7.
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, in the described step 1, the concrete steps of hydrology network of setting up original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 1.1, elevation difference foundation according to the DEM regular grid flows to matrix, with unlabelled optional position grid as the seed point, import grid by the reverse iterative search of eight neighborhoods, to have only the grid of outflow not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point, follow the trail of according to the footpath flow path direction then, adopt improvement D8 algorithm to set up the runoff cumulant matrix, specifically: traversal rule graticule mesh at first, calculate each graticule mesh to the difference of elevation of eight field graticule mesh, be the direction signs of difference of elevation maximum water (flow) direction, obtain flowing to matrix; The unlabelled graticule mesh of picked at random imports grid as the seed point by eight neighborhood reverse searchs then, does not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point to have only the grid of outflow.Follow the trail of by the footpath flow path direction, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1 on the flow path again; For the grid that a plurality of directions import, the runoff semi-invariant each import direction semi-invariant logic and the basis add 1, obtain the runoff cumulant matrix;
Step 1.2, extract the runoff semi-invariant of each grid points according to step 1.1 gained runoff cumulant matrix, extraction greater than the loosely spaced lattice of setting threshold as catchmenting wire grid, that sets up in the integrating step 1.1 flows to matrix extracts the line that catchments from the wire grid of catchmenting source, and then according to the runoff cumulant matrix of setting up in the step 1.1 with the source of the line that catchments as the seed point, reverse extension is catchmented line until the runoff source;
Step 1.3, the line loosely spaced lattice that catchments that step 1.2 is set up carries out vector quantization, and the matrix that flows to that utilizes step 1.2 to set up then makes up the spider lines that catchments;
Step 1.4, extraction is with the catchment nuclear of the line segment between the source of the line that catchments and jaw or jaw and the outlet as the basin, and flow to matrix and the runoff cumulant matrix that obtains according to step 1.1 is the charge for remittance response region of correspondence with the catchment area identification of nuclear of all inflows then;
Step 1.5 is carried out sharpening and skeleton line extraction to the watershed border that step 1.4 obtains, and sets up the watershed line net.
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, in the described step 2, resolving original high accuracy DEM, to describe the contextual concrete steps of the hydrology of landforms object as follows:
Step 2.1, the nuclear that catchments that obtains with step 1.4 utilizes the face of land as the master data organization unit of water gathering system
The remittance relation of charge for remittance response region is set up the hierarchical structure tree of the network that catchments, and namely has:
The nuclear that catchments of set membership, parent catchment nuclear the charge for remittance response region comprise all sub levels catchment nuclear the charge for remittance response region;
And the nuclear that catchments of brotherhood, brother's its charge for remittance response region of nuclear that catchments imports same parent charge for remittance response region each other;
Step 2.2 is examined base with starting point and the line segment between crunode or crunode and the outlet of watershed line as the branch water in basin
Coupled relation in watershed line and basin utilizes the remittance relation of charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure tree of dividing the water nuclear network, namely has:
The branch water nuclear of set membership, parent divide water nuclear to overlap with the border of parent charge for remittance response region, and subclass is divided water nuclear to overlap with the border of subclass charge for remittance response region and intersected with the border of parent charge for remittance response region;
The branch water nuclear of brotherhood, the branch water of brotherhood is examined its corresponding charge for remittance response region and is all brotherhood each other, and does not all overlap with the border of parent charge for remittance response region;
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, the face of land spot elevation of step 3 pair original high accuracy DEM carries out the semantic enhancing of the hydrology, specific implementation is that the hierarchical structure of catchment spider lines and the watershed line network that obtain according to step 2 is set up the basin exponential function, carries out extensive by calculating two kinds of hydrology contribution indexs of basin exponential sum microtopography index to the hydrological characteristics of face of land spot elevation then.
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, in the described step 4, the specific implementation step of obtaining the terrain feature point set is as follows:
Step 4.1 is divided into several feature extraction unit with original high accuracy DEM by the basin, extracts border, basin convex hull and makes up initial TIN TIN, obtains flash trimming residue spot elevation out-of-bounds as the candidate feature point set;
Step 4.2, randomly draw the candidate feature point that candidate feature point is concentrated, the face of land spot elevation hydrology contribution index that integrating step 3 obtains calculates it to the weighted point identity distance on irregular TIN surface, choose the spot elevation of weighted point identity distance maximum as current the 1st unique point, add in the terrain feature point sequence;
Step 4.3 with being reconstructed among the irregular TIN of this terrain feature point insertion, is concentrated this unique point of deletion from candidate feature point, and repeating step 4.2～step 4.3 all enters characteristic point sequence until the weighted point identity distance less than given threshold value or all spot elevations.
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, in the described step 5, the specific implementation of abbreviation hydrology system is, specify yardstick to determine the quantity of choosing of landform unique point according to the user, from the characteristic point sequence that step 4 obtains, obtain respective subset, concentrate from the terrain feature idea then and isolate the terrain feature point that is positioned on catchment line and the watershed line, respectively along line and the watershed line path of initially catchmenting, according to catchment line and new catchment line and the watershed line of watershed line terrain feature point reconstruct in the subclass, keep in the restructuring procedure catchmenting line and watershed line are constant with the topological relation of general landform unique point.
In above-mentioned a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account, in the described step 7, adopting elasticity to seek the position strategy, to adjust degree of integration control parameter automatically be that the precision of the comprehensive back DEM by calculation procedure 6 gained is carried out, and the specific implementation step is as follows:
Step 7.1, set up the relation function F_s of yardstick and DEM elevation description difference according to multiple dimensioned DEM resources bank, the yardstick of setting according to the user obtains corresponding F_s (x), and the DEM elevation of relatively more comprehensive front and back is described error, calculates elevation and describes the difference F of error (x);
Step 7.2, adopt elasticity to seek the position strategy and control the DEM degree of integration based on following constraint condition: setting the tolerance threshold value is ε, if | F_s (x)-F (x) |〉ε and F_s (x)〉F (x), then increase the feature point set that from step 4 characteristic point sequence, extracts, otherwise, if | F_s (x)-F (x) |〉ε and F_s (x)＜F (x), then reduce the unique point number of extracting from step 4 characteristic point sequence, repeating step 4～step 7, until | F_s (x)-F (x) |＜ε finishes.
Therefore, the present invention has following advantage: (1) can effectively keep landform and the hydrological characteristics of original high accuracy DEM, and can guarantee the multiple dimensioned landform of DEM down and the topological sum logical consistency of hydrological characteristics; (2) improve robotization and the formation efficiency of multiple dimensioned DEM modeling, and can satisfy in the practical application needs to dimension self-adaption DEM.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the present invention takes the contextual DEM automatic Synthesis of hydrology process flow diagram into account.
Fig. 2 is that the present invention's line adverse current of catchmenting is extended process flow diagram.
Fig. 3 a is water gathering system synoptic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 b is water gathering system Shreve code pattern of the present invention.
Fig. 3 c is water gathering system hierarchical chart of the present invention.
Fig. 4 a is water diversion system of the present invention and watershed line watershed subdivision synoptic diagram.
Fig. 4 b is water diversion system hierarchical chart of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is that unique point of the present invention is chosen process flow diagram.
Fig. 6 the present invention is based on elasticity to seek the synoptic diagram that best comprehensive threshold value is determined in the position.
Fig. 7 is the process flow diagram that the present invention controls the DEM degree of integration automatically.
Fig. 8 a is the contour map of experimental result DEM of the present invention.
Fig. 8 b is the contour map that the hydrology strengthens method experimental result DEM.
Fig. 8 c is the contour map of VIP method experimental result DEM.
Fig. 8 d is the contour map of Decimation method experimental result DEM
Fig. 9 is the Topographic Wetness Index curve of the different degree of integrations of four kinds of methods.
Embodiment
Below by embodiment, and by reference to the accompanying drawings, technical scheme of the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment:
One, at first, introduce the knowwhy that the present invention relates to.
1, theoretical foundation.
It is comprehensive to carry out dem data, derive from from larger proportion chi (high resolving power) DEM to obtain than small scale (low resolution) DEM, and be summary and the simplification to terrain information, rather than simple minutia reject.Therefore, although DEM comprehensively is usually expressed as compression to data at operating level, but should be with terrain feature that DEM was contained as the geography foundation in operation decision-making level, it is associated as the spatial context of comprehensively behavior and data model work in coordination with abbreviation.With regard to the landforms key element, topographic relief has reflected that fully-developed valley floor and ridge have obvious water collection and branch water-based, this is the theoretical foundation that face of land hydrological analysis and hydrographic features are extracted in the geography research, also should be the spatial context of carrying out the DEM synthetic operation.
The comprehensive essence of DEM is that terrain information is changed to the information flow than small scale from the larger proportion chi.Surface configuration is the concept of a spatial aggregation body, is surrounded by different geometric surfaces, have certain volume, size, just, foreign object feature such as shape.The landform of any complexity all can be thought to be made up of level land (comprising high level land, terrace, low-lying level land), hillside fields and depression (comprising isolated depression and combination depression), and finally these basic landform units all are again with respect to height next " location " and " qualitative " of spot elevation are described on every side by spot elevation in the zone.Therefore, the landform altitude point has the set meaning, and point set integral body has constituted the grown form on the face of land, has also constituted the support of landforms space geometry body, comprises geomorphic province cheuch network, water diversion system.Therefore, the comprehensive key of DEM is how to choose the spot elevation that description and landform contextual feature to surface configuration keep having bigger contribution.
The landform spatial context is mainly reflected in choosing in the process the landform unique point to the effect of contraction of DEM synthetic operation.In other words, keep the DEM of face of land hydrological characteristics comprehensive, need related terrain feature point that the percentage contribution of landform hydrological characteristics is chosen the terrain feature point from original DEM.And when landform feature candidate point is close to the moulding percentage contribution in the face of land, need preferentially chooses the landform hydrological characteristics is expressed the bigger point of percentage contribution.
Based on this, the present invention proposes and has realized a kind of new DEM integrated approach.Extract the hydrology response region of topographical surface by DEM being carried out the footpath flow analysis, set up the stratification organize models of watershed, set up the extensive model of hydrological characteristics of face of land spot elevation on this basis according to the hierarchical structure of face of land hydrology system, and by the hydrology percentage contribution that quantizes face of land spot elevation and semantic enhancing of the hydrology that carries out DEM, choose the terrain feature point set.As can be seen, in this way, the combined process of DEM is considered the contextual effect of contraction of the face of land hydrology all the time, DEM from large scale (high resolving power) data-switching to small scale (low resolution) carry out towards the direction of the collaborative abbreviation of terrain information and hydrographic information.
2, the spot elevation hydrological characteristics is extensive.
The network that catchments has different semantic intensions with spot elevation on the network of the branch network of rivers with the general spot elevation in other zones, and the face of land hydrographic information in the dem data is played explicit expression.Therefore, in the DEM combined process, consider face of land hydrology space constraint up and down, can realize by the spot elevation on the hydrology network system being carried out the semanteme enhancing.This need set up face of land hydrology context is carried out on the extensive basis of information.We are divided into two class River Basin Hydrology information and hydrology microtopography information two parts with hydrographic information, come the hydrologic characteristic value of extensive face of land spot elevation by definition basin exponential sum microtopography index.
(1) basin index
By the hydrology basic theories as can be known, basin, the face of land has tangible hierarchy nesting structure, and each grade watershed is made up of several times one-level charge for remittance subregion.With the catchment nuclear of the line segment between the source of the line that catchments and jaw or jaw and the outlet as the basin, the line segment between the starting point of watershed line and crunode or crunode and the outlet is examined as the branch water in basin.To nuclear or the branch water vouching l of unit of catchmenting arbitrarily, establishing its corresponding watershed area is Area (l), and the water catchment area in whole basin is Area (S), and the computing formula of the basin index α (pt_l) of arbitrary spot elevation pt_l is in then catchment nuclear or the branch water vouching unit:
α(pt_l)=Area(l)/Area(S) （1）
Wherein, the basin index that catchments nuclear and divide water nuclear to import point is got catchment nuclear or divide water to examine the spot elevation contribution margin of the highest level that links with it.
(2) microtopography index
The hydrology microtopography feature of line and watershed line of catchmenting is subjected to the effect of regional area tectonic structure and geomorphologic agent simultaneously and forms, and its form can be described by terrain parameter.To nuclear or the branch water nuclear fragmentation l of catchmenting arbitrarily, definition l goes up the mima type microrelief contribution index β (pt_l) of arbitrary spot elevation pt_l, is the elevation rate of change along hydrology line elevation descent direction
Elevation rate of change with vertical hydrology line direction
Vector and, that is:
3, the extraction of terrain feature point.
The face of land is three-dimensional continuous body object, should carry out in three-dimensional space for the abbreviation of terrain information.Therefore, judge whether in the DEM combined process to be the terrain feature point, mainly investigate this spot elevation to the contribution amount of topographic relief.In DEM quality analysis field, estimate the topograph precision of DEM by the difference of DEM simulation ground and actual landform.The present invention uses for reference this thought, whether the elevation sampled point is existed the DEM landform differential expression that causes as the foundation of choosing of terrain feature point.Consider that TIN can simulate surface relief more flexibly, terrain feature is chosen on the TIN DEM basis carries out.
Basic thought is: at first extract the zone boundary, make up initial TIN, with all spot elevations except the border as the candidate feature point; Calculate all candidate points then to the three-dimensional point identity distance on TIN surface,
The spot elevation of selected point identity distance maximum is as the 1st terrain feature point; To be reconstructed among the 1st terrain feature point insertion TIN, recurrence is chosen and interpolation the 2nd, 3 then ... n terrain feature point, until the some identity distance of the terrain feature point of selecting less than given threshold value or be 0.
Above-mentioned unique point choose process with face of land spot elevation with respect to the some identity distance of the TIN quantizating index as DEM landform differential expression.In order to keep catchmenting and a minute water feature of landform shape, the present invention calculates weighted point identity distance d in conjunction with the hydrological characteristics index of spot elevation
i:
d
i=delta_d
(i,tin)×(1+α
i+β
i) （3）
Delta_d wherein
(i, tin)Be the three-dimensional point identity distance of candidate feature point i with respect to current TIN, α
iAnd β
iBe the hydrology contribution index of this point, be respectively basin exponential sum microtopography index.The α of spot elevation on line and the watershed line catchments
iAnd β
iCalculate the α of other regional spot elevations by formula (1), (2)
iAnd β
iValue is 0.
After the terrain feature point was chosen process and finished, what obtain was by thick characteristic point sequence to smart description to landform.Can according to the yardstick of user's appointment with comprehensive before and after the DEM difference of elevation corresponding relation of error is described, from sequence, choose the terrain feature point set from front to back.
Two, below, specifically introduce the concrete implementation step in conjunction with above-mentioned theory knowledge.
As shown in Figure 1:
(1) the elevation difference foundation according to original high accuracy DEM regular grid flows to matrix M _ dir and runoff cumulant matrix M_acc.It is as follows specifically to set up process:
At first the traversal rule graticule mesh is calculated each graticule mesh to the difference of elevation of eight field graticule mesh, is the direction signs of difference of elevation maximum water (flow) direction, obtains M_dir.The unlabelled graticule mesh of picked at random imports grid as the seed point by eight neighborhood reverse searchs then, does not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point to have only the grid of outflow.Follow the trail of by the footpath flow path direction, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1 on the flow path again; For the grid that a plurality of directions import, the runoff semi-invariant each import direction semi-invariant logic and the basis add 1, obtain M_acc.This process is the improvement to the D8 algorithm, and the specific implementation program is not introduced in detail.
(2) extract the charge for remittance amount greater than the grid of given threshold value from runoff cumulant matrix M_acc, follow the trail of the line that initially catchmented along water (flow) direction, the adverse current of the line that catchments is then extended.The specific implementation method is as follows:
1. at first extract the source Pt_i of the current line that catchments as starting point, then according to flowing to matrix M _ dir and the cumulant matrix M_acc that confluxes, choose and flow to this starting point and charge for remittance amount Acc the maximum in eight neighborhoods as the first candidate point Pt_a, be i.e. Acc (Pt_a)=max (Acc (inflow grid));
2. again according to DEM and the accumulative total matrix M _ acc that confluxes, choose in eight neighborhoods elevation Z be not less than Pt_i, charge for remittance amount less than Pt_i and charge for remittance amount the maximum as the second candidate point Pt_b, be Z (Pt_b)〉Z (Pt_i), Acc (Pt_b)＜Acc (Pt_i), and Acc (Pt_b)=max (Acc (eight neighborhoods));
3. the charge for remittance amount that compares Pt_a and Pt_b if both are equal, selects Pt_a to extend a some Pt_i-1 as the upstream of Pt_i, otherwise, select the big person of charge for remittance amount as a upstream extension point Pt_i-1, Acc (Pt_i-1) 〉=Acc (Pt_a) is namely arranged.
4. to extend some Pt_i-1 as new starting point, repeat 1.～4., be 0 until flowing to the upstream point sink flow that extends point, Acc (Pt_0)=0 is namely arranged.
The implementation procedure that the line adverse current of catchmenting is extended is seen accompanying drawing 2.This process can effectively solve the bifurcation problem that runoff is traced to the source: when the remittance of a plurality of tributaries occurring or exist parallel runoff and valley floor bearing of trend shoulder to shoulder, get the strongest footpath flow path of face of land hydrology response all the time as the valley floor bearing of trend.
(3) branch network of rivers network becomes duality relation with the network that catchments, according to flowing to matrix and runoff cumulant matrix the catchment grid region of line of all inflows is masked as corresponding hydrology response region, sharpening and skeleton line extraction are carried out in hydrology response region border, can obtain corresponding watershed line.Watershed boundary sharpening and skeleton line extract the map algebraically disposal route based on grid that belongs to our design, and the specific implementation process is not introduced in detail.
(4) adopt the Shreve method to carry out the tissue of hydrology system.To catchment line segment between the source of line and jaw or jaw and the outlet as the nuclear that catchments (accompanying drawing 3a) in basin, line segment between the starting point of watershed line and crunode or crunode and the outlet is as the branch water nuclear (accompanying drawing 4a) in basin, corresponding to the coding unit in the Shreve coding scheme (accompanying drawing 3b).The structural relation of catchmenting between the nuclear determines that by the remittance relation of watershed new data organization model is shown in accompanying drawing 3c.
(5) according between the watershed and the landforms characteristics that can share the watershed divide between watershed and its subregion, the structural relation of water diversion system realizes by decomposing the multiple watershed that divides water nuclear to relate to.If divide water nuclear AB for catchmenting line a(accompanying drawing 3a) watershed divide of the sub-watershed in place, if it also belongs to the nuclear g(accompanying drawing 3a that catchments simultaneously) watershed divide of place father's watershed, then with the minimum unit of minute water nuclear AB as water diversion system.Definition divides network of rivers network hierarchical relationship consistent with the watershed hierarchical relationship, and the organize models of water diversion system is shown in accompanying drawing 4b.
(6) on being catchmented in the hierarchical structure tree basis of network and branchs network of rivers network in foundation, calculate the extensive index of hydrological characteristics that respectively catchments nuclear and divide water to examine spot elevation, i.e. basin index α and microtopography index β.
The computing formula of basin index α is: α (pt_l)=Area (l)/Area (S).Wherein, l represents a certain nuclear or the branch water nuclear of catchmenting, and pt_l is the spot elevation on corresponding catchment nuclear or the branch water nuclear; The hydrology response region area of Area (l) for catchmenting nuclear or dividing water to examine, Area (S) is the area in whole basin.When being leaf node in the hierarchical tree structure of l at hydrology network, then the hydrology response region of l get with l be catchment nuclear the basin; When in the hierarchical tree structure of l at the hydrology network cotyledon node being arranged, then the hydrology response region of l is got basin and each the subclass water nuclear basin sum of the nuclear l that catchments.
The computing formula of microtopography index β is:
Wherein,
Expression is along the elevation rate of change of hydrology line elevation descent direction,
The elevation rate of change of representing vertical hydrology line direction.
(7) the weight coefficient of the extensive index of the hydrological characteristics of spot elevation as Feature Selection, calculate spot elevation to the moulding contribution amount of surface configuration, set up the terrain feature point sequence.Detailed process is as follows:
1. the three-dimensional boundaries of at first extracting original high accuracy DEM makes up limited initial TIN
0, make up limited TIN removing
0Outside all spot elevations put Cand (n) as candidate feature.
2. on this basis, in conjunction with the contribution amount of basin exponential sum microtopography index calculated candidate terrain feature point to surface configuration, computing formula is: d
i=delta_d
(i, tin)* (1+ α
i+ β
i).D in the formula
iFor candidate's terrain feature point i with respect to current TIN
iThe weighted point identity distance, delta_d
(i, tin)For candidate's terrain feature point i with respect to current TIN
iThe three-dimensional point identity distance, α
iAnd β
iBe the hydrology contribution index of this point, be divided into other basin exponential sum microtopography index.The α of candidate's terrain feature point on line and the watershed line catchments
iAnd β
iIn process (4), calculate the α of other regional candidate's terrain feature points
iAnd β
iValue is 0.Choose the candidate point of weighted point identity distance maximum as the 1st terrain feature point Pt
1, put into terrain feature point sequence Q.
3. then with the terrain feature point Pt that chooses
1Insert TIN
0In rebulid the triangulation network, obtain TIN
1, and from this point of the concentrated deletion of candidate feature point.
4. calculate the residue candidate point to the contribution amount of surface configuration, recurrence is chosen, interpolation the 2nd, 3 ... n terrain feature point, be 0 or less than given threshold value, perhaps candidate point enters among the terrain feature point sequence Q entirely until the some identity distance of the terrain feature point of selecting, process finishes.The terrain feature point is chosen process flow diagram and is seen accompanying drawing 5.
(8) initial number of establishing the terrain feature point set is ε, ε is controlled parameter as the DEM degree of integration, selected characteristic point subclass P from terrain feature point formation Q extracts the terrain feature point P ' that derives from catchment network and branch network of rivers network again from P, then catchment line and watershed line are carried out abbreviation.
Hydrology network requirement behind the abbreviation keeps having topological consistance with the feature point set of choosing.The specific implementation method is as follows: for a certain nuclear l that catchments, get 3 spot elevation Pt in proper order from the source terminad
I-1, Pt
iAnd Pt
I+1, Pt
I-1For source point, bifurcation or the spot elevation that nuclear is gone up needs reservation that catchments, be designated as Pt_A, Pt_B, Pt_C.If Pt_B ∈ P ', or set up triangle Δ ABC with Pt_A, Pt_B and Pt_C, have
And Pt_B and triangle Δ ABC have intersection point, and then the footpath flow path at the nuclear l that catchments keeps Pt
i, establish Pt_A=Pt
i, Pt_B=Pt
I-1Otherwise, delete Pt at the footpath flow path of the nuclear l that catchments
i, establish Pt_B=Pt
I+1Get the next spot elevation Pt of the nuclear l that catchments
I+2, establish Pt_C=Pt
I+2, repeat this process, be to catchment to examine the end of l up to Pt_B.The abbreviation process of watershed line is identical with it.
(9) generate limited TIN with the terrain feature point set P that catchments line and watershed line and choose behind the abbreviation, adopt original high accuracy DEM resolution interpolation regular grid to obtain comprehensive back DEM again, calculate comprehensive before and after the root-mean-square error RMSE of DEM difference of elevation.
(10) the difference of elevation RMSE of the multiple dimensioned dem data of similar landforms type area in the calculating national geography information center sets up the accuracy evaluation standard.
If there is the dem data of user's designated ratio chi in the multiple dimensioned dem data storehouse, then from the accuracy evaluation standard, directly take out corresponding difference of elevation RMSE; If there is not the dem data storehouse of user's designated ratio chi, then set up relation curve function F _ s between yardstick and the DEM difference of elevation RMSE according to multiple dimensioned DEM, the yardstick according to user's appointment obtains corresponding difference of elevation RMSE then.Setting up the process of accuracy evaluation standard can finish in the process of setting up multiple dimensioned dem data storehouse, also can carry out in earlier stage in combined process.
If the target scale difference of elevation RMSE that obtains according to the accuracy evaluation standard is F_s (x), calculate comprehensive front and back DEM difference of elevation RMSE, be made as F (x), relatively the size of F_s (x) and F (x).
(11) according to the comparative result of F_s (x) with F (x), the strategy that adopts elasticity to seek the position is adjusted the quantity of choosing of spot elevation automatically.For initially choosing spot elevation quantity ε, establish the change step delta_ ε=ε of compressibility, comprehensive state register k1=1, k2=1.When F_s (x)＜F (x), get k2=1, if k2==k1 then has delta_ ε=delta_ ε; If k2 ≠ k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε * 0.5 and k1=k2.As F_s (x)〉during F (x), get k2=-1, if k2==k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε; If k2 ≠ k1, then delta_ ε=delta_ ε * 0.5 and k1=k2.
Utilize elasticity to seek the data volume ε that position strategy is adjusted terrain feature point set P automatically, when F_s (x)＜F (x), ε=ε+delta_ ε; As F_s (x)〉during F (x), ε=ε-delta_ ε.Utilize elasticity to seek the synoptic diagram of strategy adjustment feature point set data volume ε as shown in Figure 6.
(12) choose new terrain feature point set according to feature point set data volume ε from the formation of terrain feature point, repeat～the (12) step of (8) step, up to F_s (x) ≈ F (x) or reach the condition of jumping out circulation, process finishes.Automatically the flow process of control DEM degree of integration as shown in Figure 7.
(13) high mountain sample district, the southwest dem data of choosing the geomorphic development maturation experimentizes, and raster resolution is 15m*15m, and sample district scope is about 3.6km*4.2km.VIP overall approach and the Decimation overall approach that face of land water regime DEM integrated approach, the hydrology strengthen overall approach, ArcGIS software and provide of taking into account that adopts respectively that the present invention proposes handled original meticulous DEM.
Choose in 5% the terrain feature point and be inserted into TIN, draw the topograph precision that contouring is investigated synthesis result then.Isocontour stack is shown in accompanying drawing 8a-8d before and after comprehensive.From the Overlay of contour map as can be seen, under the situation of unique point boil down to raw data 5%, the method that the present invention proposes can keep the initial landform feature to greatest extent, the landform paddy ridge zone level line architectural feature of classic method synthesis result is stiff, and VIP method and Decimation method have all been lost the terrain information of raw data largely.
Adopt four kinds of algorithms to choose 50%, 25%, 10% and 5% terrain feature point respectively, interpolation generates the Topographic Wetness Index that Grid DEM is calculated different degree of integration DEM then, and the hydrological characteristics of investigating four kinds of methods keeps effect.Topographic Wetness Index standard deviation statistic curve is as shown in Figure 9 as a result for each algorithm synthesis.Contrast different characteristic point choose under the rate condition Topographic Wetness Index standard deviation curve as can be known, because in combined process, method of the present invention is judged by the importance of valley floor and ridge and face of land hydrology contextual information has all been taken in the identification of terrain feature point into account, and synthesis result can keep the landform humidity characteristic preferably.
Specific embodiment described herein only is that the present invention's spirit is illustrated.Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or replenish or adopt similar mode to substitute described specific embodiment, but can't depart from spirit of the present invention or surmount the defined scope of appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. take the contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology into account for one kind, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1 is carried out the charge for remittance analysis to original high accuracy DEM, extracts catchment line and the watershed line of surface configuration that DEM describes, and sets up the hydrology network of original high accuracy DEM;
Step 2, the hydrology context that original high accuracy DEM is described the landforms object is resolved on the basis of the hydrology network of setting up in step 1: utilize the catchment hierarchical structure of spider lines of the remittance relation foundation of face of land charge for remittance response region, coupled relation based on mountain valley, the face of land and ridge carries out watershed line and the coupling of the line that catchments then, determines the hierarchical structure of watershed line network according to the hierarchical structure of the spider lines that catchments;
Step 3 carries out to the face of land spot elevation of original high accuracy DEM that the hydrology is semantic to be strengthened: set up the extensive model of hydrological characteristics of landform altitude point, the hydrology contribution index of the hydrology context calculating face of land spot elevation that obtains according to step 2;
Step 4, according to step 1 gained hydrology network original high accuracy DEM is decomposed by the basin, be that unit extracts the terrain feature point set with the basin: the mode that adopts border, basin convex hull and face of land spot elevation to make up TIN is calculated face of land spot elevation and whether is had caused DEM topograph error, the topograph error size that compares face of land spot elevation, concentrate from face of land spot elevation then and extract the moulding unique point of landforms and set up the formation of terrain feature point, the degree of integration of specifying yardstick to determine according to the user is controlled parameter on this basis, obtains the terrain feature point set of corresponding scale;
Step 5 is concentrated the spot elevation isolate on catchment line and the watershed line from terrain feature point, and catchment spider lines and watershed line network of original high precision carried out the abbreviation of corresponding scale;
Step 6 according to the terrain feature point set under step 4 and the resulting corresponding scale of step 5 and the hydrology system of abbreviation, is set up affined TIN TIN, and the interpolation regular grid is as the DEM after comprehensive on this basis;
Step 7 is calculated the comprehensively precision of back DEM, if precision does not reach the degree of integration that the user sets yardstick, adopts elasticity to seek the tactful degree of integration control parameter of adjusting automatically in position, obtains the terrain feature point subclass of corresponding scale, repeating step 5 ~ step 7.
2. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the described step 1, the concrete steps of hydrology network of setting up original high accuracy DEM are as follows:
Step 1.1, elevation difference foundation according to the DEM regular grid flows to matrix, with unlabelled optional position grid as the seed point, import grid by the reverse iterative search of eight neighborhoods, to have only the grid of outflow not flow into the point of grid as runoff source point, follow the trail of according to the footpath flow path direction then, adopt improvement D8 algorithm to set up the runoff cumulant matrix, specifically: traversal rule graticule mesh at first, calculate each graticule mesh to the difference of elevation of eight field graticule mesh, be the direction signs of difference of elevation maximum water (flow) direction, obtain flowing to matrix; The unlabelled graticule mesh of picked at random is as the seed point then, import grid by eight neighborhood reverse searchs, flow out point that grid do not flow into grid as runoff source point to have only, follow the trail of by the footpath flow path direction, the runoff semi-invariant of a certain grid is that the runoff semi-invariant of upstream grid adds 1 on the flow path; For the grid that a plurality of directions import, the runoff semi-invariant each import direction semi-invariant logic and the basis add 1, obtain the runoff cumulant matrix;
Step 1.2, extract the runoff semi-invariant of each grid points according to step 1.1 gained runoff cumulant matrix, extraction greater than the loosely spaced lattice of setting threshold as catchmenting wire grid, that sets up in the integrating step 1.1 flows to matrix extracts the line that catchments from the wire grid of catchmenting source, and then according to the runoff cumulant matrix of setting up in the step 1.1 with the source of the line that catchments as the seed point, reverse extension is catchmented line until the runoff source;
Step 1.3, the line loosely spaced lattice that catchments that step 1.2 is set up carries out vector quantization, and the matrix that flows to that utilizes step 1.2 to set up then makes up the spider lines that catchments;
Step 1.4, extraction is with the catchment nuclear of the line segment between the source of the line that catchments and jaw or jaw and the outlet as the basin, and flow to matrix and the runoff cumulant matrix that obtains according to step 1.1 is the charge for remittance response region of correspondence with the catchment area identification of nuclear of all inflows then;
Step 1.5 is carried out sharpening and skeleton line extraction to the watershed border that step 1.4 obtains, and sets up the watershed line net.
3. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the described step 2, resolving original high accuracy DEM, to describe the contextual concrete steps of the hydrology of landforms object as follows:
Step 2.1, the nuclear that catchments that obtains with step 1.4 be as the master data organization unit of water gathering system, and the hierarchical structure tree that utilizes the remittance relation of face of land charge for remittance response region to set up the network that catchments namely has:
The nuclear that catchments of set membership, parent catchment nuclear the charge for remittance response region comprise all sub levels catchment nuclear the charge for remittance response region;
And the nuclear that catchments of brotherhood, brother's its charge for remittance response region of nuclear that catchments imports same parent charge for remittance response region each other;
Step 2.2 is examined starting point and the line segment between crunode or crunode and the outlet of watershed line as the branch water in basin, based on the coupled relation in watershed line and basin, utilize the remittance relation of charge for remittance response region to set up the hierarchical structure tree of dividing the water nuclear network, namely has:
The branch water nuclear of set membership, parent divide water nuclear to overlap with the border of parent charge for remittance response region, and subclass is divided water nuclear to overlap with the border of subclass charge for remittance response region and intersected with the border of parent charge for remittance response region;
The branch water nuclear of brotherhood, the branch water of brotherhood is examined its corresponding charge for remittance response region and is all brotherhood each other, and does not all overlap with the border of parent charge for remittance response region.
4. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the face of land spot elevation of step 3 pair original high accuracy DEM carries out the semantic enhancing of the hydrology, specific implementation is that the hierarchical structure of catchment spider lines and the watershed line network that obtain according to step 2 is set up the basin exponential function, carries out extensive by calculating two kinds of hydrology contribution indexs of basin exponential sum microtopography index to the hydrological characteristics of face of land spot elevation then.
5. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1 is characterized in that in the described step 4, the specific implementation step of obtaining the terrain feature point set is as follows:
Step 4.1 is divided into several feature extraction unit with original high accuracy DEM by the basin, extracts border, basin convex hull and makes up initial TIN TIN, obtains flash trimming residue spot elevation out-of-bounds as the candidate feature point set;
Step 4.2, randomly draw the candidate feature point that candidate feature point is concentrated, the face of land spot elevation hydrology contribution index that integrating step 3 obtains calculates it to the weighted point identity distance on irregular TIN surface, choose the spot elevation of weighted point identity distance maximum as current the 1st unique point, add in the terrain feature point sequence;
Step 4.3 with being reconstructed among the irregular TIN of this terrain feature point insertion, is concentrated this unique point of deletion from candidate feature point, and repeating step 4.2 ~ step 4.3 all enters characteristic point sequence until the weighted point identity distance less than given threshold value or all spot elevations.
6. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in the described step 5, the specific implementation of abbreviation hydrology system is, specify yardstick to determine the quantity of choosing of landform unique point according to the user, from the characteristic point sequence that step 4 obtains, obtain respective subset, concentrate from the terrain feature idea then and isolate the terrain feature point that is positioned on catchment line and the watershed line, respectively along line and the watershed line path of initially catchmenting, according to catchment line and new catchment line and the watershed line of watershed line terrain feature point reconstruct in the subclass, keep in the restructuring procedure catchmenting line and watershed line are constant with the topological relation of general landform unique point.
7. a kind of contextual multiple dimensioned DEM modeling method of the face of land hydrology of taking into account according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in the described step 7, adopting elasticity to seek the position strategy, to adjust degree of integration control parameter automatically be that the precision of the comprehensive back DEM by calculation procedure 6 gained is carried out, and the specific implementation step is as follows:
Step 7.1, set up the relation function F_s of yardstick and DEM elevation description difference according to multiple dimensioned DEM resources bank, the yardstick of setting according to the user obtains corresponding F_s (x), and the DEM elevation of relatively more comprehensive front and back is described error, calculates elevation and describes the difference F of error (x);
Step 7.2, adopt elasticity to seek the position strategy and control the DEM degree of integration based on following constraint condition: setting the tolerance threshold value is ε, if | F_s (x)-F (x) |〉ε and F_s (x)〉F (x), then increase the feature point set that from step 4 characteristic point sequence, extracts, otherwise, if | F_s (x)-F (x) |〉ε and F_s (x)＜F (x), then reduce the unique point number of extracting from step 4 characteristic point sequence, repeating step 4 ~ step 7, until | F_s (x)-F (x) |＜ε finishes.
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