CN103210558B - 用于运行局部的能量网络的方法 - Google Patents

用于运行局部的能量网络的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103210558B
CN103210558B CN201180054573.7A CN201180054573A CN103210558B CN 103210558 B CN103210558 B CN 103210558B CN 201180054573 A CN201180054573 A CN 201180054573A CN 103210558 B CN103210558 B CN 103210558B
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energy
load
networks
energy networks
local
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CN103210558A (zh
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J-A·绍特
F·舍普夫
M·布兰德斯泰特
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
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    • B60L53/63—Monitoring or controlling charging stations in response to network capacity
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    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J13/00009—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using pulsed signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/70—Interactions with external data bases, e.g. traffic centres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • B60L2260/50—Control modes by future state prediction
    • B60L2260/52—Control modes by future state prediction drive range estimation, e.g. of estimation of available travel distance
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    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
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    • Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明介绍用于运行局部的能量网络（70）的一种方法以及一种装置，所述能量网络（70）拥有受限制的网络利用率并且在所述能量网络中多个负载可以通过电网（94）来连接。在此检测每个负载的能量要求并且根据所述能量网络（70）的最大的利用率来将可供使用的能量分配给所述负载。在此能够同时进行通信。

Description

用于运行局部的能量网络的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行局部的能量网络的方法以及一种用于实施所述方法的装置。
背景技术
局部的能量网络包括一定数目的负载，所述负载的能量需求在所述网络中必须得到保证，用于确保整个网络的功能能力。因此比如在私人的住所中应该保证，在每时每刻足够的能量、通常电能可供使用。在此要注意，对于住所来说仅仅提供受限制的电功率，所述电功率比如在住房和房屋中通过中心的家用保险机构来受到限制。这尤其在一些时间间隔里成问题，在所述时间间隔里需要峰值负荷。这个问题通过电的负载的数目的增加而加重。在这种情况下尤其应该注意，电动车的蓄能器越来越多地要通过家用电网来充电。
所有目前处于开发阶段中的电动车要么通过插入到普通的插座中的方式、交流电接头要么通过更换电池方案来充电。在此，充电功率为3kW到12kW。偶尔也有用于通过具有高达30kW的直流电压进行快速充电的方案。但是，为此所必需的充电设备非常昂贵，因而在私人住所进行使用这一点在目前的时刻显得不太可能。
公开文献US 7 373 222 B1说明了一种用于在一种系统中实施分散的负荷管理的方法，在所述系统中设置了一定数目的与所述系统处于连接之中的负荷。在此将所述负荷分配给相应的等级。此外，设置了在网络系统中彼此相连接的控制单元，将所述控制单元分配给所述负荷。这些控制单元共同作用，用于判断，要为哪些负荷分配能量。为此可以为所述负荷分配优先权。为了查询所述控制单元而设置了主要控制单元或者说主控制单元。
在此没有不仅考虑到不同的目标比如能量价格、充电速度、电网利用率、电池状态、利用频率而且考虑到CO2排放的充电及放电策略。这防止车辆持有人会对车辆电池进行根据其设想进行的充电及放电。所述充电策略在此通过由驾驶员将电动车连接到电网上这种方式来确定，其中既没有向驾驶员通知电网的充电状态又不能通过灵活的收费表来确定其充电的成本。
但是这一点在将来是不够的。借助于用于推广电动车的方案，优选可以在居住区中找到所述电动车，所述居住区在受到保护的车库里拥有电流接头并且相对于工作场所具有摆动间距（Pendeldistanz）。
发明内容
在这种背景下，介绍一种具有权利要求1所述特征的用于运行局部的能量网络的方法以及一种按权利要求8所述的用于实施所述方法的装置。设计方案从从属权利要求及说明书中获得。
利用所介绍的方法和所说明的装置可以在局部的能量网络中实现一种负荷管理器，通过该负荷管理器可以消除所提到的问题并且实现其它的功能。这种负荷管理器比如集成在控制仪中并且能够实现与使用者之间的通信、所连接的装置的彼此间的在房屋内部的交换以及与其它的房屋或者说能量网络之间的通信。
由此介绍一种用于进行负荷及馈电管理的装置，该装置尤其在与电动车相关地适合用于在考虑到能够自由选择的目标参数比如成本、CO2排放、充电速度、网络利用率、电池状态、利用频率的情况下自动地控制车辆电池的充电和放电。这一点在预先给定物理的极限比如车辆的电压、频率的情况下在防止房屋接头或者说家用接头的过载的同时得到实现。
应该注意，所述因数的组合以及尤其在私人的住所中更确切地说能量成本连续上升、主要能源消耗被电流负载（电动车或者热泵）取代以及由立法者采用数字的计数器这些情况都使得住所中的负荷管理成为必要，所述负荷管理不仅在住房内部起作用而且跨房屋地对负荷进行调整。唯有如此才能对能效作出显著的贡献，不过也可以从电动车的运行中为网络运行商及最终客户产生经济方面的益处。
所介绍的用于电动车的负荷管理器避免房屋连接技术的过载并且根据电网中的价格信号对电流采购的成本进行优化。此外，所述负荷管理器能够使人部分参与调节能量市场，由此一方面对于车辆的所有者来说开发收入潜力并且另一方面对于电网运营商来说能够避免电网扩容。
除此以外，由于电动车进入市场而能够在质量方面改进供电电网。在此要注意，局部的电流瓶颈也可以局部地得到补偿乃至避免房屋中的“黑灯瞎火（Black Outs）”。这里所建议的用于进行负荷管理的方案不仅在供电电网中而且在房屋内部解决了通信的要求并且对于最终用户来说保证了简单的可操作性。
利用所说明的方法以及所介绍的用于实施所述方法的装置至少可以在一些实施方式中解决以下任务：
-通过电动车进入到房屋基础设施中这种方式来避免家用接头的过载；
-通过电动车进入到市场中这种方式来避免电网扩容；
-使用于电动车的充电的能量成本最小化；
-支持电池-储存功率在市场上的销售；
-在得到回报的情况下优化电网质量；
-在车辆电池的基础上实现用于房屋的紧急电流功能（可选）；
-通过合适的显示仪器比如计算机和智能手机来对能耗也就是时间上的曲线和总和进行直接的可视管理，通过LAN、电源线等进行传输。
本发明的其它优点和设计方案从说明书和附图中获得。
不言而喻，前面所提到的和下面还要解释的特征不仅能够在相应所表明的组合中使用，而且能够在其它的组合中或者单独地使用，而不离开本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1是家用接头上的负荷超量（Lastüberschreitung）；
图2是居住区中的扩建需求；
图3是负荷管理器的在建筑物与服务提供商之间的接口上的定位；并且
图4是所说明的装置的一种实施方式。
借助于实施方式在附图中示意性地示出了本发明并且下面参照附图对本发明进行详细描述。
具体实施方式
图1示出了家用接头上的负荷超量。在图示中，在纵坐标10上绘出了以kW计的电功率。在30kW处绘出了阈值12，家用接头的过载范围14超过该阈值12。在图示中，为2010年草绘出房屋中的负载的功率要求以及由此其能量要求，所述房屋在这种情况下代表着局部的能量网络。在此第一方框16示出了家用器具的功率要求并且第二方框18代表着用于加热和空调的要求。图示表明，所述房屋中的功率要求在总体上低于所述阈值12。
同样为2025年绘出了能量要求的相应的划分情况。在此又示出用于所述家用器具的要求的第一方框20以及用于加热和空调的第二方框22。现在加进来用于移动式电器（Eletromobilität）并且由此用于一辆或者几辆电动车的第三方框24，所述电动车的蓄能器或者说电池应该通过局部的电力网来充电。图1表明，出现了负荷过量并且由此断开家用保险机构。
借助于以下方案参照图1对此进行说明。
按照第一种方案，所述电动车在白天上班行驶之后在晚上插到家用插头上。充电过程自动地开始。同时在晚上住所中的其它负荷比如炉灶、电视机、洗衣机、热泵等连接在所述网络系统上。通过所有负荷的同时的能量需求，很快出现常见的家用接头的过载，所述家用接头一般用30kW主保险机构来保险。这引起这样的后果，即主保险机构将房屋从电网上分开。
按照第二种方案，车辆同时回家的可能性很高。与此同时接通的负荷同样很高。由此产生显著的负荷峰值，因为没有手段在时间上移动这些负荷尤其所述电动车或者甚至将其用作储存器或者电力网稳定元件。后果便是过高的电力网利用率、过高的电流峰值以及由此必须暂时提供的昂贵的储备容量。
图2以图表示出了具有较高的储备的利用率很高的电力网的模拟情况。在横坐标30上绘出了共时因子并且在纵坐标32上绘出了以%计的每住所的车辆进入情况。在该图表中绘入了以kVA计的变压功率的曲线。所述图示示出了通过居住区中的电动车的同时性和份额求得的扩容需求。
所述模拟表明，由于居住区中的应该非常高地假设的共时因子本身而有必要很快采取扩容措施，如果不使用智能的负荷管理器。现今供应企业已经考虑纯粹出于这些质量考虑来支持具有变频器的用于低压电网的私人的太阳能设备。
所介绍的智能的用于进行负荷及馈电管理的尤其结合电动车的充电设置在家用接头上的装置解决了所描述的问题。
图3示出了负荷管理器的在处于房屋与服务提供商之间的接头上的定位情况。该附图使供应商或者说服务供应商40与房屋42对置，其中在供应商40与房屋42之间设置了接口44。
在所述供应商40方面，纯示意性地示出了三个方框，也就是用于分散的能量供应商和虚拟的网络系统的第一方框46、针对用于电流出售及电动车的服务提供商的第二方框48以及用于供应商、收费表及价格信号的第三方框50。所述三个方框46、48和50通过网络服务商（Web-Dienste）52彼此相连接。
所述接头口44在这种情况下通过IP连接60来实现。所述通信比如可以通过电网线路或者也可以通过DSL（数字用户线路）线路来进行。
在房屋42中设置了所述局部的能量网络70。该局部的能量网络包括用于运行该能量网络70的也称为负荷管理器的装置72、用于电动车76的第一接头74、用于加热和空调的第二接头78以及用于炉灶和其它家用器具的第三接头80。
此外，在所述房屋42中设置了数字的电流测量仪（smart meter）84、用于数据-网关的单元86以及笔记本电脑88和移动的仪器90，比如为了进行可视管理而用于通知房屋42的用户或者说居住者的移动电话。但是，这些仪器也可以用于输入用户指示。
所述通信比如通过电线94借助于所谓的电源线通信来进行并且尤其在所述房屋的外部借助于IP通过DSL或者借助于IP通过电源线来进行。
图3示出了负荷管理器72的在房屋42与服务供应商40之间的接口44上的联网。在此通过电源线和IP进行的通信就完全足够。所述负荷管理器72本身可以以最小的开销来安装，因为其要么可以通过数字的电流测量仪84来检测所述房屋42的总负荷要么作为替代方案通过家用接头本身上的感应卡圈（Induktionsschellen）来检测所述房屋42的总负荷。
所述负载的接线比如在所述负载本身上的接头74、78和80上比如通过有通信能力的插座并且/或者通过保险机构盒来进行，在所述保险机构盒中安放了能够操控的保险机构。对于所述负荷管理器72的功能来说，在此较大的负荷的转换足以防止房屋的所谓的“黑灯瞎火”并且保证成本低廉的车辆充电的所期望的舒适性功能并且保证从所述车辆76中提供储存能量（逆变运行）。一般来说，所述负荷管理器72包括用于对每个负载的能量要求进行检测的第一单元以及用于根据能量网络70的最大利用率将可供使用的能量或者说功率分配给所述负载的第二单元。
通过所期望的充电方案与最终用户之间进行协调，这比如可以包括马上对车辆进行的充电、所述负载的优先权（比如热泵 Prio 3）并且要么可以通过移动电话90、笔记本电脑88来进行要么可以通过显示器来进行。在这种情况下有利地使用数据安全的通信方案，所述数据安全的通信方案在进一步的扩容阶段中也支持通过第三方供应商进行的调节能量的销售或者支持电流-第三方供应商的比如分散的能量供应者的自动化的交易。
图4以示意图示出了所说明的装置100的一种实施方式。这个装置100也称为负荷管理器并且集成在中心的控制仪中，该装置100包括电源线接口102，所述电源线接口通过电源线（电线）104来接收并且发送数据（IP）。此外，设置了集成的线路装置106通常是电子的计算单元、用于仪器和房屋传导技术（GLT）的接口108以及用于LAN（局域网local area network）接口110以及用于WAN（广域网wide area network）的接口112。
所集成的线路装置106能够在使用电流测量线圈的情况下对有功功率和视在功率进行多信道的测量，所述电流测量线圈可以在没有电接触的情况下安装在既存的安装设备线路上。所述电流测量和功率测量典型地在多相的家用接头上进行并且额外地在多条用于对电路和负载进行单个检测的保险机构回路上进行。
所述电流测量线圈可以以也称为所谓的Split-Core（分裂铁芯）的能够向上翻起的结构来构成，用于能够在没有布线变化的情况下容易地加装在既存的安装设备中。功率消耗数据以及能量消耗数据可以通过既存的也用于进行可视管理的数据接口中来几乎实时地传输给其它的显示仪器。
共同的单相或者三相的电网接头不仅用于向所述装置100或者说负荷管理器供电而且用于测量供给线路的电压值和相位并且也用于通过电源线通信来进行网络系统连接。
所述负荷管理器100具有较低的固有损耗并且因此可以构造在防止安装设备脏物的封闭的壳体中。该壳体可以容易地借助于支承轨道-固定件安装在既存的配电箱中或者直接安装在墙壁上。所述负荷管理器100不仅拥有用于耦合到既存的房屋自动化系统比如ZigBee（无线个域网）、LON（局域操作网络）、RS485等上的内置的接口，而且在安装地点的附近没有DSL或者类似入口时可选拥有用于可选耦合到互联网上的移动无线电接口。对外布线的无线电信号-天线接头也允许在被屏蔽的金属配电箱中运行。
所内置的电源线-通信单元（PLC）将数据信号耦合输入到供电电网的所有三个相上。由此可以在不取决于终端设备和其它通信装置的相位所属关系的情况下到达所述终端设备及其它的通信装置处。所述PLC单元以至少85 Mbit/s的传输速率来设计，因而其可以用作处于所述负荷管理器的旁边的用于宽带的数据传输的接入点。所述PLC通信也提供了这样的优点，即在使用安装在电动车中的无专用的插塞连接的车用充电单元的情况下可以通过标准-电流连接-线缆来与所述充电单元进行通信。所述负荷管理器100也可以向所述电动车提供来自互联网的用于有效范围管理的数据，比如路段数据、交通预测、天气预报等等。
也称为终端节点的负载-开关设备可以构造为插座、插头、开关单元、电源线-通信模块、无线电通信模块（比如ZigBee）和功率/能源-测量模块的组合。此外，可以将额外的功能比如用于进行加热控制的温度测量或者用于进行光线控制的亮度测量额外地集成在所述终端节点中并且通过已经存在的通信信道（PLC、无线电）来将其读出。

Claims (10)

1.用于运行房屋中的局部的能量网络（70）的方法，所述能量网络（70）拥有受限制的网络利用率并且在所述能量网络中多个负载能够通过电网（94）来连接，其中，检测每个负载的能量要求并且根据所述能量网络（70）的最大的利用率来将可供使用的能量分配给所述负载，从而防止家用接头的过载，其中，用装置（72、100）来实施所述分配过程，所述装置能够同时进行通信。
2.按权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在优先权的基础上实施所述分配过程。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述负载是具有电池的电动车（76）。
4.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，通过所述装置（72、100）与用户之间实施通信。
5.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，通过所述装置（72、100）与其它的能量网络之间实施通信。
6.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，为负载分配比与相应的能量要求相对应的能量少的能量。
7.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述通信通过电网或者说电源线（94、104）来进行。
8.用于运行房屋中的局部的能量网络（70）的用于实施按权利要求1到7中任一项所述的方法的装置，所述局部的能量网络（70）具有受限制的网络利用率并且在所述局部的能量网络（70）中多个负载能够通过电网（94）来连接，所述装置构造用于检测每个负载的能量要求并且根据所述能量网络（70）的最大的利用率来将可供使用的能量分配给所述负载，从而防止家用接头的过载，其中，所述装置（72、100）构造用于能够进行通信。
9.按权利要求8所述的装置，该装置构造用于能够在所述能量网络（70）中并且/或者与至少一个其它的能量网络进行通信。
10.按权利要求8或9所述的装置，该装置构造用于向所连接的电动车（76）提供来自互联网的用于有效范围管理的数据。
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