CN103189745B - 肾损伤的生物标记物 - Google Patents

肾损伤的生物标记物 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN103189745B
CN103189745B CN201180053315.7A CN201180053315A CN103189745B CN 103189745 B CN103189745 B CN 103189745B CN 201180053315 A CN201180053315 A CN 201180053315A CN 103189745 B CN103189745 B CN 103189745B
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
renal
risk
threshold
use according
urinary
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
CN201180053315.7A
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN103189745A (zh
Inventor
K·辛格巴特尔
J·A·科勒姆
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Pittsburgh
Original Assignee
University of Pittsburgh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Pittsburgh filed Critical University of Pittsburgh
Publication of CN103189745A publication Critical patent/CN103189745A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN103189745B publication Critical patent/CN103189745B/zh
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/475—Assays involving growth factors
    • G01N2333/495—Transforming growth factor [TGF]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • G01N2333/70578—NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30 CD40 or CD95
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2400/00—Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving carbohydrates
    • G01N2400/10—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • G01N2400/38—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence, e.g. gluco- or galactomannans, Konjac gum, Locust bean gum or Guar gum
    • G01N2400/40—Glycosaminoglycans, i.e. GAG or mucopolysaccharides, e.g. chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparan sulfate, and related sulfated polysaccharides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/34—Genitourinary disorders
    • G01N2800/347—Renal failures; Glomerular diseases; Tubulointerstitial diseases, e.g. nephritic syndrome, glomerulonephritis; Renovascular diseases, e.g. renal artery occlusion, nephropathy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/50—Determining the risk of developing a disease

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
CN201180053315.7A 2010-09-24 2011-09-19 肾损伤的生物标记物 Active CN103189745B (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US38623010P 2010-09-24 2010-09-24
US61/386,230 2010-09-24
US13/235,005 US10557856B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2011-09-16 Biomarkers of renal injury
US13/235,005 2011-09-16
PCT/US2011/052082 WO2012040073A2 (en) 2010-09-24 2011-09-19 Biomarkers of renal injury

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN103189745A CN103189745A (zh) 2013-07-03
CN103189745B true CN103189745B (zh) 2018-05-01

Family

ID=45871234

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201180053315.7A Active CN103189745B (zh) 2010-09-24 2011-09-19 肾损伤的生物标记物

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (3) US10557856B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
EP (1) EP2619577B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
JP (1) JP5998143B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
KR (1) KR101981745B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
CN (1) CN103189745B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
AU (1) AU2011305786B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
BR (1) BR112013006935B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
CA (1) CA2811658C (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
EA (1) EA030622B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
MX (1) MX365029B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
NZ (1) NZ608384A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)
WO (1) WO2012040073A2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html)

Families Citing this family (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107233337A (zh) 2009-04-29 2017-10-10 阿马里纳药物爱尔兰有限公司 含有epa和心血管剂的药物组合物以及使用其的方法
MX377553B (es) 2009-04-29 2025-03-10 Amarin Pharma Inc Composicion farmaceutica estable y metodos de uso de la misma.
BRPI1011883A2 (pt) 2009-06-15 2016-09-13 Amarin Pharma Inc uso de composições para redução de triglicerídeos sem elevar os níveis de o ldl-c em um paciente sob o tratamento concomitante com estatina
NZ599061A (en) 2009-09-23 2014-05-30 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd Pharmaceutical composition comprising omega-3 fatty acid and hydroxy-derivative of a statin and methods of using same
NZ744990A (en) 2010-11-29 2019-10-25 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd Low eructation composition and methods for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disease in a subject with fish allergy/hypersensitivity
US11712429B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2023-08-01 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Low eructation composition and methods for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular disease in a subject with fish allergy/hypersensitivity
US11291643B2 (en) 2011-11-07 2022-04-05 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of treating hypertriglyceridemia
US20130282390A1 (en) * 2012-04-20 2013-10-24 International Business Machines Corporation Combining knowledge and data driven insights for identifying risk factors in healthcare
US20130330829A1 (en) * 2012-06-06 2013-12-12 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Prediction of acute kidney injury from a post-surgical metabolic blood panel
ES3059226T3 (en) * 2012-10-08 2026-03-19 Vifor Int Ltd Potassium-binding agents for treating hypertension and hyperkalemia
WO2014074552A2 (en) 2012-11-06 2014-05-15 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides without raising ldl-c levels in a subject on concomitant statin therapy
US20140187633A1 (en) 2012-12-31 2014-07-03 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of treating or preventing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and/or primary biliary cirrhosis
US9452151B2 (en) 2013-02-06 2016-09-27 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of reducing apolipoprotein C-III
US20140271841A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Pharmaceutical composition comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and derivatives thereof and a statin
ES2836127T3 (es) * 2013-03-15 2021-06-24 Sera Prognostics Inc Biomarcadores y métodos para predecir el parto prematuro
US10966968B2 (en) 2013-06-06 2021-04-06 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Co-administration of rosiglitazone and eicosapentaenoic acid or a derivative thereof
US10126305B2 (en) 2013-06-25 2018-11-13 University of Pittsburg—Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Proteomic biomarkers of sepsis in elderly patients
GB201317621D0 (en) * 2013-10-04 2013-11-20 Randox Teoranta Kidney disease biomarker
US9585859B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2017-03-07 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides without raising LDL-C levels in a subject on concomitant statin therapy
US10561631B2 (en) 2014-06-11 2020-02-18 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of reducing RLP-C
WO2015195662A1 (en) 2014-06-16 2015-12-23 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of reducing or preventing oxidation of small dense ldl or membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids
EP3254115A4 (en) * 2015-02-05 2018-06-20 University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Use of nhe3 as biomarker for radiation biodosimetry
EP3196791A1 (de) * 2017-05-02 2017-07-26 Siemens Healthcare GmbH Verfahren zur unterstützung von medizinischem personal, unterstützungssystem, computerprogramm und datenträger
JP7344127B2 (ja) 2017-05-31 2023-09-13 マース インコーポレーテッド 慢性腎臓病の診断及び治療方法
AU2018313853A1 (en) * 2017-08-08 2020-01-02 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Systems and methods for treating and estimating progression of chronic kidney disease
CA3089817A1 (en) 2018-01-19 2019-07-25 Mars, Incorporated Biomarkers and classification algorithms for chronic kidney disease in cats
US11058661B2 (en) 2018-03-02 2021-07-13 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Compositions and methods for lowering triglycerides in a subject on concomitant statin therapy and having hsCRP levels of at least about 2 mg/L
US20190317090A1 (en) * 2018-04-12 2019-10-17 Children's Hospital Medical Center Compositions and methods for forecasting response to lupus nephritis (ln)therapy
WO2020006571A1 (en) * 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 pulseData Inc. Machine learning systems and methods for predicting risk of renal function decline
JP7633147B2 (ja) 2018-07-14 2025-02-19 マース インコーポレーテッド 慢性腎臓病のためのバイオマーカー及びテストモデル
MA50490A (fr) 2018-09-24 2020-09-02 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ie Ltd Procédés de réduction du risque d'événements cardiovasculaires chez un sujet
CN109754878B (zh) * 2018-11-30 2023-06-20 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 慢性肾病筛查方法、装置、设备及存储介质
CN109738931B (zh) * 2018-12-18 2022-06-17 上海瑞派益尔科技有限公司 一种肾小球滤过率检测设备
US11350887B2 (en) 2019-08-07 2022-06-07 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Systems and methods for detection of potential health issues
CN110596370B (zh) * 2019-09-17 2023-03-24 广州医科大学附属第五医院 一种检测细菌尿路感染的酶联免疫吸附试剂盒及其应用
CA3160676A1 (en) 2019-11-12 2021-05-20 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in a subject with atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter
CN110923310B (zh) * 2019-12-24 2023-04-18 广州市妇女儿童医疗中心 用于指导肾病综合征cyp3a5表达型患儿使用他克莫司的多态性位点
CN110904219B (zh) * 2019-12-24 2023-04-18 广州市妇女儿童医疗中心 Myh9及ctla4基因多态性位点在指导肾病综合征患儿使用他克莫司中的应用
WO2021247550A1 (en) 2020-06-01 2021-12-09 Mars, Incorporated System and method for chronic kidney disease of a dog
US11986452B2 (en) 2021-04-21 2024-05-21 Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Methods of reducing the risk of heart failure
RU2761738C1 (ru) * 2021-06-07 2021-12-13 Алина Владимировна Еремеева Способ отбора детей с дебютом острого пиелонефрита для проведения курса противорецидивной терапии пиелонефрита
WO2022261513A1 (en) * 2021-06-10 2022-12-15 Kang Zhang Methods and systems of detecting and predicting chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes using deep learning models
WO2024040225A2 (en) * 2022-08-19 2024-02-22 The Johns Hopkins University Diagnosis and treatment of acute kidney injury
TW202515633A (zh) * 2023-06-28 2025-04-16 美商阿比奥梅德公司 心腎綜合症（ｃｒｓ）治療系統和方法
CN117373584B (zh) * 2023-12-08 2024-03-12 北京大学第一医院 一种急性肾损伤的动态预测方法及系统

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101393165A (zh) * 2007-09-20 2009-03-25 复旦大学附属华山医院 一种检测糖尿病肾病血清标本中差异表达的蛋白质谱的方法
WO2010025434A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Astute Medical, Inc. Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
WO2010036342A2 (en) * 2008-09-26 2010-04-01 University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Urinary biomarkers for predicting long-term dialysis

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5223409A (en) 1988-09-02 1993-06-29 Protein Engineering Corp. Directed evolution of novel binding proteins
US5028535A (en) 1989-01-10 1991-07-02 Biosite Diagnostics, Inc. Threshold ligand-receptor assay
US5939272A (en) 1989-01-10 1999-08-17 Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated Non-competitive threshold ligand-receptor assays
US5922615A (en) 1990-03-12 1999-07-13 Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated Assay devices comprising a porous capture membrane in fluid-withdrawing contact with a nonabsorbent capillary network
CA2072758A1 (en) 1990-09-14 1992-03-15 Kenneth Francis Buechler Antibodies to complexes of ligand receptors and ligands and their utility in ligand-receptor assays
US5955377A (en) 1991-02-11 1999-09-21 Biostar, Inc. Methods and kits for the amplification of thin film based assays
AU1772992A (en) 1991-04-10 1992-11-17 Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated Crosstalk inhibitors and their uses
EP0579767B1 (en) 1991-04-11 2000-08-23 Biosite Diagnostics Inc. Novel conjugates and assays for simultaneous detection of multiple ligands
US6019944A (en) 1992-05-21 2000-02-01 Biosite Diagnostics, Inc. Diagnostic devices and apparatus for the controlled movement of reagents without membranes
US6143576A (en) 1992-05-21 2000-11-07 Biosite Diagnostics, Inc. Non-porous diagnostic devices for the controlled movement of reagents
US5494829A (en) 1992-07-31 1996-02-27 Biostar, Inc. Devices and methods for detection of an analyte based upon light interference
US5824799A (en) 1993-09-24 1998-10-20 Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated Hybrid phthalocyanine derivatives and their uses
US6350571B1 (en) 1996-02-01 2002-02-26 Vinata B. Lokeshwar Methods for detection and evaluation of bladder cancer
US6113855A (en) 1996-11-15 2000-09-05 Biosite Diagnostics, Inc. Devices comprising multiple capillarity inducing surfaces
US5947124A (en) 1997-03-11 1999-09-07 Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated Diagnostic for determining the time of a heart attack
US6057098A (en) 1997-04-04 2000-05-02 Biosite Diagnostics, Inc. Polyvalent display libraries
CN101960308B (zh) * 2008-02-29 2014-07-09 国立大学法人名古屋大学 急性肾损伤及预后推测用生物标记物以及其用途
US20090239242A1 (en) 2008-03-18 2009-09-24 Biotrin Intellectual Properties Limited Method for the early identification and prediction of kidney injury
JP2012501456A (ja) * 2008-08-28 2012-01-19 アスチュート メディカル，インコーポレイテッド 腎損傷および腎不全の診断および予後のための方法および組成物
EP2767833A3 (en) * 2008-10-21 2014-12-17 Astute Medical, Inc. Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
EP2364370B1 (en) * 2008-11-22 2014-09-03 Astute Medical, Inc. Methods for prognosis of acute renal failure
US20120315649A1 (en) * 2009-08-28 2012-12-13 Astute Medical ,Inc. a corporation Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
MX342967B (es) * 2009-12-20 2016-10-19 Astute Medical Inc Metodos y composiciones para la diagnosis y prognosis de lesion renal y falla renal.

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101393165A (zh) * 2007-09-20 2009-03-25 复旦大学附属华山医院 一种检测糖尿病肾病血清标本中差异表达的蛋白质谱的方法
WO2010025434A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Astute Medical, Inc. Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
WO2010036342A2 (en) * 2008-09-26 2010-04-01 University Of Pittsburgh-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Urinary biomarkers for predicting long-term dialysis

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX365029B (es) 2019-05-21
WO2012040073A3 (en) 2012-06-14
US12601746B2 (en) 2026-04-14
AU2011305786A1 (en) 2013-04-11
US10557856B2 (en) 2020-02-11
BR112013006935A2 (pt) 2017-05-30
EP2619577A2 (en) 2013-07-31
WO2012040073A2 (en) 2012-03-29
US20240118289A1 (en) 2024-04-11
CN103189745A (zh) 2013-07-03
JP2013539030A (ja) 2013-10-17
MX2013003321A (es) 2013-10-25
KR20140001863A (ko) 2014-01-07
EP2619577A4 (en) 2014-04-30
EA201390439A1 (ru) 2013-09-30
AU2011305786B2 (en) 2015-04-23
BR112013006935B1 (pt) 2021-02-23
KR101981745B1 (ko) 2019-05-27
US11693014B2 (en) 2023-07-04
CA2811658A1 (en) 2012-03-29
EA030622B1 (ru) 2018-09-28
CA2811658C (en) 2021-03-30
US20120077690A1 (en) 2012-03-29
US20200150132A1 (en) 2020-05-14
EP2619577B1 (en) 2017-08-16
JP5998143B2 (ja) 2016-09-28
NZ608384A (en) 2014-12-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US12601746B2 (en) Biomarkers of renal injury
JP6448584B2 (ja) 腎損傷および腎不全の診断と予後のための方法と組成物
AU2011213684B2 (en) Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
EP3153863B1 (en) Methods and uses for evaluation of acute renal failure/acute renal injury
JP2014511122A6 (ja) 腎損傷および腎不全の診断と予後のための方法と組成物
WO2014113558A1 (en) Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
US20120231472A1 (en) Methods and compositions for diagnosis and prognosis of renal injury and renal failure
US20190227056A1 (en) Methods and compositions for the evaluation of renal injury using hyaluronic acid
EP2619231B1 (en) Methods for the evaluation of renal injury using hyaluronic acid
HK1186246B (en) Biomarkers of renal injury
HK1186246A (en) Biomarkers of renal injury

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
CP02 Change in the address of a patent holder
CP02 Change in the address of a patent holder

Address after: Pennsylvania, USA

Patentee after: University OF PITTSBURGH OF THE COMMONWEALTH SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Address before: Pennsylvania, USA

Patentee before: University OF PITTSBURGH OF THE COMMONWEALTH SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION