CN103163054A - Method for determining structural parameter of macropores in soil - Google Patents
Method for determining structural parameter of macropores in soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN103163054A CN103163054A CN2013100513440A CN201310051344A CN103163054A CN 103163054 A CN103163054 A CN 103163054A CN 2013100513440 A CN2013100513440 A CN 2013100513440A CN 201310051344 A CN201310051344 A CN 201310051344A CN 103163054 A CN103163054 A CN 103163054A
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for determining the structural parameter of macropores in soil. The method for determining the structural parameter of the macropores in the soil comprises the following steps: (1) sampling in a soil sampling site through a sampling device and sealing soil samples; (2) soaking the sampling device and the soil samples into water together for 12 hours, and placing the sampling device and the soil samples into coarse sand for 12 hours; (3) keeping a liquid level with a fixed height above the soil samples, injecting water, recording the flowing out time, the speed and the amount of water below the soil samples till the speed of the outflow water becomes a constant value; and (4) calculating the structural parameter of the macropores of the soil samples and conducting relation fitting with the water infiltration rate. The method for determining the structural parameter of the macropores in the soil has the advantages of being simple in device and capable of keeping a stable water head, controlling the height of the water head artificially and taking stratified soil samples. Moreover, the integrity of a soil structure can be ensured by a cutting ring, the radius and the density of the macropores of the stratified soil can be obtained through calculation, and relationship type fitting can be carried out.
Description
Technical field
The field is measured in the analysis that the invention belongs to material, relates in particular to a kind of analysis determining method of soil.
Background technology
The water conservation function of forest ecosystem is protected bio-diversity and safeguards the ecological safety important role reducing the disasteies such as mountain torrents, rubble flow.Forest cover produces material impact by its crown canopy, dry branches and fallen leaves, powerful root system to the forest hydrology process.Forest soil is the core area that forms the forest cover Hydrological Function, and therefore, the moisture dynamic process of forest soil is an important step of understanding forest hydrology function.Soil macropore is to describe an important indicator of soil physics feature.Interting with rotten of root system of plant, soil animal activity, freeze thawing and alternation of wetting and drying effect, chemical process, human activity etc. make soil form the macropore that is interconnected.The soil macropore shape has diversity, and also there is the duct of approximate cylinder in existing crack in irregular shape and crack.Macropore can provide the Preferential flow path, makes soil moisture fully not act on the soil body, and directly enters in deep soil, and the storage or saving of deep soil moisture is produced significant impact.Soil macropore can obviously promote Infiltration, reduces rainwash, and the slope soil macropore is again the main mechanism of regulating interflow, and therefore, macropore is for the adjusting important in inhibiting of Eco-hydrological.Still have dispute about macroporous definition, this paper selects the macroporous methods of mensuration such as Radulovich, thinks that soil macropore refers to the macropore between soil field moisture and saturation moisture content.The research purpose of soil macropore is the soil regulation and control, for the loss that reduces groundwater contamination, control nutrient and moisture provides the technological guidance.
The existence of soil macropore can make soil moisture and solute produce preferential migration phenomenon, namely produces preferential flow.The existence of preferential flow can make nutrient, the salinity in water flow to fast below the root district, and the nutrient salinity may not necessarily produce a desired effect to replenishing of plant, and this not only can cause agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer application DeGrain, also relates to the problem of water environment pollution.
The current research device that does not also have quantification to measure soil macropore, and the moisture penetration curve method of most use only quantizes soil macropore radius, density etc., fail to propose to ooze under soil moisture the relational expression with macropore radius and density, therefore, this device is based on deciding the test of head cutting ring, soil macropore is measured in layering, and infiltration under soil is divided with macropore radius and density carry out match, set up corresponding relational expression, this can provide for the research of soil macropore Water Transport new theoretical foundation.
Summary of the invention
For the weak point that prior art exists, the object of the invention is to provide a kind of method that quantification is measured the soil macropore parameter, thereby measures macroporous structure.
The concrete technical scheme that realizes the object of the invention is:
A kind of method of measuring the soil macropore structure comprises step:
1) with sampling apparatus at soil sampling ground point sampling;
2) sampling apparatus that pedotheque is housed is immersed in the water 12 hours, then is placed in coarse sand 12 hours;
3) the pedotheque top keeps fixing liquid level water filling (liquid level of water filling is called head), records time, speed and the water yield of pedotheque below water outflow, until the speed that water flows out is steady state value;
4) calculate the macroporous structure parameter of pedotheque, and carry out concerning match with the moisture infiltration rate.
Described coarse sand is just passable with the coarse sand under outdoor normal temperature.
Wherein, the sampling apparatus in described step 1) is the sampling apparatus of regular geometric shapes.Regular geometric shapes comprises rectangle, square, circle, and volume is easy to calculate.Be preferably the ring-type sampling apparatus, commonly used is cutting ring (claiming again the ring-type sampling thief).Sampling apparatus be one hollow, soil sample is filled in sampling exactly in hollow device
Wherein, described sampling apparatus comprises two lids in up and down, and one of them lid is porose; Before sampling, place filter paper in porose lid; Cover lid after sampling.When under water, lid is covered with, and immersed depth is exactly the edge to the cutting ring upper cover.Lid on next step (water filling) removes before.
Wherein, in described step 1), be at soil sampling place stratified sampling, being divided into is the vertical 3-10 layer that is connected, every layer thickness is generally got 10-20cm.In order to reduce error, usually adopt 3-5 Duplicate Samples.
Wherein, in described step 3), pedotheque is fixed on water filling in sampling apparatus.
Preferably, in described step 3), pedotheque is fixed in sampling apparatus, fixes a water filling device that projection of shape is identical above described sampling apparatus, the water in described water filling device keeps fixing liquid level.
Wherein, in described step 3), the height of liquid level is the 2-10cm(head).Be preferably 5cm.
Wherein, in described step 4), structural parameters comprise macroporous quantity, density and radius.Quantity is macropore quantity in pedotheque; Density is macroporous quantity in the unit area pedotheque.
After step 4), funtcional relationship between the water yield that match is flowed out and macroporous structure parameter obtains the relational expression of infiltration rate and macroporous structure parameter.Origin software is adopted in match.
Calculate the formula that uses and be the Poiseulle equation:
Q=π r
4Δ p/8 η τ L (1) and basic current equation
Q=Av=π r
2τ L/t (2) simultaneous obtains the pore radius calculating formula
r=τL(8η/[tΔp])
1/2 （3）
In formula, Q is specific discharge (cm
3﹒ s
-1); A is aperture area (cm
2); V is flow velocity (cm ﹒ s
-1); R is pore radius (cm); τ is the ratio of current Actual path and earth pillar length, and scope is between 1.1-1.2; L is soil sample length (cm); η is the coefficient of viscosity (coefficient of viscosity under the experiment water temperature) (the g ﹒ cm of water
-1﹒ s
-2); △ P is pressure head (cm); The time (s) of t for beginning to clock from adding for the first time water.The scope of τ is between 1.1-1.2, and according to the breakthrough curve of complete water, when namely beginning, τ is 1.1, is 1.2 when current reach when stablizing, and according to these 2 linear relationships that can set up τ and time, determines the τ value that random time is corresponding.The random time water discharge is observed, and (3) formula of utilization calculates corresponding pore radius, will divide aperture ranges according to certain interval between two pore radiuses, and its calculated value is the mean value of scope.
Be Q when being separated out streamflow
oThe time, the interstitial surface area of supposing certain aperture is A (cm
2), flow rate is v (cms
-1), and between flow there is the relation of (4) formula:
Q
o＝nAv＝nπ
2τL/t （4）
Calculate thus the macropore quantity n of different pore size scope.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The method that the present invention proposes, device is simple, keeps deciding head, but and the manual control head height; The layering soil sampling makes that sampling point is more, soil is more representative, the match relation is more reliable; Cutting ring guarantees the integrality of soil texture, by calculating stratified soil macropore radius and density, and carries out the relational expression match.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is in method of the present invention, the installation drawing of water filling step.In figure, 1 is water filling device, and 2 is cutting ring, and 3 is support, and 4 is funnel, and 5 is beaker.
Embodiment
Following examples are used for explanation the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1
Study area is positioned at National forest park, vulture peak, is located in the Northwest Beijing suburb.Geographic coordinate be 116 ° 28 of east longitude ', 39 ° 54 of north latitude '.Park area 811.173hm
2, the highest height above sea level 1153m.Sample is in the place of height above sea level 100m-400m, select 5 sampled points (the sampled point basal conditions sees Table 1), the sample ground of selecting prosthetic to disturb, use diameter 7cm, the cutting ring of high 10cm gathers pedotheque in sampling site layering (0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm, 30-40cm, 40-50cm), and every layer arranges 3 repetitions.Cutting ring has two lids in up and down, and following lid is porose, and the inside is lined with filter paper.Cutting ring upper and lower covers upper cover after sampling.
The cutting ring undisturbed soil that gathers is put into tank, and the lid of immersed depth above cutting ring standing 12 hours, fully absorbs water it, to reach capacity.Afterwards saturated cutting ring soil sample was put in coarse sand standing 12 hours, makes it release water and reach field moisture
Why to soak 12 hours, to want the soil water cut that reaches capacity that fully absorbs water, releasing water 12 hours was to want soil that gravity water is released, the state of soil conservation field moisture (in general, 12 hours, soil is enough to gravity water is released), so just meet macroporous definition in the present patent application literary composition.Under soil moisture, milliosmolarity is the water yield in beaker in test unit.
As Fig. 1, cutting ring 2 is removed top lid, diameter 7cm of top female connector, high 5cm cutting ring (water filling device 1) clings with adhesive tape at interface, prevents from leaking.Place a funnel 4 on support 3, at 2 times placement beakers 5 of cutting ring, by funnel 4 water receivings.To the interior pouring of high 5cm cutting ring (water filling device 1), keep 5cm liquid level (head), topped up with water is during to the 5cm liquid level, the beginning timing, when the pedotheque bottom there are flowing out, writing time, and collected outflow every 20 seconds, measure volume, until water flow reach stable till (speed that water flows out reaches steady state value).
Each height above sea level is got 15 various kinds, but every layer is got 3 samples (repetition), is different between layers, does not carry out mean value computation, only has three samples of same layer to carry out mean value computation.Each sample is in the injecting process, collected outflow in every 20 seconds, measure volume, obtain the soil moisture infiltration rate, by the computing method of Poiseulle equation in conjunction with the current equation, calculate macropore radius and density corresponding to a certain infiltration rate, the sample of every one deck can obtain many to such relation.
According to infiltration rate and corresponding macropore radius and the density that tested number is calculated, infiltration rate and macroporous structure are carried out the quantitative relationship match.In independent variable and dependent variable input origin software for calculation, match obtains functional relation.
Table 1 sampled point basal conditions
| Numbering | Height above sea level m | The position, slope | The Main Types of Vegetation | Litter thickness cm |
| 1 | 90 | Descending | The dwarf forms draft | 0.0 |
| 2 | 110 | Go up a slope | Dwarf forms draft and shrubbery | 0.0 |
| 3 | 230 | Go up a slope | Acer truncatum, arbor-vitae | 2.0-4.0 |
| 4 | 300 | Descending | Acer truncatum | 1.0 |
| 5 | 310 | Go up a slope | Acer truncatum | 1.0 |
By Beijing vulture peak district soil macropore structure and infiltration rate are carried out quantitative relationship, find that soil moisture infiltration rate (soil reach field moisture after) shows as the functional relation with macropore density, macropore radius, wherein infiltration rate becomes logarithmic relationship with macropore density, be exponential relationship with the macropore radius, see Table 2.
Infiltration minute and the relation of macroporous structure under table 2 soil
| Sample ground type | The match relational expression | R 2 |
| Sample ground 1 | Y=0.00629×Ln(x 1)+0.06677×EXP(x 2)-0.1203 | 0.722 |
| Sample ground 2 | Y=0.00502×Ln(x 1)+0.0834×EXP(x 2)-0.1353 | 0.927 |
| Sample ground 3 | Y=0.00658×Ln(x 1)+0.0886×EXP(x 2)-0.1521 | 0.641 |
| Sample ground 4 | Y=0.00698×Ln(x 1)+0.0813×EXP(x 2)-0.1472 | 0.823 |
| Sample ground 5 | Y=0.01526×L(x 1)+0.16055×EXP(x 2)-0.3004 | 0.907 |
| All samples ground | y=0.01027×Ln(x1)+0.11554×EXP(x 2)-0.2121 | 0.668 |
Annotate: x in formula
1Represent macropore density, x
2Represent the macropore radius, y represents infiltration rate cm
3S
-1
Above assay method also is applicable to the soil of other environmental baselines, and draws the match relation.For the soil of same geologic condition, its mathematical relation is approximate, and therefore, by method of the present invention, the relation that match obtains for different geological conditions soil has directive significance to soil preferential flow migration research, pollution by pesticides improvement etc.
Above disclosed or embodiment that require can make or implement in the scope that is no more than existing disclosed laboratory facilities.The described all products of the preferred embodiment of the present invention and/or method, what refer to expressly that those do not violate concept of the present invention, scope and spirit can be used for this product and/or experimental technique and following step.To all changes and the improvement of technological means in described technique, all belong to concept, the scope and spirit of claim definition of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. method of measuring soil inner macropores structural parameters comprises step:
1) with sampling apparatus at soil sampling ground point sampling;
2) sampling apparatus that pedotheque is housed is immersed in the water 12 hours, then is placed in coarse sand 12 hours;
3) the pedotheque top keeps fixing liquid level water filling, records time, speed and the water yield of pedotheque below water outflow, until the speed that water flows out is steady state value;
4) calculate the macroporous structure parameter of pedotheque, and carry out concerning match with the moisture infiltration rate.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, the sampling apparatus in described step 1) is the sampling apparatus of regular geometric shapes, is preferably the ring-type sampling apparatus.
3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, described sampling apparatus comprises two lids in up and down, and one of them lid is porose; Before sampling, place filter paper in porose lid; Cover lid after sampling.
4. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 1), is at soil sampling place stratified sampling, and being divided into is the vertical 3-10 layer that is connected, every layer thickness 10-20cm.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, in described step 3), pedotheque is positioned at sampling apparatus, fixes a water filling device that projection of shape is identical above described sampling apparatus, and the water in described water filling device keeps the liquid level of level altitude.
6. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, in described step 3), the height of liquid level is 2-10cm.
7. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, in described step 4), structural parameters comprise macroporous quantity, density and radius.
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| CN105136648A (en) * | 2015-10-19 | 2015-12-09 | 江西理工大学 | Effective soil pore diameter and distribution parameter testing method |
| CN105409695A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-03-23 | 天津泰达盐碱地绿化研究中心有限公司 | Method for improving water penetration rate of soil in urban greenland |
| CN105557249A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-05-11 | 天津泰达盐碱地绿化研究中心有限公司 | Method for enhancing urban green space soil water infiltration capacity |
| CN105557458A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-05-11 | 天津泰达盐碱地绿化研究中心有限公司 | Method for enhancing urban green space soil water infiltration capacity by planting potatoes |
| CN106383065A (en) * | 2016-11-15 | 2017-02-08 | 贵州大学 | Device and method for determining field moisture capacity of soil with different particle sizes indoors |
| CN106404593A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-02-15 | 珠江水利委员会珠江水利科学研究院 | Plant leaf scale transpiration measurement device and measurement method thereof |
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