CN103140577A - 使用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备润滑油基础油的方法 - Google Patents

使用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备润滑油基础油的方法 Download PDF

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CN103140577A
CN103140577A CN2011800380908A CN201180038090A CN103140577A CN 103140577 A CN103140577 A CN 103140577A CN 2011800380908 A CN2011800380908 A CN 2011800380908A CN 201180038090 A CN201180038090 A CN 201180038090A CN 103140577 A CN103140577 A CN 103140577A
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oil
deasphalted oil
heavy
family
carried out
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CN103140577B (zh
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卢庆石
柳在旭
金道炫
金庆录
李承雨
金度完
崔先
吴承勋
尹丙元
千范硕
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SK Innovation Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备润滑油基础油的方法,更具体而言,本发明涉及这样的制备各种润滑油基础油的方法,该方法在减压条件下对由溶剂脱沥青(SDA)处理获得的蒸馏物进行蒸馏,从而获得重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)和轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO),然后通过催化反应分别对H-DAO和Lt-DAO进行处理。根据本发明,能够通过氢化作用以高收率获得由已知的催化反应不能够获得的高粘度等级的重质润滑油基础油(150BS)以及III类润滑油基础油,并且因此具有优异的经济效率。

Description

使用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备润滑油基础油的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油来制备高品质润滑油基础油和重质润滑油基础油的方法。
背景技术
常规的高粘度等级的重质润滑油基础油(如I类:500N、150BS等)通常是以如下方式制得的:将常压渣油和/或减压渣油引入溶剂脱沥青(SDA)装置以获得其中除去了沥青和杂质的脱沥青油(DAO),然后对所述脱沥青油(DAO)进行溶剂提取。
然而,这样制得的重质润滑油基础油的问题在于:由于它们的芳烃含量高,因此不具有足够的稳定性,同时也不能满足近年来越来越严格的多环芳烃(PCA)含量标准。此外,这些重质润滑油基础油的问题还在于:由于其是使用溶剂提取而制得的,因此其产率低(通常为大约40%至50%),环境污染物的排放量大,并且需要额外的补充处理以满足PCA含量标准(小于3%)。
因此,由于人们广泛地认识到存在环境破坏并且经济效率差,所以近年来利用溶剂提取来制备I类润滑油基础油的工厂的数量减少。
然而,由于重质润滑油基础油在汽车润滑油、纤维用油、工艺用石蜡油(paraffinic process oil)等领域中的特定用途,因此对它们的需求日益增加。因此,目前重质润滑油基础油供不应求。
因此,目前正在致力于研究利用催化反应法制备重质润滑油基础油。然而,由于使用常规方法很难获得诸如150BS等高粘度重质润滑油基础油,因此使用单反应法不足以获得从低粘度至高粘度范围的重质润滑油基础油。因此,需要以高产率制备环境友好的高品质重质润滑油基础油。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,为了解决上述问题,本发明人进行了努力。结果,本发明人发现当在催化剂的存在下,使通过对得自溶剂脱沥青(SDA)处理的脱沥青油(DAO)进行减压蒸馏而获得的重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)经历催化反应过程时,可以高产率获得高粘度等级的重质润滑油基础油(如500N、150BS等)。此外,本发明还发现当使用对轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)进行氢化裂解处理而产生的未转化油(UCO)时,可制得包含Ⅲ类润滑油基础油的高品质重质润滑油基础油,其中所述轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)是通过对脱沥青油(DAO)进行减压蒸馏而获得的。
因此,本发明的目的在于提供一种以高产率制备高粘度重质润滑油基础油(等级:150BS)的方法,该高粘度重质润滑油基础油难以通过常规的催化反应法获得。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供一种制备包含III类润滑油的高品质重质润滑油基础油的方法。
技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明的一个方面提供了一种利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油来制备重质润滑油基础油的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)向溶剂脱沥青装置中引入常压渣油或常压渣油与减压渣油的混合物,从而获得不包含沥青的脱沥青油;(b)对所述脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而获得轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油;(c)在氢化催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(b)中获得的重质脱沥青油进行加氢处理;(d)在脱蜡催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(c)中获得的所述经加氢处理的级分(油)进行脱蜡;以及(e)在加氢精制催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(d)中获得的所述经脱蜡的级分(油)进行加氢精制。
本发明的另一个方面在于提供一种利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油来制备重质润滑油基础油的方法,包括以下步骤:(a)’向溶剂脱沥青装置中引入常压渣油或常压渣油与减压渣油的混合物,从而获得脱沥青油;(b)’对所述脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而获得轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油;(c)’将所述步骤(b)’中获得的所述轻质脱沥青油与减压柴油混合从而制备混合物,然后对所述混合物进行加氢处理和分馏,从而将所述混合物分离为石油产品和未转化的油;以及(d)’将所述步骤(c)’中获得的所述未转化的油引入减压蒸馏过程中,从而获得具有预定粘度等级的润滑油基础油。
有益效果
根据本发明,当将通过对脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏而获得的重质脱沥青油引入催化反应过程中时,能够以高收率获得在常规催化反应过程中所不能获得的高粘度重质润滑油基础油(等级:150BS)。此外,当将通过对脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏而获得的轻质脱沥青油引入催化反应过程中时,可以制备得到包含III类润滑油的高品质重质润滑油基础油。此外,可以通过调整常压蒸馏渣油与减压蒸馏渣油的比例、减压蒸馏的分离条件等来控制最终的润滑油基础油的等级和产率,由此合适地满足市场中对润滑油基础油的需求和供应的不断变化。
附图说明
图1为示出本发明制备重质润滑油基础油的过程的框图,对通过溶剂脱沥青(SDA)处理而获得的脱沥青油(DAO)经减压蒸馏处理而分离为重质脱沥青油(H-DAO),然后对所述重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)依次进行加氢处理(HDT)、催化脱蜡(CDW)和加氢精制(HDF),由此制备重质润滑油基础油。
图2为示出本发明制备包含III类润滑油基础油的高品质重质润滑油基础油的过程的框图,其中,通过减压蒸馏处理将经溶剂脱沥青(SDA)处理获得的脱沥青油(DAO)分离为轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO),然后进行加氢处理(R3),由此制备III类高品质重质润滑油基础油。
[参考标号]
AR:常压渣油
VR:减压渣油
SDA:溶剂脱沥青处理
V1/V1'/V2:减压蒸馏处理
DAO:脱沥青油
Lt-DAO:轻质脱沥青油
H-DAO:重质脱沥青油
R1(HDT):加氢处理反应
R2:加氢脱蜡处理(HDW)/加氢精制处理(HDF)
VDU:减压蒸馏处理
VGO:减压柴油
R3:加氢处理
FS:分馏
UCO:未转化油
实施本发明的最佳方式
下面将对本发明进行详细描述。
如图1和图2所示,本发明的制备重质润滑油基础油的方法包括以下步骤:向溶剂脱沥青装置中引入烃类原料,从而获得沥青含量降低的脱沥青油;并且对所述脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而获得轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油。
在本发明中,被引入溶剂脱沥青装置中的烃类原料是指这样的级分,其包含大量的杂原子化合物和芳香族化合物,并且其沸点高于汽油的沸点,例如减压渣油(VR)、常压渣油和减压渣油的混合物(AR/VR)等。可通过直接对原油进行减压蒸馏来获得减压渣油,或者通过在减压条件下对从常压蒸馏塔分离得到的常压渣油进行蒸馏来获得减压渣油。
将烃类原料引入溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)中,以除去烃类原料中的沥青和杂质。作为用于溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)的溶剂,通常使用具有3至6个碳原子的正链烷烃类溶剂或异链烷烃类溶剂。具体而言,该溶剂选自正丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烯、正戊烷和正己烷。此外,由减压渣油(VR)或常压渣油与减压渣油的混合物(AR/VR)制备脱沥青油(DAO)的产率根据操作条件和溶剂种类的不同而改变。即,该产率随着溶剂的碳原子数的增加而提高,并且通常为15%至80%。
通过溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)而制备的脱沥青油包含较少量的金属和残炭,但具有大量的芳烃和具有高蒸馏点的级分。脱沥青油可直接用作通过如下的催化反应过程来制备重质润滑油基础油的原料,或者可用作通过如下的加氢过程来制备包含III类润滑油基础油的高品质重质润滑油基础油的原料。然而,在本发明中,为了适宜地控制最终润滑油基础油的等级和产率(或比率),并且为了以高产率制备难以通过常规的技术获得的润滑油基础油,本发明对脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而将其分离为轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油,然后将该轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油分别用作催化反应过程和加氢过程的原料。
根据将要获得的目标产品的粘度等级和产率,可以通过各种方式来控制减压蒸馏处理(V1或V1')的操作条件。优选地,在如下条件下进行减压蒸馏处理(V1或V1'):塔底温度为350℃至430℃、塔底压力为140mm Hg至160mm Hg、塔顶温度为75℃至95℃、塔顶压力为60mmHg至80mmHg。
脱沥青油(DAO)的性质以及轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)和重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)的性质在下表1中示出,其中所述脱沥青油(H-DAO)是通过将常压渣油(AR)和减压渣油(VR)以1:1的比例混合,然后进行溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)而获得的,所述轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)和重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)是通过对所述混合物进行减压蒸馏而获得的。
[表1]
Figure BDA00002810173500061
参见上表1所示出的脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)和重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)的沸点分布,可以看出重质脱沥青油的分布宽。因此,当使用脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)作为原料来进行加氢处理反应、催化脱蜡反应和加氢精制反应时,可以获得高粘度重质润滑油基础油以及中等粘度的II类润滑油基础油(粘度等级:60N至150N)。特别地,考虑到市场需求和产品构成,当将重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)(可以通过对脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)进行减压蒸馏,以从其中分离出轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO),从而在塔底获得重质脱沥青油)用作原料时,可以以高产率制备对应于500N和150BS的重质润滑油基础油。即,当使用本发明的经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油时,能够以高产率获得难以通过常规的催化反应过程而获得的重质润滑油基础油。
同时,由于表1中所示出的轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)具有高的链烷烃含量和高粘度指数,因此当将该轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)与减压柴油(VGO)混合并引入加氢过程时,该过程中所产生的未转化油(UCO)的性质得到改善,因此可以制备包含III类润滑油基础油的高品质润滑油基础油。特别地,与通过溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)而制得的脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)不同,由于轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)在杂质(硫、氮、炭渣)方面与减压柴油(VGO)相似,并且含有较少的重质级分,因此可将其与减压柴油(VGO)混合而不限制其含量,并加以使用(在为脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)的情况中,其混合比例被限制为40%或更低,并使用)。
下面将详细描述本发明的通过将经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油引入催化反应过程(R1和R2)和加氢过程(R3)来制备具有所需品质的润滑油基础油的方法。
考虑到重质润滑油基础油通常包含0.1重量%至0.15重量%的硫、500ppm至1000ppm的氮和10重量%至20重量%的芳烃,因此与通常的重质润滑油基础油相比,上表1中示出的脱沥青油(DAO)和重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)包含非常高含量的杂质和芳烃。因此,当进行催化反应时,可将重质润滑油基础油原料转化为具有所需品质的产品。
在本发明的催化反应过程中,使用了氢化催化剂、脱蜡催化剂和加氢精制催化剂,并依次进行了加氢处理反应、催化脱蜡反应和加氢精制反应。在构成该催化反应过程的各反应步骤中,根据各反应步骤的目的来确定反应温度、反应压力、催化剂种类、液时空速(LHSV)以及氢与原料的体积比。
首先,在氢化催化剂的存在下,通过对重质脱沥青油进行加氢处理过程(HDT),从而从原料中除去诸如硫、氮、金属、PCA(多环芳烃)等杂质,同时通过加氢饱和将重质脱沥青油中所含的芳族组分转化为环烷组分。加氢处理过程被用来调整链烷烃、环烷烃和芳烃的比例,从而改善润滑油基础油产品的品质,并且还被用来除去杂质,从而获得高品质润滑油基础油。特别地,加氢处理过程的主要目的是:除去有可能在下游脱蜡(或异构化)和加氢精制过程中作为催化剂毒害物的杂质,使其含量达到目标值以下。
在这样的条件下进行加氢处理过程(HDT):反应温度为300℃~410℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2g~220kg/cm2g,液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1~3.0小时-1,并且氢气与原料的体积比为500Nm3/m3~3,000Nm3/m3,由此可在最佳的条件下大幅减少原料中的杂质(如硫、氮、金属)以及双环或多环芳香族化合物。在这种情况下,如果可能的话,可降低加氢处理反应的苛刻程度,使得只要杂质不影响下游步骤中催化剂的寿命即可,这是非常重要的。其原因在于,随着加氢处理反应的苛刻程度的提高,反应产物的粘度愈发降低,由此润滑油基础油产品的产率会有所下降。
加氢处理过程中所用的催化剂包括选自元素周期表第6族、第9族和第10族元素中的一者或多者,特别可以包括选自Co-Mo、Ni-Mo及其组合中的一者或多者。然而,加氢处理催化剂不限于此,并且可以不限种类地使用,只要其对促进加氢饱和以及去除杂质而言具有所需的效果即可。
在经过加氢处理反应的级分中,杂质的含量显著降低,并且具有合适的芳烃含量。通常,考虑到级分对下游过程中所用的催化剂的影响,该级分可以包含150ppm或更低的硫(优选为100ppm或更低)以及50ppm或更低的氮(优选为10ppm或更低)。
这样,由于经过加氢处理反应的级分包含非常少量的杂质,因此下游的催化加氢脱蜡反应(HDW)可更稳定且有效地进行,从而使得润滑油基础油制备时的产率高(即产量损失少),并且选择性高,由此制备高品质的润滑油基础油。
在脱蜡催化剂的存在下,对加氢处理后的级分进行脱蜡。本发明的催化脱蜡过程是指,通过利用异构化或裂解反应来降低或除去会破坏低温性能的正链烷烃的过程。因此,当加氢处理过的级分经过脱蜡反应过程之后,其具有优异的低温性能,因此满足了润滑油基础油的倾点指标。
催化脱蜡过程在这样的条件下进行:反应温度为250℃~410℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2g~200kg/cm2g,液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1~3.0小时-1,并且氢气与原料的体积比为150Nm3/m3~1000Nm3/m3
催化脱蜡过程所用的催化剂包括载体和负载于载体上的金属。载体具有酸性位点,并且选自分子筛、氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝。分子筛是指结晶硅铝酸盐(沸石)、SAPO、ALPO等。该分子筛包括具有10元氧环的中孔分子筛(例如SAPO-11、SAPO-41、ZSM-11、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-35、ZSM-48等)和具有12元氧环的大孔分子筛(例如FAU、贝塔(Beta)、MOR等)。
脱蜡催化剂中所用的金属可以为具有氢化活性的金属,其选自元素周期表第2、6、8、9和10族的金属。特别地,第9和10族(即第VIII族)金属可包括Co、Ni、Pt和Pd,并且第6族(即第VIB族)金属可包括Mo和W。
在催化脱蜡过程中用作原料的脱沥青油(DAO)具有相对较高的链烷烃含量,这是因为脱沥青油(DAO)是在溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)中从萃取塔顶部制得的。因此,具有较强的裂解能力的催化剂(Ni(Co)/Mo(W))可以用作脱蜡催化剂。然而,当使用该催化剂(Ni(Co)/Mo(W))时,润滑油基础油的产率和粘度可能会降低,因此优选使用能通过将正链烷烃异构化为异链烷烃从而改善倾点的异构化催化剂(第10族金属)。
在加氢精制催化剂的存在下,对经过脱蜡的级分进行加氢精制。加氢精制过程是这样的过程:根据各目标产品的规格,在加氢精制催化剂的存在下,从脱蜡级分中除去烯烃和多环芳烃,从而保证稳定性;特别是在制备环烷基基础油时能够最终控制芳族成分和气体吸收率的过程。通常,加氢精制过程在这样的条件下进行:反应温度为150℃~300℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2~200kg/cm2,液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1~3小时-1,并且氢气与级分的体积比为300Nm3/m3~1500Nm3/m3
加氢精制过程中所用的催化剂包含载体和负载在载体上的金属。所述金属包括选自第6、8、9、10和11族元素且具有加氢活性的至少一种金属。优选地,所述金属可选自Ni-Mo、Co-Mo和Ni-W的金属硫化物,以及贵金属,例如Pt和Pd。
此外,作为加氢精制过程中所用催化剂的载体,可以使用具有大表面积的二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆或沸石。优选地,可以使用氧化铝或二氧化硅-氧化铝。载体的作用是通过提高金属的分散性,从而改善加氢性能。重要的是控制载体的酸性位点,从而防止反应产物发生裂化和焦化。
经过加氢处理过程(HDT)、催化脱蜡过程(CDW)和加氢精制过程(HDF)的馏分可以直接用作重质润滑油基础油。然而,也可以根据其用途和粘度等级,使用分馏器对该馏分进行分馏,以将其分离为重质润滑油基础油。由于对馏分进行了分馏,可以最终获得具有各种粘度等级的润滑油基础油产品。特别地,所述重质润滑油基础油包括在40℃下动力粘度为500cSt~600cSt(例如500BS)的重质润滑油基础油,因此该重质润滑油基础油可以用于所需的领域。
此外,将通过对脱沥青油(DAO)进行加压蒸馏从而在塔顶获得的轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)与将要通过加氢过程而转化为轻质和重质烃类的减压柴油(VGO)混合。
加氢过程(R3)包括加氢处理过程和加氢裂解过程,每个过程以一次通过模式或循环模式进行,并且可以按照不同的方式设置在一个步骤或两个步骤中。在将减压柴油(VGO)和轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)(加氢过程(R3)中的原料)混合时,当减压柴油(VGO)的量较高时,高品质润滑油基础油的产量提高;并且当轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)的量较高时,高品质润滑油基础油和包含III类润滑油基础油的重质润滑油基础油的产量提高。此外,作为用作本发明中的原料的轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO),使用了通过对脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)进行减压蒸馏而获得的轻质级分,因此轻质级分中的杂质的量与减压柴油(VGO)中的杂质的量类似,并且轻质蒸馏级分中的重质末端(endtail)的量类似于或略高于减压柴油(VGO)中的重质末端的量,因此可将减压柴油(VGO)与轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)混合而不受限制。
通过一系列的分馏,所制得的轻质烃类和重质烃类被分离为石油产品(或转化油)和未转化油(UCO)。将分离出的未转化油(UCO)全部或部分引入二次减压蒸馏过程(V2),从而可以以高产率获得III类高品质润滑油基础油和III类重质润滑油基础油。通过本发明的方法获得的润滑油基础油可以包括在100℃下动力粘度为3.0cSt至11.0cSt的润滑油基础油,特别是动力粘度为9.0cSt至11.0cSt的润滑油基础油,这种润滑油基础油难以通过常规的方法以高产率获得。在本发明人提交的韩国未审查专利申请公开No.2003-0073026中,公开了对通过加氢过程获得的未转化油进行减压蒸馏从而制备润滑油基础油的方法及其操作条件,这里通过引用的方式将其全部内容并入本文。
如图2所示,根据本发明的一个实施方案,轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)和减压柴油(VGO)(引入加氢反应过程的原料)为对常压渣油进行减压蒸馏而获得的产品。也就是说,通过减压蒸馏过程(VDU)对常压渣油(AR)进行蒸馏,以将其分离为减压柴油(VGO)和减压渣油(VR),通过溶剂脱沥青处理(SDA)和减压蒸馏过程(V1’)将减压渣油(VR)分离为重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)和轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO),然后将减压柴油(VGO)与轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)混合,从而将该混合物用作引入加氢过程的原料。
在这种情况中,由重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)获得重质润滑油基础油的过程可以与获得III类高品质润滑油基础油和III类重质润滑油基础油的过程整合。这样,当通过本发明的经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油将两种不同的过程彼此整合时,可以通过调整常压渣油与减压渣油的比例以及减压蒸馏过程的分离条件等来控制最终的润滑油基础油的等级和产率。因此,本发明的润滑油基础油制备方法能够适当地满足市场对润滑油基础油的供需,并且能够降低生产成本,从而提高经济效率。
本发明的实施方式
下面将结合以下例子更详细地描述本发明。然而,本发明的范围不限于这些例子。
实施例1:由重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)制备重质润滑油基础油
将上表1所示的重质脱沥青油(H-DAO)用作加氢处理过程的原料。在具有加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)和加氢脱金属(HDM)功能的常用催化剂的存在下,在以下条件下进行加氢处理过程,所述条件包括:反应温度为350℃~360℃,反应压力为150kg/cm2g,液时空速(LHSV)为0.5小时-1~1.0小时-1,并且氢气与油的比率为1,000NL/L~1500NL/L,由此获得包含50ppm或更低的硫和5ppm或更低的氮的级分。
随后,利用由加氢处理过程获得的级分进行催化脱蜡过程和加氢精制过程。在催化脱蜡过程中,使用Pt/沸石作为异构化催化剂;在加氢精制过程中,使用(pt/pd)/Al2O3作为催化剂。催化脱蜡过程和加氢精制过程均在如下条件下进行:反应压力为140kg/cm2g~150kg/cm2g,LHSV为1.0小时-1~2.0小时-1,并且氢气与油的比率为400Nm3/m3~600Nm3/m3。此外,催化脱蜡过程在330℃~360℃的反应温度下进行,并且加氢精制过程在200℃~250℃的反应温度下进行。在催化脱蜡过程中,将反应温度控制为使在该过程中获得的馏分的倾点为-20℃或更低。
下表2示出了将原料的性质与经过加氢处理/脱蜡/加氢精制过程的反应产物(分馏之前)的性质进行比较的结果。
[表2]
Figure BDA00002810173500121
如上表2所示,由于级分具有75~80的高的粘度等级(在40℃下的动力粘度),因此全部级分看直接用作产品,但是也可以通过分馏过程将级分分离为最终的重质润滑油基础油,从而获得高粘度等级的产品,例如500N和150BS。最终分离的环烷基润滑油基础油的性质在下表3中示出。从表3中可以确定重质润滑油基础油(500N和150BS)的产率为75%~80%。
[表3]
Figure BDA00002810173500131
比较例1:由溶剂脱沥青处理获得的馏分(未经历减压蒸馏的 DAO)制备润滑油基础油
将上表1所示的脱沥青油(全馏分DAO)用作加氢处理过程的原料。在具有加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)和加氢脱金属(HDM)功能的常用催化剂的存在下,在以下条件下进行加氢处理过程,所述条件包括:反应温度为350℃~360℃,反应压力为150kg/cm2g,液时空速(LHSV)为0.5小时-1~1.0小时-1,并且氢气与油的比率为1,000NL/L~1500NL/L,由此获得包含50ppm或更低的硫和5ppm或更低的氮的级分。
随后,利用由加氢处理过程获得的级分进行催化脱蜡过程和加氢精制过程。在催化脱蜡过程中,将Pt/沸石用作异构化催化剂;在加氢精制过程中,将(pt/pd)/Al2O3用作催化剂。催化脱蜡过程和加氢精制过程均在以下条件下进行:反应压力为140kg/cm2g~150kg/cm2g,LHSV为1.0小时-1~2.0小时-1,并且氢气与油的比率为400Nm3/m3~600Nm3/m3。此外,催化脱蜡过程在310℃~340℃的反应温度下进行,并且加氢精制过程在200℃~250℃的反应温度下进行。在催化脱蜡过程中,将反应温度控制为使在该过程中获得的馏分的倾点为-40℃或更低。
下表4示出了将原料的性质与经过加氢处理/脱蜡/加氢精制过程的反应产物(分馏之前)的性质进行比较的结果。
[表4]
Figure BDA00002810173500141
如上表4所示,鉴于在40℃下动力粘度为约32.5,并且在100℃下动力粘度为约4.1,可以确定反应产物包含大量的低粘度等级的润滑油基础油或中等粘度等级的润滑油基础油(当仅处理H-DAO样品时,鉴于在40℃下动力粘度为约75.6,因此大部分反应产物为重质润滑油基础油(500N或更高))。根据粘度等级对全部级分进行分离。结果,获得了在下表5中示出的产物组。
[表5]
Figure BDA00002810173500142
由上表5可以得知,制得的轻质润滑油或中质润滑油基础油(例如60/70N、100N或150N)的量为40%~45%,并且制得的重质润滑油基础油(500N或更高)的量相对较低,为小于或等于30%。因此,从实施例1和比较例1可以确定,与未经过减压蒸馏的脱沥青油相比,当使用本发明的经减压蒸馏的重质脱沥青油时,能够以高产率获得500N或更高的重质润滑油基础油。
实施例2:由轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)制备Ⅲ类高品质润滑油基 础油和Ⅲ类重质润滑油基础油
以6:4的重量比将具有下表6中所示性质的减压柴油(VGO)和轻质脱沥青油(Lt-DAO)混合,从而制备原料。
[表6]
Figure BDA00002810173500151
在加氢处理反应过程中,利用具有加氢脱金属(HDM)、加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)和加氢脱碳(HDCCR)功能的加氢处理(HDT)催化剂,在以下条件下处理所制得的原料,从而获得级分,其中所述条件为:液时空速(LHSV)为1.5小时-1,反应温度为370℃~390℃,反应压力为15.0MPa,并且氢气与油的比率为1,500NL/L。随后,在加氢裂解反应过程中,利用加氢裂解(HDC)催化剂,在以下条件下将由加氢处理反应过程获得的级分与再循环的未转化油(UCO)一起进行处理,其中所述条件为:LHSV为0.85小时-1、反应温度为380℃~400℃、反应压力为15.0MPa,并且氢气与油的比率为1,500NL/L。
在加氢处理反应和加氢裂解反应之后,通过常用的分离器和一系列分馏过程,从级分中回收沸点为360℃或更低的柴油和轻质油产品,并且获得了具有上表6所示性质的未转化油(UCO)。然后,将未转化油(UCO)引入二次减压蒸馏过程(V2),然后在以下条件下进行减压蒸馏,由此获得33体积%的轻质馏分、28体积%的100N馏分、22体积%的150N馏分、13体积%的500N馏分和4体积%的最终渣油,其中所述条件为:塔顶温度为80℃~90℃,塔顶压力为65mmHg~80mmHg,塔底温度为350℃,并且塔底压力为120mmHg,
其中,回收100N、150N、250N和500N的馏分作为中间产品,并且使轻质馏分和最终渣油再循环至加氢反应过程(R3)。结果,获得了100N、150N和250N等级的高粘度指数的III类润滑油基础油产品,以及500N等级的高粘度指数的重质润滑油基础油。
[表7]
Figure BDA00002810173500161
尽管为了示例性的目的公开了本发明的优选实施方案,但是本领域技术人员能够理解,在不脱离随附的权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围内,可以对本发明进行多种改变、添加或替换。

Claims (10)

1.一种利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备重质润滑油基础油的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)向溶剂脱沥青装置中引入常压渣油或常压渣油与减压渣油的混合物,从而获得脱沥青油;
(b)对所述脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而获得轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油;
(c)在氢化催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(b)中获得的所述重质脱沥青油进行加氢处理,从而获得经加氢处理的级分;
(d)在脱蜡催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(c)中获得的所述经加氢处理的级分进行脱蜡;以及
(e)在加氢精制催化剂的存在下,对所述步骤(d)中获得的所述经脱蜡的级分进行加氢精制。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:(f)根据粘度范围对所述步骤(e)中获得的所述经加氢精制的级分进行分馏,从而获得重质润滑油基础油。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述步骤(c)中,所述重质脱沥青油的加氢处理是在以下条件下进行的,所述条件为:反应温度为300℃至410℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2g至220kg/cm2g,并且液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1至3.0小时-1;并且所述加氢催化剂包含选自元素周期表中第6族和第8族至第10族元素中的一种或多种金属。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述步骤(d)中,所述脱蜡是在以下条件下进行的,所述条件为:反应温度为250℃至410℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2g至200kg/cm2g,并且液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1至3.0小时-1;并且所述脱蜡催化剂包含选自分子筛、氧化铝和二氧化硅-氧化铝中的一种或多种载体,以及选自元素周期表中第2族、第6族、第9族和第10族元素中的一种或多种金属。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述脱蜡催化剂包含选自SAPO-11、SAPO-41、ZSM-5、ZSM-11、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-48、FAU、BETA和MOR中的一种或多种载体,以及选自铂、钯和镍中的一种或多种金属。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述步骤(e)中,所述加氢精制是在以下条件下进行的,所述条件为:反应温度为150℃至300℃,反应压力为30kg/cm2g至200kg/cm2g,并且液时空速(LHSV)为0.1小时-1至3.0小时-1;并且所述加氢精制催化剂包含选自二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆和沸石中的一种或多种载体,以及选自元素周期表中第6族、第8族、第9族、第10族和第11族元素中的一种或多种金属。
7.权利要求2所述的方法,其中在所述步骤(f)中获得的所述重质润滑油基础油包括在40℃下动力粘度为500cSt至600cSt的重质润滑油基础油。
8.一种利用经减压蒸馏的脱沥青油制备重质润滑油基础油的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)向溶剂脱沥青装置中引入常压渣油或常压渣油与减压渣油的混合物,从而获得脱沥青油;
(b)对所述脱沥青油进行减压蒸馏,从而获得轻质脱沥青油和重质脱沥青油;
(c)将所述步骤(b)中获得的所述轻质脱沥青油与减压柴油混合从而制备混合物,然后对所述混合物进行加氢处理和分馏,从而将所述混合物分离为石油产品和未转化油;以及
(d)将所述步骤(c)中获得的所述未转化油引入减压蒸馏过程中,从而获得具有预定粘度等级的润滑油基础油。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述步骤(a)中的所述减压渣油和所述步骤(c)中的所述减压柴油分别通过对所述步骤(a)中的所述常压渣油进行减压蒸馏而获得。
10.权利要求8或9所述的方法,其中在所述步骤(d)中获得的所述具有预定粘度等级的润滑油基础油包含在100℃下动力粘度为9.0cSt至11.0cSt的润滑油基础油。
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