CN102895937B - 一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂及其制备方法,属于环保吸附材料和能源化工材料领域。其特征是以铝硅复合氧化物为吸附剂载体,稀土铈改性镍双金属为吸附剂活性组分。以载体质量为基准,活性组分Ni-Ce负载的质量百分含量为1~30%,其中Ni/Ce的元素摩尔比为2~19。将饱和镍铈复合溶液、强酸性铝溶胶胶引、拟薄水铝石、硅藻土或硅溶胶一起混炼、陈腐、挤出成型,经干燥、还原气氛焙烧制得吸附剂。本发明制得的吸附剂Lewis酸性强、吸附脱除噻吩硫效率高、再生性能优良、机械强度高、热稳定性好,廉价、无二次污染,且制备工艺简单。本发明吸附剂优先适用于吸附脱除噻吩硫,亦适用于JP燃料、汽油、柴油及煤油脱硫。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂及其制备方法,属于环保吸附材料和能源化工材料领域。
背景技术
燃料深度脱硫、催化重整制氢(或合成气),供给固体燃料电池发电,开发新型便携式移动电源,已成为当前国内外新能源领域研究的热点。燃料深度脱硫效果直接制约催化重整制氢的效率,电源的质量和使用寿命。便携式移动电源要求其燃料处理器所用深度脱硫技术简单便捷、无需任何分馏工艺,环境温度大气压下脱硫效率高,无氢气消耗,低成本。目前,燃料脱硫技术主要包括加氢脱硫技术和非加氢脱硫技术两大类。非加氢脱硫技术主要有氧化脱硫技术、催化裂化脱硫技术、生物脱硫技术、萃取脱硫技术、吸附脱硫技术(物理吸附脱硫技术、活化吸附脱硫技术)、超声辅助氧化脱硫技术、选择性吸附脱硫技术等。鉴于便携式移动电源深度脱硫技术的特殊要求,选择性吸附脱硫技术因其在环境温度大气压下脱硫效率高,无氢气消耗,能够为催化重整提供满足环保要求且无硫危害的洁净燃料,能够为固体燃料电池系统供给无硫危害的合成气,而成为当前最适合和最有前途的深度脱硫技术。
选择性吸附脱硫技术核心为吸附剂。目前,常见的吸附剂类型主要有离子交换型分子筛、还原态金属、金属氧化物、活性炭、离子液体及其它多孔吸附材料等。其中,还原态金属和金属氧化物为高温吸附剂,离子交换型分子筛、活性炭、离子液体及其它多孔材料为低温吸附剂。综合比较各吸附剂选择性吸附JP燃料的脱硫效果,SiO2-Al2O3负载还原态金属Ni(Ni/SiO2-Al2O3)显示出优异的脱硫性能,其选择性吸附轻馏分JP-8燃料(含硫量380ppmw)的饱和硫吸附量达到13.5mg-S/g,已成为目前最有工业应用前景的脱除JP燃料硫的吸附剂材料。然而,Ni/SiO2-Al2O3只有在200℃以上才表现出优异的脱硫性能。因而研发一种高效、廉价、再生性能优良、无氢气消耗的低温常压吸附剂迫在眉睫。
目前国内有关JP燃料脱硫吸附剂专利甚少,现有专利发明吸附剂主要是用于汽油及柴油脱硫。专利(CN200810105126.X)及(CN200610004856.1)均涉及离子交换Y型分子筛吸附剂,用于含多环芳烃的燃料油吸附脱硫。专利(CN201010152853.9)发明了一种用于汽油脱硫的铜修饰环糊精吸附剂。专利(CN200410018733.4)发明了一种蒙脱土或水滑石类层柱化合物粉体脱硫吸附剂。专利(CN200810246690.3)、(CN200810246691.8)、(CN200910078395.6)、(CN200910148583.1)、(CN200910148584.6)及(CN200910148585.0)均涉及适用于汽油和柴油脱硫的同类型吸附剂:以IIB、VB和VIB族的一种或多种金属氧化物为主要组分、以不同含量的氧化铝和氧化硅为载体、以VIIB和VIII族的金属为吸附促进剂。(CN03821033.9)发明了一种含有氧化铈的脱硫吸附剂。(CN200710027226.0)发明了一种用于燃油脱硫的改性活性炭吸附剂。专利(CN02144948.1)发明了一种适用于脱除烃类含硫化物吸附剂,主要成分为二氧化钛、三氧化二铝、二氧化硅和镍钼双金属组分。但是,有机硫处理量不大于100μg/g。专利(CN200910215708.8)、(CN200910215709.2)、(CN200910215710.5)及(CN200910215711.X)均涉及适用于汽油和柴油脱硫的同类型吸附剂:以云母为氧化硅源,以无机氧化物(二氧化钛、二氧化锆、二氧化锡)为粘结剂,以IIB、VB和VIB中的一种或多种金属的氧化物为活性组分、以钴、镍、铁和锰等金属为促进剂。而专利(CN200910136752.X)是以层柱粘土为氧化硅源。专利(CN00814486.9)、(CN200810115867.6)、(CN00808906.X)及(CN00808908.6)均发明了适用于汽油或柴油脱硫的同类型吸附剂:以氧化铝和氧化锌为载体主要成分,以钴、镍、铁、锰、铜、钼、钨、银、锡和钒等金属为促进剂。不同的是专利(CN00814486.9)加入钙化合物提高了吸附剂孔隙率。专利(CN00814798.1)及(CN00814793.0)均发明了适用于汽油脱硫的同类型吸附剂:分别以钛酸锌和氧化锌为载体,以还原态钴、镍、铁、锰、铜、钼、钨、银、锡和钒等金属为吸附剂促进剂。
有限的有机硫处理量与再生性差是现有吸附剂的两大难题,鉴于国内外在汽油和柴油脱硫吸附剂上的开发经验与不足,特别是有关JP燃料深度脱硫吸附剂的开发甚少,因而研发一种高效、廉价、再生性能优良的JP燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,已成为常温常压下选择性吸附脱硫技术的核心问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了突破现有高温高压燃料深度脱硫技术的壁垒,为开发一种常温常压、无氢气消耗、简单便捷、高效深度脱硫的常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,提供一种高效、廉价、再生性能优良的吸附剂;本发明的另一目的是提供上述吸附剂的制备方法。
本发明的技术方案为:一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,其特征在于所述吸附剂是以Al2O3-SiO2复合氧化物为载体,Ni-Ce为吸附剂活性组分;以Al2O3-SiO2载体质量为基准,活性组分Ni-Ce负载的质量百分含量为1~30%;其中,所述的Al2O3-SiO2复合氧化物中Al/Si元素摩尔比为2~19;所述的Ni-Ce活性组分中Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19。
本发明还提供了上述吸附剂的方法,其具体步骤为:
(1)Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液制备
先将可溶性镍盐与可溶性铈盐按Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19溶解于洁净水中,经搅拌配制均匀的Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液;
(2)强酸性铝溶胶胶引制备
分别以拟薄水铝石、异丙醇铝、硝酸铝、氯化铝或硫酸铝为原料,制得强酸性铝溶胶,控制强酸性铝溶胶的pH值为0~2;
(3)Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂制备
按照(Ni-Ce)/(/Al2O3-SiO2)的质量百分比为1~30%,Al/Si元素摩尔比为2~19,Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19,将步骤(1)制得的Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液、步骤(2)制得的强酸性铝溶胶作为胶引料、拟薄水铝石、硅源一起混炼、陈腐、挤出成型,经干燥、还原气氛焙烧制备Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。
优选所述的硅源为可溶性硅溶胶或硅藻土;所述的可溶性镍盐为硝酸镍、乙酸镍、氯化镍或硫酸镍,所述的可溶性可溶性铈盐为硝酸铈、醋酸铈、氯化铈或硫酸铈。
步骤(3)中强酸性铝溶胶作为胶引料时,优选强酸性铝溶胶中引入的铝的物质的量(摩尔)百分数占吸附剂所需总铝物质的量的5~8%。
优选所述步骤(3)中混炼时间2~6小时,陈腐时间为12~24小时。
优选所述步骤(3)中干燥方式为自然阴干或干燥箱干燥;当自然阴干时,干燥时间24~48小时;鼓风干燥箱干燥时,干燥温度为60~120℃,干燥时间8~24小时;还原气氛下焙烧温度为500~700℃,保温时间为1.5~3h。
优选所述步骤(3)中还原气氛为氢气、或惰性气体、或氮气。
本发明中强酸性铝溶胶胶引制备采用常规的方法制备,可参考铝溶胶制备相关文献为:
[1]杨立英,李成岳,刘辉.金属基体上铝溶胶涂层的制备[J].催化学报,2004,25(4):283-288.
[2]吴建锋,徐晓虹,张欣.以硝酸铝为原料制备铝溶胶的研究[J].陶瓷学报,2007,28(3):155-159.
[3]王黔平,郭琳琳,田秀淑.无机盐和醇盐先驱体制备铝溶胶及铝系无机膜的比较[J].陶瓷,2007,(12):18-24.
一般制备方法为:将拟薄水铝石溶于去离子水中,在搅拌的同时,滴加硝酸,然后加热至70~90℃,使得配制铝溶胶PH值在0~2之间;在达到上述PH值的基础上,继续混合搅拌30~60分钟,即制得强酸性铝溶胶;或将异丙醇铝溶于异丙醇,溶液在80~90℃高速搅拌的蒸馏水中水解,加入硝酸作胶溶剂,将形成的产物胶溶、老化,形成稳定的强酸性铝溶胶,控制铝溶胶PH值在0~2之间;或以硝酸铝、氯化铝或硫酸铝为原料,氨水为催化剂,将氨水水浴加热至85~90℃,然后再加入同等当量的硝酸铝、或同等当量的氯化铝、或硫酸铝,促使其水解,反应1~2小时后,加入硝酸促使其沉淀溶胶,继续老化15~20小时,强酸性铝溶胶,控制铝溶胶PH值在0~2之间。
本发明还提供了上述的常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,在JP燃料、汽油或柴油深度脱硫中的应用。所述的吸附剂,优先适用于JP燃料深度脱硫,亦适用于汽油及柴油等燃料脱硫。
有益效果:
本发明所制备的吸附剂Lewis酸性强(与现有Ni/SiO2-Al2O3吸附剂相比)、有机硫处理量大、再生性能优良、机械强度高、热稳定性好,廉价、无二次污染。以本发明吸附剂为核心的选择性吸附脱硫技术常温常压下深度脱除JP燃料硫的效率高,实现了低温常压高效燃料深度脱硫的目的,脱硫效果可以与传统加氢脱硫效果媲美;且脱硫过程无氢气消耗,工艺简单,高硫燃料无需分馏硫组分。在静态吸附固定床上测试吸附剂选择性吸附脱除JP燃料硫的效果,室温(25℃)大气压下,Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂一次脱除商用高硫Jet-A燃料的脱硫效率达到90%以上。本发明所提供的吸附剂制备工艺更简单,适合工业规模化生产。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制备的未造粒吸附剂的照片。
具体实施方式
实施例1
首先,称取2.39g拟薄水铝石粉,将其溶入15ml的去离子水中,在搅拌的同时滴加1.0g浓硝酸,置入电子恒温水浴锅中,80℃恒温搅拌30min后,配制稳定的铝溶胶胶引料,PH值为0.8。分别称取11.12g醋酸镍和1.82g醋酸铈,经加热均匀搅拌,完全溶解于去离子水中配制Ni-Ce饱和溶液。继续称取45.29g拟薄水铝石粉、2.62g硅藻土,分别与上述铝溶胶胶引和Ni-Ce饱和溶液共混均匀练泥3小时,搅拌后将泥料陈腐12小时,继续将陈腐料通过压机挤成条柱状吸附剂坯体。将条柱状吸附剂坯体置入干燥箱中60℃下干燥24小时后,将干燥吸附剂坯料经氦气份下650℃焙烧2小时,即制得Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂,所制备的未造粒吸附剂的照片如图1所示。将烧制好的吸附剂造粒成0.5~5.00mm的颗粒,将其浸入Jet-A燃油(硫含量为949.03S-mg/kg)中,吸附剂一次性脱除Jet-A燃料硫的效率为96.35%。
实施例2
首先,称取3.82g拟薄水铝石粉,将其溶入24ml的去离子水中,在搅拌的同时滴加1.6g浓硝酸,置入电子恒温水浴锅中,70℃恒温搅拌1h后,配制稳定的铝溶胶胶引料,PH值为0.5。分别称取11.25g醋酸镍和1.93g醋酸铈,经加热均匀搅拌,完全溶解于去离子水中配制Ni-Ce饱和溶液。先用洁净干燥量筒分别量取适量9.8ml正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、3.0ml乙醇和8.0ml去离子水,倒入同一洁净干燥圆底烧瓶中,再加入0.26g冰醋酸催化剂,然后将其放在磁力搅拌器上30℃恒温搅拌50min后,制得稳定的硅溶胶。继续称取43.86g拟薄水铝石粉,分别与上述铝溶胶胶引、Ni-Ce饱和溶液及硅溶胶共混均匀练泥6小时,搅拌后将泥料陈腐24小时,继续将陈腐料通过压机挤成条柱状吸附剂坯体。将条柱状吸附剂坯体自然阴干48小时,将干燥吸附剂坯料经氮气份下600℃焙烧3小时,即制得Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。将烧制好的吸附剂造粒成0.5~5.00mm的颗粒,将其浸入煤油中,吸附剂一次性脱除煤油中有机硫的效率为91.60%。
实施例3
首先,将0.02mol/L的氨水水浴加热至90℃,然后再加入当量0.02mol/L的硝酸铝,促使其水解,反应1小时后,加入硝酸促使其沉淀溶胶,继续老化15小时,即制得稳定的铝溶胶,PH值为2,作为吸附剂制备胶引料。分别称取11.12g醋酸镍和1.82g醋酸铈,经加热均匀搅拌,完全溶解于去离子水中配制Ni-Ce饱和溶液。继续称取45.29g拟薄水铝石粉、2.62g硅藻土,分别与上述铝溶胶胶引和Ni-Ce饱和溶液共混均匀练泥3小时,搅拌后将泥料陈腐12小时,继续将陈腐料通过压机挤成条柱状吸附剂坯体。将条柱状吸附剂坯体置入干燥箱中80℃下干燥12小时后,将干燥吸附剂坯料经氦气份下650℃焙烧2小时,即制得Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。将烧制好的吸附剂造粒成0.5~5.00mm的颗粒,将其浸入柴油中,吸附剂一次性脱除柴油中有机硫的效率为97.88%。
实施例4
首先,称取4.50g拟薄水铝石粉,将其溶入28ml的去离子水中,在搅拌的同时滴加1.9g浓硝酸,置入电子恒温水浴锅中,70℃恒温搅拌60min后,配制稳定的铝溶胶胶引料,PH值为0.1。分别称取1.30g醋酸镍和2.03g醋酸铈,经加热均匀搅拌,完全溶解于去离子水中配制Ni-Ce饱和溶液。继续称取85.50g拟薄水铝石粉、37.00g硅藻土,分别与上述铝溶胶胶引和Ni-Ce饱和溶液共混均匀练泥2小时,搅拌后将泥料陈腐24小时,继续将陈腐料通过压机挤成条柱状吸附剂坯体。将条柱状吸附剂坯体置入干燥箱中60℃下干燥24小时后,将干燥吸附剂坯料经氢气份下500℃焙烧3小时,即制得Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。将烧制好的吸附剂造粒成0.5~5.00mm的颗粒,将其浸入Jet-A燃油(硫含量为949.03S-mg/kg)中,吸附剂一次性脱除Jet-A燃料硫的效率为90.01%。
实施例5
首先,称取10.77g拟薄水铝石粉,将其溶入68ml的去离子水中,在搅拌的同时滴加4.5g浓硝酸,置入电子恒温水浴锅中,90℃恒温搅拌30min后,配制稳定的铝溶胶胶引料,PH值为0。分别称取113.00g醋酸镍和9.74g醋酸铈,经加热均匀搅拌,完全溶解于去离子水中配制Ni-Ce饱和溶液。继续称取123.81g拟薄水铝石粉、5.80g硅藻土,分别与上述铝溶胶胶引和Ni-Ce饱和溶液共混均匀练泥6小时,搅拌后将泥料陈腐12小时,继续将陈腐料通过压机挤成条柱状吸附剂坯体。将条柱状吸附剂坯体置入干燥箱中120℃下干燥8小时后,将干燥吸附剂坯料经氢气份下700℃焙烧1.5小时,即制得Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。将烧制好的吸附剂造粒成0.5~5.00mm的颗粒,将其浸入汽油中,吸附剂一次性脱除汽油中有机硫的效率为98.99%。
Claims (8)
1.一种常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,其特征在于所述吸附剂是以Al2O3-SiO2复合氧化物为载体,Ni-Ce为吸附剂活性组分;以Al2O3-SiO2载体质量为基准,活性组分Ni-Ce负载的质量百分含量为1~30%;其中,所述的Al2O3-SiO2复合氧化物中Al/Si元素摩尔比为2~19;所述的Ni-Ce活性组分中Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19。
2.一种制备如权利要求1所述常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂的方法,其具体步骤为:
(1)Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液制备
先将可溶性镍盐与可溶性铈盐按Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19溶解于洁净水中,经搅拌配制均匀的Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液;
(2)强酸性铝溶胶胶引制备
分别以拟薄水铝石、异丙醇铝、硝酸铝、氯化铝或硫酸铝为原料,制得强酸性铝溶胶,控制强酸性铝溶胶的pH值为0~2;
(3)Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂制备
按照(Ni-Ce)/(Al2O3-SiO2)的质量百分比为1~30%,Al/Si元素摩尔比为2~19,Ni/Ce元素摩尔比为2~19,将步骤(1)制得的Ni-Ce复合饱和溶液、步骤(2)制得的强酸性铝溶胶作为胶引料、拟薄水铝石、硅源一起混炼、陈腐、挤出成型,经干燥、还原气氛焙烧制备Ni-Ce/Al2O3-SiO2吸附剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述的硅源为可溶性硅溶胶或硅藻土;所述的可溶性镍盐为硝酸镍、乙酸镍、氯化镍或硫酸镍,所述的可溶性铈盐为硝酸铈、醋酸铈、氯化铈或硫酸铈。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中强酸性铝溶胶作为胶引料时,其中铝的物质的量百分数占吸附剂所需总铝量的5~8%。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(3)中混炼时间2~6小时,陈腐时间为12~24小时。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(3)中干燥方式为自然阴干或干燥箱干燥;当自然阴干时,干燥时间24~48小时;鼓风干燥箱干燥时,干燥温度为60~120℃,干燥时间8~24小时;还原气氛下焙烧温度为500~700℃,保温时间为1.5~3h。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(3)中还原气氛为氢气、或惰性气体、或氮气。
8.一种如权利要求1所述的常温常压燃料深度脱硫吸附剂,在JP燃料、汽油或柴油深度脱硫中的应用。
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