CN102893165A - 通过采用离子簇源沉积纳米粒子修改原子力显微镜探针 - Google Patents

通过采用离子簇源沉积纳米粒子修改原子力显微镜探针 Download PDF

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CN102893165A
CN102893165A CN2011800233684A CN201180023368A CN102893165A CN 102893165 A CN102893165 A CN 102893165A CN 2011800233684 A CN2011800233684 A CN 2011800233684A CN 201180023368 A CN201180023368 A CN 201180023368A CN 102893165 A CN102893165 A CN 102893165A
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E·L·罗曼加西亚
L·马丁内斯奥雷亚纳
M·迪亚斯拉戈斯
Y·胡特尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于通过采用聚集源沉积纳米粒子形式的材料来覆盖原子力显微镜(AFM)探针的方法。

Description

通过采用离子簇源沉积纳米粒子修改原子力显微镜探针
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于通过采用离子簇源沉积纳米粒子形式的材料涂覆AFM(原子力显微镜)探针的方法。
背景技术
当前的原子力显微镜(AFM)的分辨率极限受到用于测量过程的探针的几何形状的制约。一般而言,可以看出纳米对象(例如在平面硅表面上沉积的钴纳米粒子)的形貌:由所述球形纳米粒子组成的轮廓显示了远大于高度的宽度。这是扫描探针显微镜(SPM)用户之间所周知的事实并且是由于探针形状随着对象(在该情况下是特性将被测量的粒子)的形态卷曲。具有较高高宽比(探针长度和半径之间的差别)的探针允许将探针移动得更近以扫描孔和裂缝,从而改善SPM测量的分辨率。一般而言,AFM探针通常是平均半径为7nm的方形锥。虽然具有高高宽比和较低曲率半径的探针也是能在市面上买到的,但是它们的使用离子铣削技术的个性化生产过程导致很高的成本,此外它们的固有的脆弱性导致了比更传统的探针更低的平均寿命。
探针修改在高端SPM用户之间相当普遍,使得能够修改商用探针以用于磁力显微镜(MFM)的测量、压电响应测量等等。该功能化并不试图修改探针的高宽比,但是试图通过修改它的化学成分实现特定的性质(磁性质、压电性质等)[G.Macedo、D.Ananias,P.S.André、R.A.Sa Ferreira、A.L.Kholkin、L.D.Carlos和J.Rocha,Nanotechnology,19 5(2008)295702]。此外,使用的生产过程有时涉及减少高宽比,如A.Geissler等的文章[A.Geissler、M.-F.Vallat、L.Vidal、J.-C.Voegel、J.Hemmerle、P.Schaaf和V.Roucoules,Langmuir,24(2008)4874-4880]中所描述的,以及在Quy K.Ong等的文章[Quy K.Ong、IgorSokolov,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,310(2007)385-390]中所描述的。
另一方面,在高宽比改善上的进步旨在采用碳纳米管来功能化探针,如S.S.Wong等在文章[S.S.Wong、A.T.Woolley、E.Joselevich、C.M.Lieber,Chemical Physics Letters,306(1999)219–225]中所描述的(一种昂贵的新近销售的探针)。必须强调的是,此类修改不允许简单的方式修改探针的化学性质以用于特定应用。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于通过采用离子簇源(ICS)沉积纳米粒子来涂覆原子力显微镜(AFM)探针的方法。
本发明的第一方面涉及一种用于通过离子簇源技术利用用于以纳米粒子形式涂覆的材料涂覆至少一个AFM探针的方法。
在优选的实施例中,用于涂覆AFM探针的材料选自包括下列材料的列表:金属材料、磁性材料、压电材料、导电材料、绝缘材料、介电材料和它们的任何组合。在一个更优选的实施例中,该材料选自金属材料、磁性材料或半导体材料。该材料位于被称为离子簇源的第一腔中。
在优选的实施例中,离子簇源技术是在真空或超高真空条件下在第一腔中和在连接至离子簇源的附加腔中执行的,将被涂覆的AFM探针位于该离子簇源处。
本发明的方法提出通过沉积具有受控尺寸的纳米粒子修改AFM探针的高宽比。这进一步需要沉积所需特定材料(金属材料、磁性材料、压电材料、导电材料、绝缘材料,…)的纳米粒子的可能性,使得一旦获得高宽比改善,将获得探针的化学组成的修改;换句话说,实现允许获得更好分辨率和功能化的AFM探针。
本发明的方法通过包括通过在真空或超高真空(UHV)的条件下的离子簇源的沉积的离子簇源技术实现。该设备的操作包括在气体控制的气氛中生成所需材料的离子的等离子。所述气体优选选自氩气、氦气、氮气、氧气或它们的任何组合,以及更优选为氩气或氦气,考虑到它们有利于用于生成纳米粒子的材料的离子的簇。
采用这样的ICS获得纳米粒子涂覆的精确的尺寸和密度控制。
由于ICS是真空或UHV过程,ICS的使用确保了簇的化学纯度。它进一步允许在任何类型的表面(任何销售的探针或者本领域技术人员已知的探针)上从任何类型的材料生产具有受控尺寸的簇。不像其他生产方法,由于在沉积过程中纳米粒子的温和的动能吸附、软着陆,它是一种能够防止损坏原始探针的技术。
采用该技术通过调整确定它的不同变量(气流量、磁控管功率、簇距离、时间,...)来获得纳米粒子生产过程的精确控制,以及获得将被涂覆的表面(AFM探针)的纳米粒子尺寸分布和涂层密度的精确控制。通过该方法产生的纳米粒子在AFM探针的小表面上是均匀随机分布的。
操作条件通常是:涂覆时间、簇距离、磁控管功率和气流量,所有这些都是根据所要使用的材料的类型相互依存的参数和变量。
在第二方面中,本发明涉及一种可通过本发明的方法获得的经涂覆的AFM探针。
需要指出的重要一点是,由于在真空腔中的溅射过程已在工业上普遍使用,因此本发明的修改AFM探针的方法在工业范围上容易实现。通过将ICS联接至这些已经存在的腔将允许AFM探针的连续修改。
本发明的第三方面涉及使用如上所述的AFM探针用于对象和纳米粒子沉积的表面形态表征、磁或压电性质的确定。另一方面,通过具有受控化学成分的纳米粒子的沉积的AFM探针的功能化允许从它们的物理化学性质观点表征纳米对象。例如,可采用压电或磁性材料的纳米粒子涂覆AFM探针以研究纳米对象的压电或磁性性质。
在整个说明书和权利要求书中,单词“包括”和其变型不旨在排除其他技术特征、增补、组件或步骤。对于本领域技术人员,本发明的其他目的、优点和特征将从说明书部分地和从本发明的实践部分地推导。以下示例和附图通过举例的方式提供并且不意味着限制本发明。
附图说明
图1-左侧的图像示出了通过AFM获得的钴纳米粒子的形貌,(右侧)纳米粒子轮廓。从由所述球形纳米粒子组成的轮廓可以看出其宽度远大于其高度。
图2示出了通过离子铣削获得的商用探针(纳米传感器)的SEM(扫描电子显微镜)图像的示例。
图3示出了a)硅基底(100)上的2-3nm的纳米粒子的AFM图像;b)纳米粒子轮廓;c)具有纳米粒子的AFM探针的图。
图4-左侧:采用未修改的商用探针获得的AFM图像;右侧:采用通过纳米粒子沉积修改的商用探针获得的相同样品的图像;底部:上部图像的特定区域的轮廓。
具体实施方式
本发明以下将通过发明人所进行的多个测试来说明,清楚地示出用于涂覆或修改AFM探针的表面的本发明的方法的特征和效果。
进行测试的重点在于将采用未修改的商用AFM探针获得的AFM图像与采用通过沉积由离子簇源生成的纳米粒子修改的商用探针获得的AFM图像进行比较。
在超高真空条件下使用由Oxford Applied Research生产的离子簇源和Co95Au5合金坯进行沉积。
优化纳米粒子生产过程,以借助于ICS生产2-3nm球形纳米粒子。为此,相关参数如下:施加至磁控管的功率:20W;簇长度:50mm;氩气流量:60sccm;氦气流量:50sccm;离子簇源和AFM探针之间的距离:190mm;沉积时间:2分钟。图3a至3b示出了这些直径约为2-3nm的纳米粒子的沉积的示例;在图3a至3b中纳米粒子沉积在平面硅基底上。在商用AFM探针上的这些纳米粒子的沉积导致获得具有更好高宽比和受控化学成分的探针(图3c)。
采用未修改的商用AFM探针和采用2-3nm直径的纳米粒子的沉积的经修改商用AFM探针测量标准样品。图4示出了采用两种探针在标准样品的完全相同的区域所得到测量值的比较。图像对应于450×450nm2的区域。没有出现在采用商用探针记录的图像中的一系列结构可在采用经修改的AFM探针记录的图像中清楚地看到。这是由于采用纳米粒子的经修改的探针比商用探针具有更好的分辨率,因为经修改的探针具有较低程度的不确定性,允许以更好的分辨率来分辨结构。在图4的底部所示出的轮廓更精确地示出了经修改的探针的改善的分辨率。由于更好的分辨率,可以在这些轮廓中看到在测量结构(峰宽)中的有系统的减少。
图4示出了在商用探针上沉积纳米粒子的形态学效应。在例如沉积磁性材料的每种情况下,该形态学效应必须与化学效应结合,磁性材料将允许使用这些探针用于MFM(磁力显微镜)测量。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于通过离子簇源技术利用用于以纳米粒子形式涂覆的材料来涂覆至少一个AFM探针的方法。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述材料选自包括下列材料的列表:金属材料、磁性材料、压电材料、导电材料、绝缘材料、介电材料、半导体材料和它们的任何组合。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述材料选自金属材料、磁性材料或半导体材料。
4.如权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的方法,其中,在离子簇源技术的簇区域中使用选自氦气、氩气、氧气、氮气或它们的任何组合的气体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述气体选自氩气或氦气。
6.根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的方法,其中,在真空或超高真空的条件下在连接至离子簇源技术的簇区域的腔中执行所述技术。
7.一种能够通过根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的方法获得的经涂覆的AFM探针。
8.根据权利要求7的AFM探针用于对象和纳米粒子沉积的表面形态表征、磁或压电性质的确定的用途。
CN2011800233684A 2010-05-13 2011-05-04 通过采用离子簇源沉积纳米粒子修改原子力显微镜探针 Pending CN102893165A (zh)

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