CN102879205A - Rack experimental device with adjustable rigidity and rigidity adjusting method thereof - Google Patents

Rack experimental device with adjustable rigidity and rigidity adjusting method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102879205A
CN102879205A CN2012103401368A CN201210340136A CN102879205A CN 102879205 A CN102879205 A CN 102879205A CN 2012103401368 A CN2012103401368 A CN 2012103401368A CN 201210340136 A CN201210340136 A CN 201210340136A CN 102879205 A CN102879205 A CN 102879205A
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collet
test device
bench test
rigidity
base
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CN102879205B (en
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张才伟
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NINGBO YUEJIN AUTOMOBILE FRONT AXLE CO Ltd
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NINGBO YUEJIN AUTOMOBILE FRONT AXLE CO Ltd
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Abstract

The invention provides a rack experimental device with adjustable rigidity and a rigidity adjusting method thereof in order to solve the problem that the conventional rack experimental device has a bad fatigue test effect on the whole automobile or other parts of the automobile. According to arrangement of bolts and fastening nuts corresponding to bottom support through grooves and base through grooves and the setting of height of a supporting cylinder, the rigidity of the rack experimental device can be conveniently adjusted, particularly the rigidity can be adjusted in different directions, so that a fatigue test state accords with an actual operating state of the automobile body and the other parts of the automobile, the precision and effect of the fatigue test of the automobile body and the other parts of the automobile are greatly improved, and an accurate experimental validation guidance is provided for the design of the automobile and the parts.

Description

The adjustable bench test device of rigidity and stiffness tuning method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to vehicle complete vehicle and Parts technical field of measurement and test, specifically, relate to the adjustable bench test device of a kind of rigidity and stiffness tuning method thereof.
Background technology
Testing fatigue is not stop the theoretical research that the caused performance of repeated work is constantly degenerated even destroyed for certain product or parts in the finite time scope, this test can be collected the key parameter of resolving product " ageing ", " degenerating " reason, for designer's innovative research provides a large amount of rare experimental datas, effectively guarantee Product Design Quality, shorten the research and development examination cycle.
Bench test device is normally adopted at present vehicle complete vehicle or Parts test, at bench test device car load or other parts that corresponding anchor clamps clamping need to be tested is set, and realizes the testing fatigue to vehicle complete vehicle or other parts.
The rigidity of the anchor clamps in the existing bench test device is generally arbitrary value or is set to as much as possible larger rigidity, above-mentioned mode is bad for the testing fatigue effect of vehicle complete vehicle or parts, especially for the testing fatigue of assembly parts and single-piece, best testing fatigue mode is that the rigidity of the anchor clamps on the bench test device is near the rigidity of mounting points, the such state of the more identical car load of engine bench test device, the effect of test is unreasonable to be thought.
At present, most of automobile and parts bench test device do not possess the stiffness tuning function, maybe can't consider the rigidity of test unit, more can't realize in different directions the adjusting of different-stiffness size.Like this, will be difficult to allow the test mode of bench test device more meet the state of vehicle body or other parts, the test effect be ideal.
Summary of the invention
When the present invention carries out testing fatigue in order to solve existing bench test device to body of a motor car or other parts, the rigidity of anchor clamps can't be adjusted to easily more near body of a motor car or other parts rigidity on the bench test device, so that to the problem of the testing fatigue poor effect of vehicle complete vehicle or other parts, provide the adjustable bench test device of a kind of rigidity and stiffness tuning method thereof
The technical matters that will solve required for the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A first aspect of the present invention, the adjustable bench test device of a kind of rigidity, it is characterized in that, comprise: base, base is provided with vertical column, the column top is provided with anchor clamps, the column circumference is provided with at least two reinforcements vertically, the bottom of reinforcement is fixed on the collet parallel with base, the collet middle part is provided with the through hole that does not contact with column, each reinforcement is provided with the collet groove parallel with osculatory with collet osculatory side on the collet, base is provided with and collet groove base groove one to one, corresponding is many in collet groove and the base groove, wherein is provided with the bolt that can move in collet groove and base groove at least one pair of, and described bolt is fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut.
Among the present invention, the quantity of bolt is one or more in the described collet groove that is provided with bolt and the base groove, and described bolt is arranged on the optional position in collet groove and the base groove.
Described bolt is equipped with clamp nut in both sides up and down at base, and described bolt at least one side in the both sides about collet is provided with clamp nut.
Among the present invention, described column upper end is provided with can be at the mobile support tube of column, and described anchor clamps are arranged on the upper end of support tube.
Among the present invention, described reinforcement is fin-shaped, and the osculatory of reinforcement and collet extends to the outward flange of collet always.
Among the present invention, ") (" oblique crank Z is adopted in the lower end of described column.
A second aspect of the present invention, a kind of stiffness tuning method of bench test device, it is characterized in that, described bench test device comprises base, base is provided with vertical column, the column top is provided with anchor clamps, the column circumference is provided with at least two reinforcements vertically, the bottom of reinforcement is fixed on the collet parallel with base, the collet middle part is provided with the through hole that does not contact with column, each reinforcement and collet osculatory are other on the collet is provided with the collet groove parallel with osculatory, and base is provided with and collet groove base groove one to one, realizes bench test device is carried out stiffness tuning by following combination in any a kind of or more than one modes:
Mode one: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, a bolt being set, bolt is fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, this side rigidity of bench test device progressively increases along with the increase of bolt and column distance;
Mode two: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, two bolts being set, two bolts are fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, the rigidity of this side of bench test device progressively increases along with the increase of two bolt distances;
Mode three: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, two above bolts being set, a plurality of bolts are fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, the rigidity of this side of bench test device increases along with the increase of bolt quantity.
Among the present invention, in described mode one, mode two and the mode three, bolt is equipped with clamp nut in both sides up and down at base, bolt at least one side in the both sides about collet is provided with clamp nut, the rigidity of this side of bench test device is provided with clamp nut along with this side collet upside and/or downside and increases, and bench test device is provided with clamp nut along with this side collet upside and increases over against the rigidity of side at the column circumference.
Among the present invention, in described mode one, mode two and the mode three, the rigidity of this side of bench test device is along with the size of bolt and/or clamp nut increases and increases.
Among the present invention, to the mode of bench test device stiffness tuning, further comprise the combination of following one or both modes:
1) arranging in the column upper end can be at the mobile support tube of column, anchor clamps are arranged on the upper end of support tube, upper-lower position by support tube carries out stiffness tuning to bench test device 360 degree circumference, and wherein, the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference increases along with the reduction of support tube height;
2) ") (" oblique crank Z is adopted in the lower end of described column, and the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference increases along with the increase of ") (" oblique crank Z diameter.
The adjustable bench test device of rigidity of the present invention and stiffness tuning method thereof, by the setting of bolt and clamp nut in corresponding collet groove and the base groove, the setting of support tube height, not only can regulate the rigidity of bench test device easily, especially can realize just right incorgruous adjusting, so that the state of testing fatigue meets the actual working state of body of a motor car and other parts more, to greatly improve precision and the effect of body of a motor car and the test of other Parts, verification experimental verification instructs for automobile and parts design provides accurately.
Description of drawings
Further specify the present invention below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
Fig. 1 is the perspective view of bench test device of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the front elevation of bench test device of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the perspective view that bench test device of the present invention disassembles collet and reinforcement.
Fig. 4 is base polycrystalline substance synoptic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the structural representation that support tube of the present invention is in the column upper end.
Embodiment
In order to make technological means of the present invention, creation characteristic, to reach purpose and effect is easy to understand, below in conjunction with concrete diagram, further set forth the present invention.
Purport of the present invention is, by existing bench test device is carried out testing fatigue to vehicle complete vehicle or other parts, especially for the testing fatigue need analysis of assembly parts and single-piece, find that existing bench test device is at stiffness tuning, especially the deficiency that exists in the incorgruous adjusting of rigidity, so that during testing fatigue on the bench test device rigidity of anchor clamps be difficult to rigidity near mounting points, cause the problem of the poor effect of testing fatigue, provide a kind of simple in structure, not only can regulate the size of bench test device rigidity easily, especially can carry out easily the stiffness tuning method of bench test device and this bench test device of the incorgruous adjusting of rigidity.
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, bench test device of the present invention comprises base 1, and base 1 is the basis of whole bench test device, and its Main Function is to support whole bench test device, is that bench test device can be placed on ground or the miscellaneous part.Base 1 is provided with vertical column 2, the top of column 2 is provided with the anchor clamps (not illustrated) for the body of a motor car of the pending testing fatigue of clamping or other parts, when column 2 during towards 360 degree circumference any one direction generation deformation, with simulated automotive vehicle body or the real duty of other parts to carry out testing fatigue, understandable for different bodies of a motor car and part, rigidity size and direction required under the real work state all are different, only have so the size of rigidity when deformation occurs column 2 and the demand that direction all meets body of a motor car or other part real work states, could be so that testing fatigue obtains preferably test result.
Among the present invention, to achieve these goals, at first be provided with vertically reinforcement 3 at the circumference of column 2, one end of reinforcement 3 is fixed on the column 2 and extends at vertical direction along the outer wall of column 2, the effect of reinforcement 3 is to cooperate other assemblies to strengthen the adjusting of the rigidity realization column 2 rigidity sizes of column 2 on the one hand, the reinforcement 3 of varying number is set on the other hand according to actual needs, can realize the adjusting (being incorgruous adjusting) of column 2 different directions, different-stiffness size, specific implementation will be described in detail below.Only be that the reinforcement 3 that 4 an angle of 90 degrees intervals are set carries out exemplary illustration in the present embodiment, it is not limitation of the present invention, the quantity of reinforcement 3 can be chosen according to actual needs, and reinforcement 3 both can be that the equal angles interval arranges, and also can be that non-equal angles interval arranges.Along with increasing of reinforcement 3 quantity, the angle of the incorgruous adjusting of column 2 rigidity will be more, and correspondingly the manufacturing of bench test device and assembling also will more bother.
Adopted the reinforcement 3 of fin-shaped in the present embodiment, the bottom of a plurality of reinforcements 3 is fixed on the collet 4, and extends to the outward flange of collet 4 from a side of column 2 along the upper surface reinforcement 3 of collet 4 and the osculatory of collet 4 always.Collet 4 be arranged in parallel with base 1, collet 4 middle parts are provided with the through hole 40 that does not contact with column 2, like this when actual the assembling, collet 4 is inserted in the column 2 from the upper end of column 2, the outer wall that the mode by welding that reaches behind the installation position again is separately fixed at column 2 with side and the bottom of reinforcement 3 and the upper surface of collet 4.
Base 1 and collet 2 can adopt arbitrarily shape, and in the present embodiment, it only is to carry out exemplary illustration and be not limitation of the present invention that base 1 and collet 2 all adopt circle.What certainly can understand is that when collet 4 adopts circle, the bottom of a plurality of reinforcements 3 will equate to collet 4 outer peripheral distances, so that reinforcement 3 can adopt identical structure, be convenient to make and assembling.
Each reinforcement 3 and collet 4 osculatory are other on the collet 4 is provided with the collet groove 41 parallel with osculatory, as shown in Figure 3, then is provided with on the base 1 and each collet groove 41 base groove 11 one to one.In corresponding collet groove 41 and the base groove 11 bolt 5 can be set, bolt 5 is fixing with collet 4 and base 1 respectively by clamp nut 6 again.Like this, after being provided with clamp nut 6 in the collet groove 41 of a certain correspondence and the base groove 11, because the acting in conjunction of clamp nut 6 and bolt 5, so that obtained mutual support between collet 4 and the base 1, again by being fixed on the effect of the reinforcement 3 on the collet 4, so that column 2 has obtained increase towards this rigidity to collet groove 41 and base groove 11 1 sides.
When bolt 5 being fixed on base 1 and the collet 4, base 1 and collet 4 all can be provided with clamp nut 6 in up and down both sides separately, Fig. 2 with base 1 and collet 2 separately up and down both sides clamp nut 6 all be set carried out illustrating (clamp nut 6 of base 1 downside is invisible, specifically with reference to figure 4).For the clamp nut 6 on the base 1, preferably all arrange in the up and down both sides of base 6, can guarantee like this stability of bolt 5; 6 of clamp nuts on the collet 2 can be considered according to the actual needs of stiffness tuning, but should at least one side in both sides about the collet arrange at least.
In situation about can put into, the bolt 5 of any amount can be set in the collet groove 41 that each is corresponding and the base groove 11, the bolt 5 of varying number and bolt will play different stiffness tuning effects at collet groove 41 with the position in the base groove 11.Below will the impact that different bolt 5 arranges stiffness tuning be elaborated:
Referring to Fig. 4, first kind of way, wherein in collet groove 41 corresponding to a side and the base groove 11 bolt 5 being set at bench test device, because the quantity of bolt 5 only has one, is little to the enhancing of this side rigidity of bench test device (being column 2).Because collet groove 41 and base groove 11 have certain length, bolt 5 can move in collet groove 41 and base groove 11, and bolt 5 is in collet groove 41 and base groove 11 diverse locations, will be different on the impact of stiffness tuning.Among Fig. 4, in the collet groove 41 of top and the base groove 11 bolt 5 only is set, current bolt 5 is positioned at the position near base 1 center (being column 2 one sides), when bolt 5 when move at base 1 center, this side rigidity of bench test device will progressively reduce, when bolt 5 during away from base 1 center, this side rigidity of bench test device will progressively increase.Namely when in collet groove 41 and base groove 11, a bolt 5 only being set, the distance of this side rigidity of bench test device by bolt 5 and the base 1 center distance of column 2 (namely with) size is regulated, and this side rigidity of bench test device is along with bolt 5 progressively increases with the increase of column 2 distances.
The second way, wherein in collet groove 41 corresponding to a side and the base groove 11 two bolts 5 are set at bench test device, this moment is because the increase of bolt 5 quantity, the rigidity of this side of bench test device can be large when a bolt 5 is set, and the distance of two bolts 5 in collet groove 41 and base groove 11 becomes the principal element of regulating this side rigidity size of bench test device.Among Fig. 4, be provided with two bolts 5 in the collet groove 41 of below and the base groove 11, two bolts 5 are positioned at collet groove 41 and base groove 11 two ends connect antermarginal position, when the distance of two bolts 5 diminishes, the rigidity of this side of bench test device will reduce, when the distance of two bolts 5 becomes large, the rigidity of this side of bench test device will increase.Namely when in collet groove 41 and base groove 11 two bolts 5 being set, this side rigidity of bench test device is regulated by the distance size of two bolts 5, and this side rigidity of bench test device progressively increases along with the increase of two bolt 5 distances.Certainly, be understandable that when distance one timing of two bolts 5, two bolts 5 are larger with the distance of column 2, the rigidity of this side of bench test device is larger.
The third mode wherein arranges plural bolt 5 in collet groove 41 corresponding to a side and the base groove 11 at bench test device, and this moment, the rigidity of this side of bench test device will be mainly decided by the quantity of bolt 5.The quantity of bolt 5 is more, the rigidity of this side of bench test device will be larger, be understandable that, size and the position in collet groove 41 and base groove 11 of total distance of a plurality of bolts 5 also can be influential to the rigidity size of this side of bench test device, but the quantity of bolt 5 will be principal element.Fig. 4 schematically is provided with 3 bolts 5 in the collet groove 41 on right side and base groove 11, when the larger rigidity of needs, as long as can place more bolt 5 can be set fully.
Above-mentioned three kinds of modes can be carried out different combinations in the different collet grooves 41 of same bench test device and base groove 11, for example shown in Fig. 4, in the 4 pairs of collet grooves 41 and the base groove 11 wherein 3 pairs adopted respectively three kinds of different modes, in the collet groove 41 in left side and base groove 11, bolt 5 is not set then.Like this, except the rigidity in bench test device left side can not be regulated, the rigidity of other three sides can at random be regulated, and when different collet grooves 41 adopted above-mentioned identical mode with base groove 11, the bench test device not adjusting of homonymy rigidity was to carry out in identical scope; When different collet grooves 41 adopted above-mentioned not identical mode with base groove 11, the bench test device not adjusting of homonymy rigidity was to carry out in different scopes.By above-mentioned mode, can momentarily carry out the not adjustment of homonymy rigidity of bench test device according to the demand of body of a motor car and Parts test, realized the incorgruous adjusting of bench test device rigidity.
It is to be noted, only be to have carried out exemplary illustration among Fig. 4, both can select to arrange the adjusting that bolt 5 and clamp nut 6 are realized these side rigidity for the every pair of collet groove 41 in the bench test device and base groove 11, the rigidity that yet can select bolt 5 and 6 pairs of these sides of clamp nut are not set is not regulated.Simultaneously, in the every pair of collet groove 41 and the base groove 11 when selecting bolt 5 and clamp nut 6 are set, all can in above-mentioned three kinds of modes, select arbitrarily, many during to collet groove 41 and base groove 11 when possessing so, different collet grooves 41 and the array mode between the base groove 11 will be very many, can not illustrate one by one in the present embodiment that spiritual those skilled in the art according to the present invention can select fully as required, are not repeated herein.
In addition, when the direction that need to regulate when bench test device is more, can realize that the quantity of reinforcement 3 is more by more reinforcement 3 is set at column 2, the direction that can directly regulate rigidity is just more, and the realization of the incorgruous adjusting of rigidity is also easier.
For three kinds of above-mentioned modes, the collet setting that both sides are used for the clamp nut 6 of set bolt 5 about in the of 4 also has booster action for stiffness tuning.No matter at collet 4 upsides or downside arranges clamp nut 6, in the situation certain in bolt 5 quantity, that bolt 5 positions are certain, all can be so that the rigidity of these collet 4 one sides of bench test device arrange clamp nut 6 relatively increases, the clamp nut 6 of 4 next times of collet plays a major role increasing rigidity; Simultaneously, at collet 4 downsides clamp nut 6 is set, also can so that bench test device increase over against the rigidity of side at these collet 4 one heel posts 2 circumference, even these collet 4 these side reinforcements 3 for example do not arrange reinforcement 3(at column 2 circumference over against side, the set-up mode of odd number reinforcement 3), also can play on rigidity on every side the impact of increase.
Above-mentioned setting mainly is the adjusting that is implemented in bench test device different directions rigidity, and the different directions stiffness tuning also is relatively independent each other.The present invention also provides two kinds can spend the mode that circumference are unified to regulate at bench test device 360:
First kind of way arranges support tube 7 in column 2 upper ends, and support tube 7 can move at column 2, and anchor clamps then are arranged on the upper end of support tube 7, and support tube 7 different upper-lower positions will carry out stiffness tuning simultaneously to bench test device 360 degree circumference.The height of support tube 7 is lower, and the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference will be larger.Among Fig. 1, bench test device be in column 2 bottom, the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference will maximumly simultaneously (not considered the mode of separately incorgruous adjusting, together lower), among Fig. 5, the top that is in column 2 of bench test device, the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference will be minimum simultaneously.
The second way as shown in Figure 3, adopts ") (" oblique crank Z in the lower end of column 2, and the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference increases along with the increase of ") (" oblique crank Z diameter.It is to be noted, above-mentioned two kinds of modes of rigidity being unified to regulate on bench test device 360 degree circumference can be distinguished separately on the one hand and adopt, and can make up employing on the other hand, simultaneously, the two can also at random make up with the mode of the incorgruous adjusting of aforesaid rigidity.The present invention has carried out open fully, and those skilled in the art can implement in the situation that does not spend creative work, and various embodiments all should be in the scope that claims of the present invention are asked for protection.
Below only be described with regard to preferred embodiment of the present invention, but can not be interpreted as it is limitations on claims.The present invention not only is confined to above embodiment, and its concrete structure allows to change.In a word, all various variations of doing in the protection domain of independent claims of the present invention are all in protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. the adjustable bench test device of rigidity, it is characterized in that, comprise: base, base is provided with vertical column, the column top is provided with anchor clamps, the column circumference is provided with at least two reinforcements vertically, the bottom of reinforcement is fixed on the collet parallel with base, the collet middle part is provided with the through hole that does not contact with column, each reinforcement is provided with the collet groove parallel with osculatory with collet osculatory side on the collet, base is provided with and collet groove base groove one to one, corresponding is many in collet groove and the base groove, wherein be provided with the bolt that can move in collet groove and base groove at least one pair of, described bolt is fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut.
2. the adjustable bench test device of rigidity according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the quantity of bolt is one or more in the described collet groove that is provided with bolt and the base groove, and described bolt is arranged on the optional position in collet groove and the base groove.
3. the adjustable bench test device of rigidity according to claim 2 is characterized in that: described bolt is equipped with clamp nut in both sides up and down at base, described bolt collet up and down at least one side in the both sides be provided with clamp nut.
4. according to claim 1 to the adjustable bench test device of 3 arbitrary described rigidity, it is characterized in that: described column upper end is provided with can be at the mobile support tube of column, and described anchor clamps are arranged on the upper end of support tube.
5. according to claim 1 to the adjustable bench test device of 3 arbitrary described rigidity, it is characterized in that: described reinforcement is fin-shaped, and the osculatory of reinforcement and collet extends to the outward flange of collet always.
6. according to claim 1 to the adjustable bench test device of 3 arbitrary described rigidity, it is characterized in that: ") (" oblique crank Z is adopted in the lower end of described column.
7. the stiffness tuning method of bench test device, it is characterized in that, described bench test device comprises base, base is provided with vertical column, the column top is provided with anchor clamps, the column circumference is provided with at least two reinforcements vertically, the bottom of reinforcement is fixed on the collet parallel with base, the collet middle part is provided with the through hole that does not contact with column, each reinforcement is provided with the collet groove parallel with osculatory with collet osculatory side on the collet, base is provided with and collet groove base groove one to one, realizes bench test device is carried out stiffness tuning by following combination in any a kind of or more than one modes:
Mode one: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, a bolt being set, bolt is fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, this side rigidity of bench test device progressively increases along with the increase of bolt and column distance;
Mode two: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, two bolts being set, two bolts are fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, the rigidity of this side of bench test device progressively increases along with the increase of two bolt distances;
Mode three: by in collet groove corresponding to a certain side of bench test device and base groove, two above bolts being set, a plurality of bolts are fixed with collet and base respectively by clamp nut, realization is regulated the increase of this side rigidity of bench test device, wherein, the rigidity of this side of bench test device increases along with the increase of bolt quantity.
8. the stiffness tuning method of bench test device according to claim 7, it is characterized in that: in described mode one, mode two and the mode three, bolt is equipped with clamp nut in both sides up and down at base, bolt at least one side in the both sides about collet is provided with clamp nut, the rigidity of this side of bench test device is provided with clamp nut along with this side collet upside and/or downside and increases, and bench test device is provided with clamp nut along with this side collet upside and increases over against the rigidity of side at the column circumference.
9. the stiffness tuning method of bench test device according to claim 8 is characterized in that: in described mode one, mode two and the mode three, the rigidity of this side of bench test device is along with the size of bolt and clamp nut increases and increases.
10. according to claim 7 to the stiffness tuning method of 9 arbitrary described bench test devices, it is characterized in that: to the mode of bench test device stiffness tuning, further comprise the combination of following one or both modes:
1) arranging in the column upper end can be at the mobile support tube of column, anchor clamps are arranged on the upper end of support tube, upper-lower position by support tube carries out stiffness tuning to bench test device 360 degree circumference, and wherein, the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference increases along with the reduction of support tube height;
2) ") (" oblique crank Z is adopted in the lower end of described column, and the rigidity of bench test device 360 degree circumference increases along with the increase of ") (" oblique crank Z diameter.
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