CN102844112B - 用于在废气中选择性催化还原氮氧化物的新的混合氧化物 - Google Patents
用于在废气中选择性催化还原氮氧化物的新的混合氧化物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102844112B CN102844112B CN201180018976.6A CN201180018976A CN102844112B CN 102844112 B CN102844112 B CN 102844112B CN 201180018976 A CN201180018976 A CN 201180018976A CN 102844112 B CN102844112 B CN 102844112B
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种由氧化铈、氧化锆、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化铌组成的混合氧化物的使用,该混合氧化物和氨或可以被分解形成氨的化合物一起作为用于机动车主要运转在贫油时的内燃机废气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的催化活性物质,以及涉及组合物或包含结合沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的所述混合氧化物的催化剂,以及本发明适用于所有基本运转状态中的贫油机动车废气的脱氮。
Description
本发明涉及用于通过将氨或能够分解形成氨的化合物作为还原剂,在机动车中在主要为稀燃条件(mager)下运转的内燃机的废气中,选择性催化还原氮氧化物的混合氧化物作为催化活性物质的用途。另外,本发明涉及包括混合氧化物和沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的催化活性组合物,以及还涉及产自上述混合氧化物或组合物的催化剂的各种实施例。
来自在主要为稀燃条件下运转的内燃机的车辆的废气不仅包含通常的主要排放物,一氧化碳CO,碳氢化合物HC以及氮氧化物NOx,还具有按体积计高达15%的相对高的氧含量。一氧化碳和碳氢化合物可以通过氧化容易地使其不具有危害。因为高的氧含量,氮氧化物还原成氮更加困难。
已知从存在氧的废气除去氮氧化物的方法是通过在合适催化剂-简称为SCR催化剂上的氨,选择性催化还原的方法(SCR方法)。在这个方法中,待从废气中去除的氮氧化物与氨化学反应形成氮和水。用作还原剂的氨可以通过引入能够分解形成氨进入废气尾部(Abgasstrang)和随后水解的化合物例如尿素、氨基甲酸铵或甲酸铵而有效制备。此外,机动车的废气净化概念,在其中氨在发动机的富油运转阶段(fetten Betriebsphase)期间生成为前面催化剂-例如氮氧化物储存催化剂的第二排放物,并且暂时储存在SCR催化剂中直到在贫油运转阶段(mageren Betriebsphase)它被使用,这也是已知的。
在非连续运转的SCR系统中生成的用作还原剂的氨的用途,其专门作为废气系统中第二排放物,要求SCR催化剂的氨储存能力足以储存贫油阶段期间用于从废气中去除氮氧化物的几乎全部还原剂要求。从众多的出版物和专利申请中已知基于沸石的SCR催化剂特别适用于这类目的。例如,US 4,961,917描述了还原氮氧化物的方法,该方法通过氨利用包含具有定义性能的沸石连同作为促进剂的铁和/或铜的催化剂进行。进一步地,例如在EP 1 495 804 A1、US 6,914,026 B2或EP1 147 801 B1中描述了基于过渡金属交换的沸石的SCR催化剂以及利用这样SCR催化剂的选择性催化还原方法。
对于在具有用于尿素或能够分解形成氨的其他化合物的引入设施的废气净化系统中的使用,其允许还原剂连续供应给系统,SCR催化剂具有大的氨储存能力不是必要的。因此,既然因为沸石化合物生产成本高,基于沸石的SCR催化剂非常昂贵,人们正作出努力避免使用这些基于沸石的SCR催化剂。
为此目的,包含氧化钒连同二氧化钛或氧化钨或其混合物的SCR催化剂是合适的。例如,EP 0 385 164 B1描述了这种类型的催化剂,其包含二氧化钛连同钨氧化物、硅氧化物、硼氧化物、铝氧化物、磷氧化物、锆氧化物、钡氧化物、钇氧化物、镧氧化物,或铈氧化物中的至少一种以及钒氧化物、铌氧化物、钼氧化物、铁氧化物或铜氧化物中的至少一种,而且,任选地在添加合适的助剂后,通过压或挤出成分产生为成形的体。EP 1 153 648 A1描述了结构化的SCR催化剂,其包含组成与从EP 0 385 164 B1得知的在水解催化剂涂层下面的制剂相对应的还原涂层。EP 0 246 859描述了SCR催化剂,其包含应用于氧化铈和氧化铝混合物的钒。
在用于机动车废气净化的包含钒的SCR催化剂的使用中显著的问题是,在相对高的废气温度下,易挥发的有毒钒化合物的可能排出,结果是对人类和所期待的环境产生不利的影响。因此,市场上对含钒机动车废气催化剂的接纳正在减少。提供不贵的不含钒的SCR催化剂的努力已经进行了相对长的时间。因此,基于铈锆混合氧化物的某些混合氧化物组合物及其在SCR反应中的应用在现有技术中是已知的。
WO 2008/049491公开了类似的铈锆混合氧化物,其包含基于铈锆混合氧化物总重量按重量计10%-90%的氧化铈,并且通过引入硫或选自铬、钼、钨或其混合物的过渡金属,或通过它们的组合为SCR化学反应激活。这些混合氧化物的特别优选实施方式包含按重量计0.02%到3%的硫和/或按重量计5%到15%的钼或钨,以及按重量计0.5%到3%的铁或铜,在每种情况下都基于铈锆混合氧化物的总重量。为了制备SCR活性化合物,给出特别的优选是利用包含按重量计45%-55%的CeO2和按重量计1%-9%的稀土金属氧化物的铈锆混合氧化物。
EP 2 116 293公开了不含钒的SCR催化剂,其包含氧化钨WO3以及类似的铈锆混合氧化物(Ce,Zr)O2,其中氧化钨WO3的含量范围可以是按重量计5%到25%,类似铈锆混合氧化物的含量范围可以是按重量计50%到95%。为铈锆混合氧化物给出的优选是二氧化铈CeO2对氧化锆ZrO2的重量比在从0.67到1.5的范围。
同样地,EP 2 072 120公开了在存在氨的情况下,用于一氧化氮还原的热稳定催化剂,其包含按重量计10%到30%的二氧化铈和按重量计5%到14%的氧化钨,以及氧化锆作为复合氧化物。
WO 2008/051752公开了NOx还原催化剂,其包含基于铈-锆的混合氧化物的式CeaZrbRcAdMeOx,其中,R是钨或锰,以及A是钼、钽或铌,任选地,若R是锰A也可以是钨。M是三价的稀土金属离子,优选地选自Sm、Gd、Dy、Er、Yb、Ho、Er、Tm和Lu,但不是La或Y。确定组成的混合氧化物是催化活性的并且适于通过氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物。可以用于恰当的废气后处理系统,无论是作为SCR催化剂催化活性涂层的重要组分还是作为催化活性粒子滤器的涂层组分。
EP 0 277 765公开了从柴油机废气中去除氮氧化物的方法,其通过在包含按重量计60%到95%的、选自TiO2、ZrO2、(Ti,Zr)O2、(Ti,Si)O2和(Ti,Zr,Si)O2的氧化物作为活性物质的蜂窝状催化剂上催化还原进行。另外,催化剂包含按重量计0.5%到40%的氧化钒、氧化钨、氧化钼、氧化锰、氧化铈和/或锡氧化物。
US 5,552,128描述了在有效催化氮氧化物还原的催化剂存在下,通过使氮氧化物接触还原剂,将氮氧化物转化为氮的方法。催化剂基本上由固态酸成分组成,所述固态酸成分包括元素周期表过渡族4的金属氧化物-其通过过渡族6金属的氧阴离子被改性,以及另外包含选自元素周期表的过渡族1、5、7或8或主族4的至少一个金属。作为恰当催化剂的例子,该专利列举了利用钨酸盐和铁改性的氧化锆;仅利用钨酸盐改性的氧化锆;利用钨酸盐和铈改性的氧化锆;利用钨酸盐和镍改性的氧化锆;利用钨酸盐和锡改性的氧化锆;以及利用钨酸盐、铁和锰改性的氧化锆。
US 2006/0228283描述了催化剂体系和通过碳氢化合物或含氧有机化合物的还原在废气中减少氮氧化物的量的方法。催化剂体系由含银催化剂组成并且使用了“改性催化剂”。“改性催化剂”包含“改性氧化物”,所述“改性氧化物”选自氧化铁、氧化铈、氧化铜、氧化锰、氧化铬、镧系氧化物、锕系元素氧化物、氧化钼、氧化锡、氧化铟、氧化铼、氧化钽、氧化锇、氧化钡、氧化钙、氧化锶、氧化钾、氧化钙、氧化钒、氧化镍、氧化钨、和其混合物。这种“改性氧化物”应用于无机支撑氧化物,其中至少一种是酸性的并且优选地选自钛锆混合氧化物、锆铝混合氧化物、硫酸化锆氧化物、磷酸盐化锆氧化物、钨改性锆混合氧化物、硅铝混合氧化物、沸石及其组合物。
本发明的目标是提供廉价的不含钒的SCR催化剂,其显示出合并有老化稳定的氨储存能力的动态启动(dynamisches Anspringverhalten)行为,并且还可以产生为具有低压火压力(Staudruck)的废气净化成分。
在现有技术中,选择的任选地掺杂稀土金属倍半氧化物的铈锆混合氧化物能够在有针对性的激活后,显示出关于选择性催化还原氮氧化物的催化活性,这是已知的。发明人现在惊奇地发现,上述混合氧化物与氧化铌(V)(Nb2O5)的靶向缔合导致由氧化铈、氧化锆、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化铌组成的混合氧化物,其在没有额外的活化步骤的情况下,在SCR反应中显示出结合高的老化稳定性的卓越活性。在US 6,468,941 B1中描述了这种混合氧化物,但是在其中他们没有用于催化氮氧化物选择性催化还原,而是替换作为在三效催化剂中传导氧离子或储存氧的物质。
因此本发明提供用于选择性催化还原氮氧化物的由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的催化活性混合氧化物的应用。
利用例如以完全挤出的催化活性的蜂窝状体形式存在于催化剂中的混合氧化物实施根据本发明的应用。然而,特别地,利用存在于催化活性涂层的混合氧化物实施根据本发明的应用,所述催化活性涂层应用于催化惰性载体,该体和涂层一起形成催化剂。
根据本发明使用的混合氧化物可以通过非常简单的装置来准备。因此,例如,通过注入掺杂稀土金属倍半氧化物的市售铈锆混合氧化物,用于稳定可溶于水的铌化合物水溶液,以及随后煅烧所产生的(潮湿的)粉末,获得合适的复合混合氧化物。
根据本发明,非常适合用于在贫油废气中催化氮氧化物选择性还原的优选待应用混合氧化物的成分具有下列组成,主要氧化物以其重量按比例计算:按重量计15%-50%的CeO2,按重量计3%-25%的Nb2O5,按重量计3%-10%的RE2O3和ZrO2作为余量,其中RE是稀土元素。混合氧化物特别优选地包含按重量计25%-45%的CeO2,按重量计3%-20%的Nb2O5,按重量计3%-10%的RE2O3和ZrO2作为余量,并且特别优选地该混合氧化物包含按重量计35%-40%的CeO2,按重量计10%-15%的Nb2O5,按重量计3%-6%的RE2O3和ZrO2作为余量。优选的稀土金属倍半氧化物RE2O3是钇的稀土金属倍半氧化物,镱的稀土金属倍半氧化物,镧的稀土金属倍半氧化物,镨的稀土金属倍半氧化物(如Pr6O11=4 PrO2·Pr2O3),钕的稀土金属倍半氧化物,钐的稀土金属倍半氧化物,铽的稀土金属倍半氧化物,铒的稀土金属倍半氧化物。给出的特别优选利用钇倍半氧化物Y2O3和钕倍半氧化物Nd2O3。
对于在例如,内燃机主要运转在稀燃条件下机动车中的催化废气净化的应用,根据本发明待应用的混合氧化物例如被处理形成机械稳定的催化剂。
这样的催化剂的优选实施方式通过以下获得,将至少一个包含根据本发明待应用的混合氧化物的催化活性涂层应用于催化惰性载体。作为催化惰性载体,给出的优选利用陶瓷的或金属的流通过蜂窝状体、陶瓷墙壁流过滤衬底、以及陶瓷的或金属的泡沫结构。而且,当通过挤出根据本发明的待应用混合氧化物,产生催化活性的单体蜂窝状体时,获得催化剂的优选实施方式。这些实施方式显示了特别低的压火压力。他们通过生产可挤出的糊状包含催化活性组合物的组合物,任选地和挤出助剂例如膨润土、勃姆石、γ-氧化铝、氧化锆或传统的铈锆混合氧化物一起生产出来。用于涂覆催化惰性载体的方法和生产催化活性剂的方法,通过挤出而成的单体蜂窝状体是现有技术并为本领域技术人员所知。
以这种方式生产出来的催化剂在250°C到450°C的温度范围显示出极好的NOx转化。尤其是,他们在热液条件下显示出极好的老化稳定性。
这些催化剂对其用于净化主要运转在稀燃条件下的内燃机的机动车废气的用途具有特别重要意义的进一步特性是他们的氨存储能力的高热稳定性。虽然他们的氨存储能力低于基于沸石的SCR催化剂至少30%,所以他们极少是用于被动SCR工艺的首选,在被动SCR工艺中,在选择的运转状态,用作还原剂的氨在合适的上游催化剂上仅生成为第二排出物,而这种低氨存储能力完全适合于活性SCR工艺,对热老化或热液老化及其稳定。这些特性的组合导致催化剂在所有重要的运转状态中,在从独立于发动机的源中引入还原剂后,在SCR反应中动态的启动习性(例如,以尿素注入废气联动线的形式)。引入还原剂的策略从而能够使其比现有技术中的系统,例如专门采用基于沸石的SCR催化剂的制造简单得多。
如果在具体应用中,要求上述的催化剂具有更高能力的氨存储或更宽的活性温度范围,则根据本发明的待应用混合氧化物可以采用沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的组合。因此本发明还提供催化活性组合物,其包括(i)由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的混合氧化物,以及(ii)沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物,包含选自H+、NH4 +、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu+、Cu2+、Ag+及其混合物的可交换阳离子。
本发明另外提供催化剂,其特征在于包含(i)由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的混合氧化物,以及(ii)沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物,包含选自H+、NH4 +、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu+、Cu2+、Ag+及其混合物的可交换阳离子。
根据本发明的优选催化活性组合物和根据本发明的优选催化剂包含表示为上述优选的或特别优选的混合氧化物。
沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物特别优选地包含H+、Fe和/或Cu阳离子。沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物其自身优选地选自β沸石、USY、ZSM-5、CHA、FER、ERI、SAPO-11、SAPO-17、SAPO-34、SAPO-56、ALPO-11、ALPO-17、ALPO-34和ALPO-56。给出的特别优选是β沸石、CHA、FER和SAPO-34。
在本发明的催化剂实施方式中,由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的混合氧化物为完全挤出的催化活性蜂窝状体的形式,而沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物存在于应用到蜂窝状体的催化活性涂层。
在本发明的催化剂进一步实施方式中,催化剂作为涂层惰性载体存在,其中混合氧化物存在于应用于其上的至少一个催化活性涂层,以及沸石化合物和/或类沸石存在于另外的物理隔离的催化活性涂层。
根据目标应用,使用“区域催化剂”可以特别有利,其中催化活性涂层配置为在载体上以废气流动方向水平地一个接一个的区域(图1)。然而,如果催化剂的运转和使用条件改变,则采用“层催化剂”会是优选的,在其中,催化活性涂层排列为在载体上成分的总长度上垂直叠置的层(图2)。
如上所述,为获得最佳废气净化结果而选择催化剂的具体实施方式依赖于目标用途中催化剂的运转条件并且应该在本领域的技术人员利用对于他来说是熟知的标准方法评估后建立。图1和图2示出实施方式,其中(A)是包含根据本发明的混合氧化物组合物的涂层,而(B)是包含沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的物理隔离应用涂层。
与图1a)和图2a)相对应的实施方式,在其中涂层包含的混合氧化物组合物首先接触到流入的废气,这些实施方式优选地用于介质运转温度的动态启动行为和SCR催化剂快速“点火”尤其重要的应用中。涂层这样的安排使得在SCR反应中特定运转温度的最大NOx转化特性能够在最短时间内实现。在废气流动方向的下一个区域或包含沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的层(B)适合,尤其是,储存还没有在第一区域层发生反应的氨,使其可用于氮氧化物还原,突破具有特别大量的NOx和/或低的NOx转化特性的运转状态中的第一区域或层这样的应用,以及还适合催化恰当反应的应用。
根据图1b)和图2b)的实施方式,其中例如当因为废气温度太低,没有尿素被引入的冷运转状态(长冷启动阶段;低温应用)下,为了保持冷运转状态下的SCR反应,要求氨储存容量大时,包含沸石和/或类沸石化合物的涂层首先接触流入的废气是优选的。在图1b)示出的安排在SCR催化剂暴露于非常高的废气温度的安排中也是优选的。在这样的情况下,通常包含老化稳定的类沸石合物并显示过度氧化铵的相对低趋势的涂层被安排在更热的流入端区域,而流出端区域用于完成SCR反应。
如果本发明的催化活性组合物为在催化惰性载体上涂层的形式,那么给涂层添加粘合剂以便确保催化活性涂层对催化惰性载体的改进粘合。这尤其应用在利用金属类载体时。粘合剂优选地选自氧化铝、氧化锆和二氧化硅。特别使用硅溶胶形式的二氧化硅。
根据本发明待应用的氧化铈、氧化锆、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化铌的混合氧化物或根据本发明的催化活性组合物额外包含沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物特别适合选择性催化还原氮氧化物。可以上述的方式据此生产的催化剂特别适合主要运转在稀燃条件下如用在,机动车(柴油机,主要运转在稀燃条件下的汽油车)内燃机废气净化。这些催化剂的优选使用领域是在将氨,任选地以能够被分解形成氨的化合物的形式,添加为待净化废气的还原剂后,选择性催化还原来自主要运转在稀燃条件下的内燃机废气中的氮氧化物。
本发明借助某些图和例子加以说明。这些图示出:
图1:根据本发明的区域催化剂实施方式,其中(A)是包含由氧化铈、氧化锆、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化铌组成的组合物的催化活性涂层,而(B)是包含沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的物理隔离的催化活性涂层;简要示出单体流通过蜂窝状体的横截面,其流动通道被不透气的催化活性涂层(A)和(B)已经应用在其上的墙壁隔开。
图2:根据本发明的层催化剂实施方式,其中(A)是包含由氧化铈、氧化锆、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化铌组成的组合物的催化活性涂层,而(B)是包含沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物的物理隔离的催化活性涂层;简要示出单体流通过蜂窝状体的横截面,其流动通道被不透气的催化活性涂层(A)和(B)已经应用在其上的墙壁隔开。
图3:在SCR反应中的氮氧化物转化,在以750°C/16h(K1(A-1))老化后的和600°C/200h(K1(A-2))老化后的组合物上测量,该组合物刚生产出来的状态(K1(f))由按重量计38%的CeO2,按重量计14.5%的Nb2O5,按重量计4.5%的Nd2O3和按重量计43%的ZrO2组成。
图4:在催化剂K1(f)上、在基于市售氧化钒的SCR催化剂CK1(f)上以及如同在WO 2008/051752中描述的刚制备状态中的比较催化剂CK2(f)上SCR反应中的氮氧化物转化。
图5:在催化剂K1(A-2)和基于市售氧化钒催化剂CK1(A-2)上的氮氧化物转化,两者都在600°C热预处理200小时。
图6:在催化剂K1(A-1)和K2(A-1)以及如在WO2008/051752中描述的比较催化剂CK2(A-1)上SCR反应中的氮氧化物转化,或在750°C热预处理16小时后的催化剂上SCR反应中的氮氧化物转化。
图7:新鲜的催化剂K3(f)和其在750°C加热16小时(K3(A-1))的热预处理形式之间的在NH3储存能力上和CK3(f)/CK3(A-1)相比的差异。
图8:在引入催化剂K2(A-1),K6(A-1)和CK3(A-1)的NH3后,分别在温度250°C和300°C测量的动态启动行为。
图9:在引入催化剂K2(A-1),K5(A-1)和CK4(A-1)的NH3后,分别在温度250°C和350°C测量的动态启动行为。
作为SCR活性测量的氮氧化物转化的检测
在下述实施例和比较实施例制备的混合氧化物的组合物悬浮在水中,碾磨,并以0.17mm的墙壁厚度应用到体积为0.5升(l)并且单元计数为每平方厘米62个单元的陶瓷蜂窝状体中。蜂窝状体在空气中在500°C煅烧2小时后,从涂层蜂窝状体中切出圆柱形钻孔核心用于在直径为25.4mm和长度为76.2mm的模型气体设备中进行试验。
试验在下列条件下在实验室模型气体设备中进行。
在测量期间,催化剂的模型废气下游的氮氧化物浓度通过合适的分析方法确定。从已知,在条件调整期间,通过在各自试验运行的开始,预催化剂废气分析以及测量出的催化剂下游的氮氧化物含量,引入的氮氧化物含量被证实,基于NH3对NO的比率,在催化剂上每个温度测量点上氮化合物的转化计算如下:
其中cInlet/Outlet(NOx)=cIn/Out(NO)+cIn/Out(NO2)...
获得的氮氧化物转化值被标绘为催化剂上游测量温度的函数以便评估被检查材料的SCR活性。
实施例1
市售的铈锆混合氧化物具有1:1.1的CeO2:ZrO2重量占比和按重量计5.3%的Nd2O3含量,其被草酸铌氨水溶液浸渍并且在500°C煅烧2小时。根据本发明产生的混合氧化物组合物由按重量计38%的CeO2,按重量计14.5%的Nb2O5,按重量计4.5%的Nd2O3以及按重量计43%的ZrO2组成。
涂层悬浮由混合氧化物组成,以其覆盖催化惰性蜂窝状体。从催化剂中以这种方式产生三个钻孔核心。根据上述的试验程序,测量刚刚产生状态的第一钻孔核心(K1(f))的催化活性。第二钻孔核心(K1(A-1))在检查其催化活性之前,在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%的蒸汽氮的气氛中,在750°C热处理16小时。第三钻孔核心(K1(A-2))在检查其催化活性之前,进行类似的热处理。然而,这是经历匹配于柴油机中SCR用途的热老化,即,在按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%的蒸汽氮通过(平均空速为2200h-1)通过的炉中,在600°C热处理200小时。
图3示出催化活性试验的结果。根据本发明,在刚生产的状态中催化剂示出在其低至250°C时大于97%的氮氧化物转化。在大于250°C到400°C的温度范围内,氮氧化物完全反应。仅在高于450°C时,转化产生轻微的减少。热预处理钻孔核心的转化曲线还额外示出本发明的催化剂具有非常非常好的老化稳定性。在经受高温(750°C;K1(A-1))的简短老化后,催化剂在高达250°C的低温范围内遭受转化减少,仅在高于300°C达到完全的NOx转化。另一方面,在较低的温度(K1(A-2))经受较长时间老化后,观察到由于热老化在高达400°C的低温范围内转化没有减少。仅在高温范围超出400°C时在NOx转化曲线中可以辨别出催化剂在这些条件下的老化会有更为快速的下降。
实施例2
利用和在实施例1中指出的相似步骤,获得具有下列组成的混合氧化物:按重量计38%的CeO2,按重量计14.5%的Nb2O5,按重量计4.5%的Y2O3以及按重量计43%的ZrO2。
涂层悬浮由实施例1中指出的混合氧化物构成,并以其覆盖催化惰性蜂窝状体。
以这种方式获得的催化剂在后面被指定为K2。
如同在实施例1中指出的,在这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(K2(A-1)在检查其催化活性之前也在炉中,在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%的蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C进行热处理16小时。
根据本发明,催化剂根据实施例1和实施例2在SCR反应的催化性能和现有技术的两种催化剂作比较:
比较实施例1
基于氧化钒并且包含由V2O5、WO3、TiO2和SiO2组成的催化活性涂层的市售SCR催化剂被选择作为第一比较催化剂。
从市售催化剂取两个钻孔核心,其中一个钻孔核心以刚刚生产的状态(CK1(f))试验,而第二个钻孔核心(CK1(A-2))在试验前,在按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%的蒸汽氮流通过(平均空速为2200h-1)的炉中,在600°C经受热预处理200小时。
比较实施例2
第二比较催化剂包含由按重量计15%的WO3,按重量计46.75%的ZrO2,按重量计27.2%的CeO2,按重量计5.1%的Y2O3以及按重量计5.95%的Nb2O3组成的催化活性涂层,所述涂层在如在WO 2008/051752中描述生产的催化惰性蜂窝状体上。
两个钻孔核心类似地取自催化剂,其中一个钻孔核心以刚刚生产的状态(CK2(f))试验,而第二个钻孔核心(CK2(A-1))在试验之前,在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%的蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
图4示出刚刚生产出来的催化剂K1(f),CK1(f)以及CK2(f)的NOx转化性能比较。根据本发明的催化剂示出在从大于250°C到400°C的范围内完全转化NOx的最大工作温度范围。另外,根据本发明的催化剂示出到目前为止,在从低温到250°C的范围内的最佳NOx转化性能。在450°C之上的温度范围,在NOx转化曲线中有明显的“向下弯折”-与按照WO 2008/051752的比较催化剂(CK2(f))相对应的反应行为。
图5示出在600°C老化(200小时)的根据本发明的催化剂K1(A-2)与在相应条件下老化的基于氧化钒的市售的催化剂的比较。在老化后转化性能的比较示出,根据本发明的催化剂在老化后,其工作温度范围向更低温度迁移了大约50°C,即在高至300°C的低温范围内达到相当好的NOx转化,以及观察到全转换的更为迅速获得以及伴随的转化中某种程度上更早的恶化。
图6示出在750°C(16小时)老化的根据本发明的催化剂K1(A-1)和K2(A-1)与相应的老化的按照WO 2008/051752的比较催化剂CK2(A-1)的比较。虽然按照WO 2008/051752的比较催化剂活性已经显著恶化(在400°C时NOx转化最大为86%),而根据本发明的催化剂即使在这种热的300°C到400°C温度范围的热处理后,其NOx转化仍然达到接近100%或超过95%。
测量显示根据本发明的催化剂比基于市售氧化钒SCR催化剂和根据现有技术的不含钒混合氧化物的组合物具有大大改善的性能。这尤其适用于涉及可完成的NOx转化,实现完全转化的工作温度范围幅度,以及涉及催化剂的热老化稳定性。
比较实施例3
市售可用SiO2粘合剂以及市售可用勃姆石粘合剂作为涂料助剂,以及铁(III)硝酸盐九水合物以及SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比(SAR)为25%的市售β-沸石被悬浮在水中并以222g/l的量施加到陶瓷流通过蜂窝状体,该蜂窝状体具有每平方厘米62个单元以及通过传统浸蘸工艺形成的厚度为0.17mm的单元墙壁。涂层成分首先在350°C煅烧15分钟,然后在500°C煅烧2小时。涂层包括90%的β-沸石并且具有按重量计4.5%的铁含量-计算为Fe2O3。
以这种方式获得的催化剂会被指定为下述的CK3。
如实施例1所指示的,在检查其催化活性之前,这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(CK3(A-1))也会在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
实施例3
如图2a)所示生产层催化剂。为此目的,提供以类似于比较实施例3(应用量为150g/l而不是222g/l)的方式,用额外的涂层,通过按照实施例1以70g/l的量再一次应用涂层悬浮液,通过传统浸蘸工艺和如所指示的煅烧,获得催化剂。
以这种方式获得的催化剂被指定为下述的K3。
如实施例1所指示,在检查其催化活性之前,这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(CK3(A-1))也在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
K3相比CK3的NH3储存能力的热稳定性通过如下确定:
试验在实验室模型气体设备中的的支撑催化剂上进行。利用下列试验气体组成:
在试验前,在旁路中进行进气测量。同时,反应器被加热至600°C。随后,气体混合物被交换至反应器并通过过上述的阶段1到阶段6。总共采用三个不同目标温度:400°C,300°C和200°C。总的试验步骤如下:
阶段1:空储存,保持时间10分钟(600°C)
阶段2:冷却到目标温度(10K/min),保持时间5分钟
阶段3:=NH3吸附阶段,保持时间20分钟
阶段4:=NH3吸附阶段:关掉NH3,保持时间20分钟
阶段5:=加热至600°C
阶段6:=空储存:接入NO,保持时间10分钟
重复阶段2到阶段6,直至最终温度点。接着切换气体混合物到旁路,记录第二进气测量。
在阶段3的保持时间末端,确定催化剂的留下填满储存的浓度:c(NH3)Ph3,end。通过c(NH3)Ph3,end和在催化剂c(NH3)Ph3,t下游检测出的NH3的量之间的差异,给出在时间t的任意一点上储存的NH3量:
Δc(NH3)Ph3,t=c(NH3)Ph3,end-c(NH3)Ph3,t。
在恰当的将浓度c(NH3)转化为质量m(NH3)后,考虑温度点的总储存能力m(NH3)[催化剂的mg/l],给出阶段3的绘图Δc(NH3)Ph3,t在时间t上的积分。
被检查的催化剂钻孔核心的NH3储存能力由刚生产出的状态(f)和老化状态(A-1)两者确定。作为NH3储存能力热稳定性的测量,通过上述试验确定的NH3储存能力的差异由每个测量温度确定:
Δm(NH3)=m(NH3)新鲜的-m(NH3)老化的
图7示出K3和CK3在200°C、300°C和400°C获得的Δm值。如上所指示的,相比CK3,K3在所有温度显示出明显更好的NH3储存能力的热稳定性。
实施例4
如图2b)所示生产层催化剂。为此目的,在实施例2中描述的涂层以70g/l的量应用于陶瓷流通过蜂窝状体,该蜂窝状体具有每平方厘米62个单元以及通过传统浸蘸工艺形成的厚度为0.17mm的单元墙壁,以及如同在实施例3中描述的煅烧。
接着,包含含铁β-沸石的悬浮液通过传统浸蘸工艺以150g/l的量应用到该涂层,如同比较实施例3所示干燥和煅烧。
为了生产包含含铁β-沸石的悬浮液,包含1.3%的Fe2O3和具有SAR=40的市售铁-β-沸石和作为助剂(0.8% AlOOH活化(勃姆石))的Al2O3和基于SiO2的粘合剂,4%的SiO2(非结晶的),9%的SiO2(溶胶)一起悬浮在水中。
实施例5
如图1a)所示生产区域催化剂。为此目的,在实施例2中描述的涂层在第一工作步骤以200g/l的量应用到陶瓷流通过蜂窝状体,该蜂窝状体具有每平方厘米62个单元以及通过传统浸蘸工艺形成的厚度为0.17mm的单元墙壁,但是仅对蜂窝状体从入口端面开始的50%长度进行。
在第二工作步骤,在比较实施例4中描述的涂层悬浮液以传统浸蘸工艺应用,但是仅对蜂窝状体从出口端面开始的50%长度进行操作,即多至在第一步骤应用的涂层。
以这种方式获得的区域催化剂被指定为K5。
如实施例1所指示的,在检查其催化活性之前,这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(CK5(A-1))也在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
实施例6
在实施例5中描述的方法被重复,不同之处在于,在第二工作步骤,在比较实施例3中描述的涂层悬浮液被应用代替在比较实施例4中描述的涂层悬浮液。
以这种方式获得的区域催化剂被指定为K6。
如实施例1所指示的,在检查其催化活性之前,这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(K6(A-1))也在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
比较实施例4
通过将市售SAPO-34悬浮在水中并添加硝酸铜水溶液生产涂层悬浮液。计算添加的硝酸铜溶液的量,以便基于交换的类沸石化合物的总重量,完成的催化剂含有按重量计2%的Cu。悬浮液被搅拌30分钟以完成离子交换,然后在添加作为粘合剂的硅石溶胶后,直接应用到陶瓷流通过蜂窝状体,其具有每平方厘米62个单元,0.165mm的单元墙壁厚度,以及具有92.96mm的直径和76.2mm的长度。以这种方式涂抹的蜂窝状体在90°C干燥,在350°C煅烧并在空气中在640°C热处理2小时。以这种方式获得的催化剂被指定为CK4。
如实施例1所指示的,在检查其催化活性之前,这种情况下的第二钻孔核心(CK4(A-1))也在炉中在包含按体积计10%的氧气和按体积计10%蒸汽氮的气氛下,在750°C热处理16小时。
如下测定根据本发明的催化剂K2((A-1))和K6((A-1))以及比较催化剂CK3((A-1))在引入NH3后的动态启动行为:
试验在实验室模型气体设备的支撑催化剂上进行。下列试验气体组合物被设定:
在不同温度,即250°C、300°C和350°C进行试验,该不同温度匹配于最相关安装在废气系统中其他废气净化装置下游的SCR系统使用的目标温度范围。在每个温度,循环由四个不同阶段组成,在下文中指定为阶段A到D,执行循环:
阶段A:气体混合物1;持续时间:5分钟;
阶段B:NH3 SCR阶段:气体混合物2;持续时间:到NH3突破20vppm或在给定时间后终止;
阶段C:气体混合物3;通过温度爬升到500°C空出NH3储存;
阶段D:气体混合物3;混合测量温度的设定。
在循环内,催化剂温度首先被引导到定义的目标温度。接着给催化剂被供应气体混合物1为5分钟(阶段A)。在阶段B,气体供应被切换到气体混合物2以便确定NH3SCR转化。该阶段在检测到NH3突破20vppm时停止或根据预预定的时间标准停止。随后气体混合物3被引入并且催化剂被加热到500°C以便空出氨储存(阶段C)。随后催化剂被冷却到下一个待检查测量温度(阶段D);在目标温度设定后,通过引入气体混合物1,下一个循环从阶段A开始。为从阶段B确定的恰当废气成分浓度的所有测量温度确定催化剂上游和下游的动态NOx转化。
由于动态启动行为的特征数,在阶段B开始后的5秒从测量的NOx浓度获得的NOx转化X(NOx)被计算。图8示出K2(A-1)、K6(A-1)和CK3(A-1)在250和300°C每个情况下确定的特征数。
根据本发明的催化剂K2(A-1)和K6(A-1)的较早启动行为可以从相比CK3(A-1)的明显较高的NOx转化X(NOx)看出,甚至仅在5秒后可以看出。
以类似的方式,根据本发明的催化剂K2(A-1)和K5(A-1)在引入NH3后的动态启动行为被确定以及比较催化剂CK4(A-1)的动态启动行为被确定,但是特征数在250°C和350°°C确定。结果在图9中示出。相比CK4(A-1),K2((A-1))和K5((A-1))表现出更早的启动行为。
在下面实施例7到13中描述的混合氧化物以及包含这些混合氧化物的催化剂也可以以类似于实施例1和实施例2的方式获得。他们类似地表现出作为SCR催化剂的良好性能:
具有良好性能的SCR催化剂还可以通过在实施例3到6的每一个中描述的混合氧化物被实施例7到13的混合氧化物之一替换来获得。
Claims (12)
1.由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的催化活性混合氧化物用于通过将氨作为还原剂在机动车中在主要为稀燃条件下运转的内燃机的废气中选择性催化还原氮氧化物的用途。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述混合氧化物由下列组成
按重量计:15%-50%的CeO2;
按重量计:3%-25%的Nb2O5;
按重量计:3%-10%的RE2O3;
余量的ZrO2,
其中,在每种情况下被计算为主要氧化物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途,其特征在于所述混合氧化物存在于应用到催化惰性载体的催化活性涂层中,所述催化惰性载体和涂层一起形成催化剂。
4.催化活性组合物,其包括(i)由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的混合氧化物,以及(ii)包含选自H+、NH4 +、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu+、Cu2+、Ag+及其混合物的可交换阳离子的沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物。
5.催化剂,其包括(i)由氧化铈、氧化铌、稀土金属倍半氧化物和氧化锆组成的混合氧化物,以及(ii)包含选自H+、NH4 +、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu+、Cu2+、Ag+及其混合物的可交换阳离子的沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物选自β-沸石、USY、ZSM-5、CHA、FER、ERI、SAPO-11、SAPO-17、SAPO-34、SAPO-56、ALPO-11、ALPO-17、ALPO-34和ALPO-56。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述催化剂作为涂层的惰性载体存在,其中所述混合氧化物存在于应用到其上的至少一个催化活性涂层,以及所述沸石化合物和/或类沸石化合物存在于另外的物理隔离的催化活性涂层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述催化活性涂层被配置为以载体上废气流动方向水平地一个接着一个的区域。
9.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述催化活性涂层被安排成在载体上成分的总长度上垂直叠置的层。
10.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂,其特征在于选自氧化铝、氧化锆和二氧化硅的粘合剂存在于至少一个催化活性涂层中。
11.根据权利要求5到10任一项所述催化剂的用途,用于净化主要运转在稀燃条件下内燃机废气。
12.根据权利要求5到10任一项所述催化剂的用途,所述催化剂在添加,任选地以能够分解形成氨的化合物的形式,作为待净化废气还原剂的氨后,用于选择性催化还原来自主要运转在稀燃状态下的内燃机废气中的氮氧化物。
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