CN102802414A - 杀体外寄生虫方法和制剂 - Google Patents
杀体外寄生虫方法和制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102802414A CN102802414A CN2010800264796A CN201080026479A CN102802414A CN 102802414 A CN102802414 A CN 102802414A CN 2010800264796 A CN2010800264796 A CN 2010800264796A CN 201080026479 A CN201080026479 A CN 201080026479A CN 102802414 A CN102802414 A CN 102802414A
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- ethyl pleocidin
- cat
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- flea
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Abstract
提供的是使用乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐用于外部控制动物中的体外寄生虫侵扰的方法和制剂。
Description
体外寄生虫例如蚤、虱、蝇、蚊子、蜱和螨对于人和动物同样是成问题的。通过减少重量增长,引起弱品质皮革、羊毛和肉,并且在某些情况下导致死亡,此类害虫严重影响驯养动物工业中的生产力。体外寄生虫还引起伴侣动物中的疾病和不适。已知体外寄生虫携带对于人是致病性的细菌和病毒。体外寄生虫引起的疾病包括例如疟疾、淋巴性丝虫病、沙眼、锥虫病和河盲。
用于控制体外寄生虫的努力已包括杀昆虫剂和杀虫剂的使用。例如其为天然衍生的发酵产物的多杀菌素(spinosyns)已用作动物和人中的杀体外寄生虫药。(Snyder,US 6,063,771和US 6,664,237;Kassebaum等人,US 6,933,318;和Janssen等人,7,030,095)。
多杀菌素的衍生物已用于农业应用中。(DeAmicis等人,US 6,001,981)。乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)是25-90%、优选50-90%(2R,3aR,5aR,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bR)-2-(6-脱氧-3-O-乙基-2,4-二-O-甲基-l-.α.-L-甘露吡喃糖基氧基)-13-[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(二甲氨基)四氢--6-甲基吡喃-2-基氧基]-9-乙基-2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b—十六氢-14-甲基-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]氧杂环dodecine-7,15-二酮(下文称为“二氢-Et-J”,式I),和10-75%、优选10-50%(2R,3aR,5aS,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bS)-2-(6-脱氧-3-O-乙基-2,4-二-O-甲基- l-.α.-L-甘露吡喃糖基氧基)-13-[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(二甲氨基)四氢--6-甲基吡喃-2-基氧基]-9-乙基-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-十四氢-4,14-二甲基-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-o] 氧杂环dodecine-7,15-二酮(下文称为“Et-L”,式II)的混合物的通用名。
式I。
式II。
(Podhorez等人,US 2008/0108800A1)。乙基多杀菌素描述为在各种作物中提供广谱昆虫害虫的长效控制(Dow AgroSciences Spinetoram Technical Bulletin,2006年11月)。已报道乙基多杀菌素已在新西兰登记为仁果市场中的杀昆虫剂。(“Dow AgroSciences Receives First Global Registration for Spinetoram Insecticide,” Dow AgroSciences Newsroom,Corporate News,2007年8月10日)。
虽然多杀菌素及其他杀昆虫剂(insecticides)和杀虫剂(pesticides)的使用已是有利的,但需要可替代或改善的制剂和方法。希望制剂和方法将不仅提供将可替代治疗,还将克服目前治疗的至少某些局限性。此类局限性包括毒性和安全、功效(效力和持续时间)和抗性问题。还影响杀昆虫剂和杀虫剂的有利使用的是施用障碍,这包括施用的模式和重现。例如,减少施用频率同时维持效力是希望的,因为对动物给药通常是不方便和/或困难的。本发明涵盖用于在动物中使用的杀体外寄生虫方法和制剂,这提供了用于对抗体外寄生虫(ectoparasiticite)侵扰的可替代选择。进一步地,它们克服了在目前杀昆虫剂和杀虫剂的使用中的至少某些局限性,特别是提供体外寄生虫的有效长期、安全、外部控制。本发明提供了极佳的杀死速度(speed-of-kill)和残留功效。
本发明提供了通过给动物外部施用有效量的乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐来控制动物的体外寄生虫侵扰的方法,以及使用乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐和药学可接受的载体用于外部控制体外寄生虫侵扰的药物制剂。本发明还提供了用于控制犬或猫的蚤侵扰的方法,其通过给所述犬或猫外部施用有效量的乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐实施。使用乙基多杀菌素的方法和制剂的另一个方面是提供体外寄生虫侵扰的延长外部控制的能力,从而减少对动物给药的重现,例如不超过每1或2周,或每月或更多,以及起始击倒功效。
宿主动物可以是哺乳动物或非哺乳动物,例如鸟类(火鸡、鸡)或鱼类。当宿主动物是哺乳动物时,它可以是人或非人哺乳动物。非人哺乳动物包括驯养动物,例如家畜动物和伴侣动物。家畜动物包括牛、骆驼科动物、猪、绵羊、山羊和马。伴侣动物包括犬、兔、猫和作为人动物联结的一部分与人紧密相关而拥有且维持的其他宠物。对于猫,动物优选是8周或更大。
体外寄生虫包括通常侵扰或感染动物的昆虫和蜱螨害虫,并且包括其卵、幼虫、蛹、若虫和成体期。此类害虫包括蚤、虱、蚊子、螨、蜱和吸血、叮咬或公害蝇物种。特定靶是蚤且更特别是猫蚤(Ctenocephalides felis)。人虱(Pediculus humanus)和耻阴虱(Pthirus pubis)是人中的2个特定靶。
“控制”指在动物宿主中改善或消除目前侵扰,或预防侵扰。
“外部地(topically)”定义为应用于动物或人的外表面区域,并且包括皮肤或毛发。该剂量不包括非普通的全身、例如经皮应用。
“有效量”指足以控制体外寄生虫的乙基多杀菌素或其盐的量,并且包括引起体外寄生虫侵扰群体中可测量的减少。这种控制可以是乙基多杀菌素或其缀合物或盐在害虫进食时进入其系统的结果,或通过由于乙基多杀菌素或其缀合物或盐的存在的排斥作用。在该方法中关于乙基多杀菌素或其盐的范围是大于0.01 - 1000、希望地0.1 - 500、和更希望地10 - 350 mg/kg动物重量。
如本申请中使用的,例如就盐和制剂组分例如载体和成分而言的“药学可接受的”包括“兽医学可接受的”和“皮肤病学可接受的”,并且因此包括人和动物应用。
药学可接受的盐和用于制备其的常见方法是本领域已知的。参见例如,P. Stahl,等人,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties,Selection and Use,(VCHA/Wiley-VCH,2002);S.M. Berge,等人,“Pharmaceutical Salts,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,第66卷,No. 1,1977年1月。盐的例子包括但不限于通过与有机和无机酸的标准反应形成的盐,例如硫酸、盐酸、磷酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、马来酸、延胡索酸、胆酸、扑酸、粘酸、谷氨酸、樟脑酸、戊二酸、羟乙酸、苯二甲酸、酒石酸、甲酸、月桂酸、硬脂酸、水杨酸、甲磺酸、苯磺酸、山梨酸、苦味酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸等酸。
术语“载体”在本文中用于描述除制剂中的活性组分外的任何成分。载体的选择在很大程度上将取决于因素例如具体施用方式、载体对溶解性和稳定性的作用、和剂型的性质。
乙基多杀菌素及其盐可以配制为药物组合物用于外部施用。此类药物组合物和用于制备其的方法是本领域已知的。乙基多杀菌素或其盐可以以大于0%- 90%的量存在于制剂中,希望地0.1%- 50%,且更希望地1%- 45%,所述量全部是重量百分比。特定制剂包含在纯化基础上的约39.6%乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐,其中制剂的其余部分是一种或多种载体。本发明的制剂还可以含有其他任选成分例如:抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂、表面活性剂、螯合剂、润湿剂、混溶剂(miscibilizing agents)、UV吸收化合物或光稳定剂、粘度改性剂、抗微生物剂、其他活性剂、染料、香料、调节剂、除臭剂和生理学或皮肤病学可接受的稀释剂、赋形剂或佐剂。此类试剂是本领域已知的。此类任选成分可以是例如:苯甲醇,按重量计30-65%,且更通常45-60%;Dowanol DPM,按重量计0 - 15 %,且更通常0 - 10%;及其他成分,例如丁基羟基甲苯(BHT),按重量计0 - 2%,且更通常0.1 - 1.0%。
乙基多杀菌素或其盐的施用可以通过任何合适应用外部施用。通过将组合物直接铺在或敷在皮肤或毛发上,化合物和制剂可以外部施用于动物。通过点上(spot-on)应用、投入(plunge)或喷雾浸渍,用手提式喷雾器或在滚道(race)中喷射,或作为反线喷雾(back-line spray)或倾倒(pour-on),可以应用制剂。施用可以每天、每周、每2周或每月1次发生,这取决于例如对于害虫的侵扰和暴露的严重性。虽然每月1次施用在大多数情况下是通常优选的,但应当理解在某些情况下,在给药后的足够残留功效延长5、6、7、8或9周或更多。例如,对于猫蚤(C. felis),90%或更多的残留功效可以在给药后延长超过9周。
在本发明中有用的制剂涉及适合于外部应用于皮肤或毛发的制剂,并且可以制成广泛多样的产品类型。这些包括但不限于溶液、气溶胶、洗剂、乳膏、凝胶、粘贴剂(sticks)、软膏、糊剂、润丝膏、洗发水和沐浴露。
乙基多杀菌素使用体外和体内生物测定进行评估,以测定外部活性。在许多测定中,刺糖菌素用作比较物或历史阳性对照,同时采用其他标准(氟虫腈、氯菊酯、吡虫啉)。乙基多杀菌素用作技术活性物以及用于制剂中。
幼虫小包测试(LPT)/ 蜱:以三氯乙烯:橄榄油的2:1比配制测试材料。用1ml配制材料(n = 3/测试水平)饱和组织活组织检查袋,并且允许袋在通风橱中干燥至少2小时。将约50 – 100个幼体期蜱置于每个袋内,并且使用塑料透析钳夹封闭袋,并且在27℃和95%相对湿度温育24小时。随后打开袋,并且计数活/死的蜱。非线性回归用于建模剂量-死亡率关系,且获得与同时期对照(仅溶剂或氟虫腈)比较的相对功效(LD50)数据。
成年厩蝇或家蝇测定(ASF,AhsF)。这个测定基本上如下述中所述进行:White,W.H.,S.M. Bauer,X. Zhao等人,Comparison of in vitro and in vivo ectoparasiticide activity of an experimental benzimidazole-carbamate with permethrin and amitraz, J. Med. Entomol. 42,207-211(2005);和 White,W.H.,C.M. McCoy,J.A. Meyer等人,Knockdown and mortality comparisons among spinosad-,imidacloprid-,and methomyl-containing baits against susceptible Musca domestica(Diptera:Muscidae)under laboratory conditions, J. Econ. Entomol. 100,155-163(2007)。
在DMSO中以10mM配制测试材料。进行在相似溶剂中的二倍稀释,以获得10个测试水平。材料在牛血清(厩蝇)或5%葡萄糖溶液(家蝇)中稀释,以获得200 – 0.39 μM的所需暴露浓度。将约3ml稀释的测试材料置于试管内(n = 3/测试水平),并且牙科纤维(dental wick)用于吸收流体。将一根牙科纤维置于100mm培养皿内的小称重舟皿内。使用二氧化碳麻醉约10只混合性别的成年苍蝇且计数到每个皿内。皿在27℃和50 – 70%相对湿度下温育。苍蝇从麻醉中恢复且以化合物浸泡的牙科纤维为食。在24小时后,计数活/死的苍蝇。非线性回归用于建模剂量-死亡率关系,且获得与同时期对照(仅溶剂或氟虫腈)比较的相对功效(LD50)数据。
蚤接触测定(FCA)/猫蚤:在丙酮中以所需暴露浓度配制测试材料并且执行二倍稀释,以获得总共10个测试水平。将约0.05ml配制材料分配到含有少量狗毛的试管底部。允许丙酮在通风橱中蒸发过夜。使用二氧化碳麻醉约10只混合性别的成年猫蚤且分配到每个管内。使用通风塑料盖封闭管,并且在27℃和75 - 80%相对湿度温育。在24小时后,计数活/死的蚤。非线性回归用于建模剂量-死亡率关系,且获得与同时期对照(仅丙酮或氟虫腈)比较的相对功效(LD50)数据。
下表1展示了关于乙基多杀菌素(技术)与标准比较的体外特征的概括。
表1.
与刺糖菌素比较,乙基多杀菌素显示出在体外针对成年家蝇和成年猫蚤明显更大的杀昆虫活性(分别5.5和2.4倍更有效)。
乙基多杀菌素与Elector
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用于在经处理板上控制家蝇的击倒和残留功效测试和比较
将乙基多杀菌素(120 g/L悬液浓缩物)和刺糖菌素(25 g/L悬液浓缩物,Elector)的测试材料浓缩物在蒸馏水中稀释至对于用Elector控制家蝇的0.04%(仅乙基多杀菌素)或0.08%(两者)/标签推荐的前提喷雾器使用率的所需测试浓度。得自商业建筑物供应商的一平方英尺板由未处理的胶合板、混凝土和金属片组成。使用外部级别乳胶白色乳胶漆预处理且油漆第二组胶合板和混凝土基质。将稀释的材料喷雾到板上达到流出的程度(约5秒/板)。测试总共4块板/处理组(n = 4)。使用二氧化碳麻醉家蝇并且置于固定在板上的塑料容器内。存在4个亚重复容器/板,每个容器含有10只混合性别的成年苍蝇(40只苍蝇/板)。葡萄糖饱和的牙科纤维通过每个杯中的洞固定,以提供用于苍蝇的食物和水来源。板在测试自始至终保持直立。以紧在处理应用后4、8、24、48和72小时的暴露后间隔,并且再次在每周基础上共1个月,评估苍蝇死亡率和濒死率(moribundity)。
表2显示经处理的板上的几何平均值百分比家蝇减少。
表2
在对金属片和未油漆的混凝土板的一半应用率时,乙基多杀菌素等价于或优于Elector。当与在未油漆的胶合板上的Elector比较时,乙基多杀菌素显示等价起始活性和边缘上差的残留活性。
替代动物生物测定/蜱(美洲壁虱( Amblyomma americanum ))和蚤:外部暴露 – 在乙醇或丙酮中以所需测试浓度配制测试材料,一般为6%活性成分或更低。在乙醇中执行二倍或对数稀释,以获得另外的测试浓度(3.0、0.3、0.03和0.003 mg/cm3)。蜱容纳单元与成年雄性或雌性大鼠的背部附着,并且将0.05ml配制的测试材料外部应用于在容纳单元内的表面区域。允许材料干燥过夜,在这个时间后将10只未进食的犬蜱若虫置于每个容纳单元内。总共5只大鼠通常用于每个测试浓度。允许蜱在经处理的动物上附着且进食48小时,在这个时间后将容纳单元打开且计数活/死的蜱。大鼠可以在蜱侵扰时由成年猫蚤共侵扰,以获得关于使用相同动物的外部杀昆虫活性的数据。在乙醇中的乙基多杀菌素显示出等价于刺糖菌素那种的针对蜱若虫的外部活性,而在丙酮中,显示出与刺糖菌素比较约5 – 10倍的效力。
牛杀体外寄生虫药测试(CET)/角蝇(扰血蝇( Haematobia irritans ))和/或成年蜱(美洲壁虱):将牛饲养在环境控制的房间中,1或2只动物/房间,所述房间具有纱门和通风系统以防止苍蝇逃跑。在处理应用后,将限定数目的角蝇释放到每个房间内(一般在或超过200只苍蝇/动物的经济阈值)。在限定时间段后,计数保留在动物上的活角蝇数目。如果进行角蝇和蜱实验的组合,那么将成年孤星壁虱置于粘在牛的背部上的外科布袋套内。将牛限制在环境控制的房间内的修饰总阀门中。可以计数角蝇,随后为在容纳单元内的死蜱数目的测定。一般存在2个容纳单元/动物和至少2只动物/处理组。
A)乙基多杀菌素与Elector针对在牛上的孤星壁虱(美洲壁虱)侵扰的单次剂量功效测试和比较。使用与Elector中发现相同的制剂组分,将技术乙基多杀菌素配制为25 g/L悬液浓缩物。将测试材料作为全身外部喷雾应用于动物。总共2只动物/处理组;每只动物包含在3个容纳单元内的蜱(n = 3/动物或n = 6/处理组)。将浓缩物(25 g/L)在水中稀释;等价于关于Elector的销售率的处理水平(0.5 g AI/动物)。表3展示在对经处理的动物的所示暴露间隔后的蜱减少百分比(± SD),并且表4展示关于乙基多杀菌素和Elector针对在牛上的成年孤星蜱的杀死速度评估。
表3
表4
当以0.5 g/动物的剂量外部应用于牛时,乙基多杀菌素显示出针对实验孤星壁虱侵扰与Elector等价的活性(效力和杀死速度)。
B)当作为倾倒或外部喷雾外部应用于牛时,乙基多杀菌素和Elector针对角蝇的治疗和残留功效测试。使用如先前描述的乙基多杀菌素(120 g/L)、Elector(25 g/L 刺糖菌素)。将测试材料作为全身外部喷雾或净倾倒应用于动物。在作为倾倒应用前,将乙基多杀菌素在水中稀释到25 g/L。将2种材料在水中稀释到0.04%(400ppm)用于作为在1L/动物的总体积中的全身喷雾应用。存在总共6只动物/处理组(n = 6)加上6只阴性对照动物。使用肉牛和乳牛。在处理后,将角蝇释放到包含牛的房间内。在攻击后24小时计数活的苍蝇。表5展示在用乙基多杀菌素倾倒(2 mg/kg)或喷雾(0.04%AI)和Elector倾倒(2 mg/kg)或喷雾(0.04%AI)处理受侵扰的牛后,角蝇减少几何平均值百分比。
表5
当作为倾倒(2 mg/kg)或全身外部喷雾(0.04%AI)应用于受角蝇侵扰的牛时,乙基多杀菌素和Elector提供等价治疗功效。
C)外部应用的乙基多杀菌素与刺糖菌素用于治疗在牛上的具环牛蜱(Boophilus annulatus)侵扰的功效测试和比较。将技术乙基多杀菌素和技术刺糖菌素都配制为类似于商业Elector的25 g/L悬液浓缩物制剂。进行稳定性测定(HPLC和LPT生物测定)以证实在冷和保存温度经过延长时间段(5周)的效力。牛在用幼体期具环牛蜱蜱处理前21天进行预侵扰,产生在处理时极高数目的这种蜱的所有3个生活阶段的存在。将测试材料稀释到0.025%(250ppm),且作为在10L/动物的体积中的全身外部喷雾应用于牛。存在总共6只动物/处理组(n = 6)。在温度和湿度的环境条件下将动物饲养在有盖厩中。在每天基础上在每个厩中从动物中找回充血、脱离的成年雌性蜱。称重卵块并且使卵孵化以评估活力。以雌性蜱总数目/动物和抱卵数(fecundity)指数(IF)的方式测量功效。表6展示作为全身喷雾以0.025%活性成分(AI)应用于受具环牛蜱侵扰的牛的刺糖菌素和乙基多杀菌素的治疗功效,如通过雌性蜱的平均数目/牛、总抱卵数指数(IF)和IF的总体控制(± SD)反映的。表7展示针对从用刺糖菌素和乙基多杀菌素以0.025%AI处理的牛中回收的具环牛蜱的不同寄生生活阶段(成体、若虫、幼虫)获得的治疗功效(± SD)。表8展示在处理后以每周间隔针对作为幼虫侵扰的具环牛蜱蜱获得的IF的残留功效或控制平均百分率(± SD)。
表6
处理 | ♀♀ 蜱数目/牛 | 总抱卵数指数(IF) | IF的控制百分率 |
未处理的 | 3506 ± 950 a | 399.5 ± 118.8 a | ---------- |
刺糖菌素 | 2423 ± 311 a | 289 ± 40.1 a | 27.6 ± 10.0 a |
乙基多杀菌素 | 2405 ± 306 a | 287 ± 35.4 a | 28.0 ± 8.9 a |
通过普通线性模型(GLM),单因素ANOVA测试平均值。使用Tukey的所有配对比较分离在平均值中的差异(P<0.05)。在同一列内随后为不同字母的平均值在P<0.05水平是显著的。
表7
通过普通线性模型(GLM),双因素ANOVA测试平均值,寄生生活阶段和处理组作为主要效应。NS指示不显著。
表8
处理组 | 第1周 | 第2周 | 第3周 | 第4周 |
刺糖菌素 | 97.6 ± 2.1 | 98.5 ± 1.2 | 89.4 ± 6.2 | 89.7 ± 4.8 |
乙基多杀菌素 | 95.3 ± 3.3 | 96.7 ± 2.3 | 89.3 ± 8.0 | 80.4 ± 11.5 |
乙基多杀菌素和刺糖菌素显示针对具环牛蜱的弱起始/击倒活性,但提供直到2周>96%和直到4周>80%的不受幼虫再侵扰的良好保护(表8)。
作为用于控制猫蚤侵扰的外部点上的乙基多杀菌素的第一次评估。进行研究以评估外部应用用于控制在猫上的蚤(猫蚤)的各种剂量乙基多杀菌素的安全和功效。将20只猫分配到各5只猫的4个组内。
外部溶液是:
A)在50/50 w/w乙醇/肉豆蔻酸异丙酯)的载体中的202 mg/ml(理论)乙基多杀菌素
B)在87/13 w/w苯甲醇/ Dowanol DPM[二(丙二醇)甲醚] 的载体中的205 mg/ml(理论)乙基多杀菌素
C)在75/25 w/w异丙醇/ Dowanol DPM[二(丙二醇)甲醚] 的载体中的198 mg/ml(理论)乙基多杀菌素
还采用载体对照。上述溶液靶向约27 mg/kg的点剂量。在第0天时,在3个处理组中的每只动物接受作为外部点上应用于在肩胛骨之间的皮肤上的溶液A、B或C。
在第-8、-1、5、12、28、35和42天时,动物受蚤侵扰。处理后24小时评估击倒活性,而在第5天再侵扰开始的再侵扰后约48小时评估残留活性。
所有3个制剂提供100%治疗(起始)击倒,直到第14天具有100%残留控制。对于所有3种制剂,残留功效保持至少1个月大于95%,并且超过一个月大于93%。制剂B显示出直到第37天具有99%功效和直到第44天90%功效的残留活性最长时期。制剂A和C在第37和44天之间某时降到90%功效之下。预期40 - 50 mg/kg的处理水平将提供针对在猫上的反复蚤侵扰60天或更多的残留控制。
作为用于控制猫蚤侵扰的外部点上的乙基多杀菌素的第二次评估。进行研究以评估外部应用用于控制在猫上的蚤(猫蚤)的各种剂量乙基多杀菌素的安全和功效。将28只猫分配到各4只猫的7个组内。
外部溶液是:
1)乙基多杀菌素42%w/v(210 mg乙基多杀菌素/0.5 ml剂量)
2)乙基多杀菌素20.5%w/v(205 mg乙基多杀菌素/1.0 ml剂量)
3)安慰剂/载体对照
每种制剂基于上文描述的制剂B(87/13苯甲醇/Dowanol DPM)进行制备。
如下在第0天时通过点上应用外部处理各组:
组7接受在第30天时的第二次应用。溶液以所示剂量体积应用,以递送以1X处理率的约210 mg乙基多杀菌素/猫,以0.8X处理率的168 mg/猫,和以1.2X处理率的252 mg/猫。
在第-6、-1、7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56和63天时,动物受蚤侵扰。在第1天时处理后约24小时,并且在第9、16、23、30、37、44、51、58和65天时侵扰后约24小时评估蚤功效。
乙基多杀菌素溶液在处理后24小时内达到100%控制。1X(210 mg)剂量组显示对于溶液#2直到第44天,并且对于溶液#1直到第65天的100%控制。所有乙基多杀菌素处理(0.8X – 168 mg、1X – 210 mg和1.2X – 252 mg)导致直到处理后65天的大于90%功效。
作为用于控制猫蚤侵扰的外部点上的乙基多杀菌素的第三次评估。进行研究以评估外部应用用于控制在猫上的蚤(猫蚤)的乙基多杀菌素的杀死速度功效。将36只猫平均分配到6个组内。一个组是无处理和无载体组。在研究第-8和-1天时,每只猫受约100只新近出现的、未进食成年蚤(猫蚤)侵扰,其中大致分成50/50只雄性与雌性蚤。使用的外部溶液是在纯化基础上39.6%w/w(210 mg乙基多杀菌素/0.5 ml剂量)的乙基多杀菌素,连同苯甲醇和丁基羟基甲苯。经处理的组在研究第0天时通过以皮肤水平在头盖骨底部应用给药1次,并且如下进行蚤计数:
组 | 处理后蚤计数 |
1(未处理的) | 研究第0天和处理后24小时 |
2 | 研究第0天和处理后1小时 |
3 | 研究第0天和处理后24小时 |
4 | 研究第0天和处理后4小时 |
5 | 研究第0天和处理后8小时 |
6 | 研究第0天和处理后12小时 |
到处理后4小时,观察到在活蚤数目中的63.2%减少。到给药后8小时,功效水平已增加到94.6%。功效在12和24小时时间点继续改善,具有基本上完全的控制(分别为98.6%和100%)。
在处理后7天时,超过90%蚤在另外侵扰的1小时内被杀死,其中100%减少在另外侵扰后4、8、12和24小时观察到。
在处理后28天时,在另外侵扰后1小时观察到80.7%的蚤减少,在4小时的91.6%减少,在8小时的98.5%减少,和在12和24小时的100%减少。
如上文举例说明的,乙基多杀菌素展示极佳的残留功效和杀死速度功效。
Claims (23)
1.一种控制动物的体外寄生虫侵扰的方法,其包括给所述动物外部施用有效量的乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述动物是驯养动物。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述驯养动物是伴侣动物。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述伴侣动物是犬或猫。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述施用是点上、投入或喷雾浸渍,用手提式喷雾器或在滚道中喷射,或作为反线喷雾或倾倒。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述施用不超过每2周1次执行。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中所述施用不超过每月1次执行。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述体外寄生虫是昆虫。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述昆虫是蚤。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述有效量是0.01 - 1000 mg/kg所述动物的体重。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述有效量是10 - 350 mg/kg所述动物的体重。
12.一种用于控制犬或猫的蚤侵扰的方法,其包括给所述犬或猫外部施用有效量的乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述蚤是猫蚤。
14.权利要求12的方法,其中所述施用不超过每2周1次执行。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述施用不超过每月1次执行。
16.权利要求12的方法,其中所述有效量是10 - 350 mg/kg所述犬或猫的体重。
17.一种用于外部控制体外寄生虫侵扰的药物制剂,其包含乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐和药学可接受的载体。
18.权利要求17的药物制剂,其中所述乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐以按所述制剂重量计大于0%- 90%的量存在于所述制剂中。
19.权利要求18的药物制剂,其中所述乙基多杀菌素或其药学可接受的盐以按所述制剂重量计1 - 45%的量存在于所述制剂中。
20.权利要求17的药物制剂,其中所述制剂适合于点上、投入或喷雾浸渍,用手提式喷雾器或在滚道中喷射,或作为反线喷雾或倾倒施用。
21.权利要求20的药物制剂,其中所述制剂是洗发水、调节剂或润丝膏。
22.权利要求17的药物制剂,其不超过每2周1次施用。
23.权利要求22的药物制剂,其不超过每月1次施用。
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WO2010148053A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
ES2658155T3 (es) | 2018-03-08 |
EP2442646A1 (en) | 2012-04-25 |
US20150045313A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
NZ596645A (en) | 2013-09-27 |
MX2011014028A (es) | 2012-02-21 |
PL2442646T3 (pl) | 2018-06-29 |
AU2010260102B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 |
JP2012530709A (ja) | 2012-12-06 |
PT2442646T (pt) | 2018-03-26 |
US8871727B2 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
CA2764401A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
EP2442646B1 (en) | 2018-01-10 |
CN102802414B (zh) | 2014-07-23 |
JP5738853B2 (ja) | 2015-06-24 |
TWI510189B (zh) | 2015-12-01 |
IL216441A0 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
TW201102000A (en) | 2011-01-16 |
NZ614975A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
US20100324129A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
CA2764401C (en) | 2014-02-18 |
AU2010260102A1 (en) | 2011-12-08 |
CN104115831A (zh) | 2014-10-29 |
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