CN1027607C - 高灵敏度半导体气敏元件 - Google Patents

高灵敏度半导体气敏元件 Download PDF

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CN1027607C
CN1027607C CN91108927A CN91108927A CN1027607C CN 1027607 C CN1027607 C CN 1027607C CN 91108927 A CN91108927 A CN 91108927A CN 91108927 A CN91108927 A CN 91108927A CN 1027607 C CN1027607 C CN 1027607C
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CN1070283A (zh
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吴兴惠
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Yunnan University YNU
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    • G01N27/02Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/04Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
    • G01N27/12Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • G01N33/0004Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0031General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector comprising two or more sensors, e.g. a sensor array

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Abstract

一种高灵敏度半导体气敏元件,由N型和P型半导体材料制成的两种敏感体构成一个整体气敏元件,并包含有衬底、电极和加热器,其特征是这两种敏感体对待测气体均敏感,两者可组合成N-P型或P-N型结构,当接触待测气体时,P型敏感体的电阻随待测气体浓度增大而增大,N型敏感体的电阻却随之而减小。所以该元件的灵敏度近似等于构成它的这两种敏感体各自灵敏度的乘积,因而可实现检测气体的高灵敏度,同时还可实现选择性倍增,改善热稳定性和初期驰豫特性,增强抗环境湿度的能力。

Description

本发明涉及一种高灵敏度半导体气敏元件,适用于所有的气敏传感器。
半导体电阻式气敏元件由于其灵敏度较高,制作工艺不复杂,使用方便灵活等优点,因而成为目前气敏元件中发展最快,应用最广的一类,且品种越来越多,检测气体的检测发展到毒气、香气、臭气和新鲜度的检测。在半导体和集成电路生产用气体中,有的毒性很大,要求检测的浓度为1-10ppm,甚至要求ppb级。从预防中毒、保障人身安全的角度考虑,常常需要向低浓度检测延伸,向高灵敏度发展。如防止慢性中毒,8小时劳动允许浓度,对H2S其平均值为15ppm,对CO为50ppm;防止急性中毒,15分钟内暴露的充许浓度H2S为100ppm,CO为400ppm。可是,现有的气敏元件(见图1)难于满足这一测量要求。
就提高半导体电阻式气敏元件灵敏度的方法而言,目前常采用的方法有:
(1)添加催化剂,提高气敏材料的活性;
(2)材料超微粒化;
(3)寻找新的敏感特性好的材料。
然而,采用这些方法提高气敏元件的灵敏度是有一定限度的,这些方法制出的元件很难实现ppb级的检测。
申请号为90100522.3的中国专利申请,利用对待测气体和干扰气体敏感特性不同的两种气敏基本材料合在一起构成一个整体气敏元件,使气敏元件的选择性和稳定性得到了很大改善,但气敏元件的高灵敏度问题尚未解决。
本发明的目的是提供一种高灵敏度半导体气敏元件,该元件由不同的两个敏感体组合而构成,其灵敏度近似等于构成整体气敏元件的两个敏感体的灵敏度之乘积,因此,可使气敏元件的灵敏度倍增。
本发明的目的是这样实现的:用N、P型两种不同导电类型的半导体气敏材料分别制作成两个敏感体,然后将两者组合,构成N-P型或P-N型整体气敏元件(见图2)。由于接触待测气体时,N型敏感体的电阻随气体浓度增大而减小,P型敏感体的电阻随气体浓度的增大而增大,当按图2的测量电路通电后,可使以两者的分压作为输出信号的电压VT值较之图1所示的只用一种敏感材料作成的气敏元件输出信号增加了许多,因而灵敏度得到了显著提高。
本发明的理论依据是互补增强原理,具体分析如下:
参见图1所示的现有气敏元件原理,负载RL不随检测气体浓度而变,仅有气敏元件电阻R随检测气体浓度而变。但对于本发明的气敏元件(参见图2),N、P两个敏感体的电阻值RN和RP均随检测气体浓度的变化而变化,当检测气体浓度增大时,RN随之减小,RP随之增大,只要两个敏感体在检测气体中(包括检测气体浓度为零的情况)的电阻值RN和RP满足:
对于N-P型,RN>RP
对于P-N型,RP>RN
就可使输出信号电压VT随检测气体浓度的变化比RL为固定电阻时的输出信号电压VL要大得多,其灵敏度β值近似等于两个敏感体的灵敏度β1、β2的乘积,从而提高了检测灵敏度。本发明的这种N-P型或P-N型气敏元件,由于其灵敏度较之现有技术成倍提高,故称倍增型气敏元件。
本发明相对现有气敏元件有以下优点:
1、可实现高灵敏度。当构成整体气敏元件的两种敏感元件的两种敏感体满足:对于N-P型,RN>RP;对于P-N型,RP>RN时,整体气敏元件的灵敏度近似等于构成它的两种敏感体各自灵敏度的乘积。因而,可较容易地使气敏元件的灵敏度从目前的ppm(10-8)提高到ppb(10-9)级。
2、当构成整体气敏元件的两种敏感体对相同气体都具有选择性,但其选择性不是很好时,本发明的倍增型气敏元件可实现选择性倍增,即整体气敏元件的选择性等于各敏感体选择性的乘积,因而提高了选择性。
3、获得真正广谱型(通用型)的气敏元件。由于按本发明制作的元件,其灵敏度和选择性具有互补增强作用,因此,可使整体气敏元件对各种气体的灵敏度和选择性得到互补倍增,从而实现对多种气体的高灵敏度检测。
4、本发明的倍增型气敏元件在N型敏感体的温度系数的绝对值大于或等于P型敏感体的温度系数绝对值时,还可实现高热稳定性和小的零点漂移,在较大的自由度下使其热稳定性较之现有结构的气敏元件为好。
5、倍增型气敏元件还可改善初期驰豫特性和增强抗环境湿度的能力。
附图说明:
图1是现有气敏元件的工作原理。其中R、RL分别为气敏元件电阻和负载电阻;VC、VH、VL分别为工作电压、加热电压和输出信号电压。
图2为本发明的气敏元件工作原理。图中A、B分别代表N-P或P-N两种不同组合的敏感体,对于N-P型,A表示N型敏感体,B为P型敏感体;对于P-N型,A代表P型敏感体,B代表N型敏感体。VT为输出信号电压。
图3是烧结型N-P结构气敏元件的剖面图。A、B分别为N型或P型材料制成的敏感体,1、2、3为电极,4为加热器,5为陶瓷管。
图4是N-P结构气敏元件电极与管座接线图。其中1、2、3为电极,4为加热器。
图5是薄膜型或厚膜型气敏元件的俯视图。1、2、3为电极,4为加热器,5为衬底。
图6是薄膜型或厚膜型气敏元件加热器的仰视图。
实施例:
根据本发明制作的气敏元件有烧结型、薄膜型和厚膜型三种。下面结合附图详细说明它们的材料组合、结构及其制作方法。
一、材料组合
构成整体气敏元件的两种敏感体的材料都可采用陶瓷、半导体(无机化合物和有机半导体),其组合方式有N-P型或P-N型。这两种类型中的N-P或P-N分别与图2中的A、B相对应。A、B两种敏感体的材料选择不同,可得到对不同气体高灵敏度的气敏元件。
二、结构及其制作方法。
1、烧结型
如图3所示,烧结型气敏元件是以陶瓷管为载体,在其上制作互不相联的三组电极(1)、(2)、(3),它们分别作为接地、接输出信号VT,接工作电压VC之用,加热电极(4)置于陶瓷管中间。之后,再在电极(1)和(2)之间涂上气敏材料B,在电极(2)和(3)之间涂上气敏材料A,经过烧结处理,再将所得管芯焊接于底座上(如图4),经封装后,即成为本发明的气敏元件。
2、薄膜型和厚膜型
如图5、图6所示,薄膜型和厚膜型是将RuO2或Pt浆在陶瓷基片或表面有SiO2的硅片或玻璃衬底背面或正面制作三组电极(1)、(2)、(3),它们也是分别作为接地、接输出信号VT,接工作电压VC之用。然后用蒸发、溅射和化学相沉积(含等离子气相沉积)的方法,将敏感体A沉积制作在电极(2)和(3)之间,敏感体B沉积制作在电极(1)和(2)之间,若加热电极做在正面,则需在加热电极上覆盖一层绝缘层,之后才能在其上沉积制作敏感体A和B。若加热电极做于背面(如图6),就不必加绝缘层,再将所得管芯焊接于底座上即可。
现将按本发明采用N-P型结构制作的烧结型旁热式气敏元件对乙醇、汽油、丁烷三种气体进行检测的结果列于下表:(表见文后)
由上表可以看出,表中两个N-P型气敏元件的灵敏度β均比构成其整体气敏元件的每个敏感体的灵敏度β1或β2高,即β>β1,β2
VH=5V VC=10V
元件序号    浓度(ppm)    灵敏度    待测气体    乙醇    汽油    丁烷
β β1β2β β1β2β β1β2
Ⅰ    100    35    13    1.64    14    4.5    1.6
500    158    77    2.3    45    15    1.9
1000    218    142    2.6    98    33    2.3    37    19    1.5
2000    50    25    1.6
Ⅱ    100    56    13    2.03    11    4.6    1.4
500    219    78    3.06    29    11    1.7
1000    307    170    3.51    51    20    1.9    20    10    1.2
2000    32    15    1.3

Claims (5)

1、一种高灵敏度半导体气敏元件,该元件由N型和P型半导体材料制成的两种敏感体构成的一个整体气敏元件,并包含有衬底、电极和加热器,其特征在于所述的两个敏感体均接触待测气体用对待则气体均敏感,N型敏感体的电阻随待测气体浓度增大而减小,P型敏感体的电阻随待测气体浓度增大而增大。
2、根据权利要求1所述的元件,其特征是整体气敏元件可以是N-P型或P-N型结构。
3、根据权利要求1所述的元件,其特征是所述的两种敏感体在检测气体中的电阻值RN、RP满足:对N-P型而言,RN≥RP,对P-N型而言,RP≥RN
4、根据权利要求1所述的元件,其特征是所述的两种敏感体可以制作在一个衬底上,也可以分别制作在两个不同的衬底上组合而成。
5、根据权利要求1或4所述的元件,其特征是该元件可被制作成薄膜型、厚膜型或烧结型。
CN91108927A 1991-09-09 1991-09-09 高灵敏度半导体气敏元件 Expired - Fee Related CN1027607C (zh)

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CN91108927A CN1027607C (zh) 1991-09-09 1991-09-09 高灵敏度半导体气敏元件
US07/903,781 US5298783A (en) 1991-09-09 1992-06-24 Combined semiconductor gas sensor
JP4213212A JPH07134110A (ja) 1991-09-09 1992-07-20 組合型半導体気体感応素子

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