CN102720511A - Tunnel construction structure for draining and desilting - Google Patents
Tunnel construction structure for draining and desilting Download PDFInfo
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- CN102720511A CN102720511A CN2012101981975A CN201210198197A CN102720511A CN 102720511 A CN102720511 A CN 102720511A CN 2012101981975 A CN2012101981975 A CN 2012101981975A CN 201210198197 A CN201210198197 A CN 201210198197A CN 102720511 A CN102720511 A CN 102720511A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of tunnel construction, and particularly relates to a tunnel construction structure for draining and desilting. The invention aims to solve the problems of long construction period, high investment and adverse impact on environmental friendliness of the conventional draining holes. The structure comprises draining and desilting chambers which are arranged between two main tunnel holes at intervals, lower than the designed elevation of a tunnel and longitudinally arranged along a central line of the tunnel, wherein the outlet of each draining and desilting chamber is provided with a draining and desilting basin communicated with a tunnel drainage system; both ends of the draining and desilting basin are provided with counter-slope type sand draining passages; and the inner wall of the draining and desilting chamber is annularly provided with multiple radial umbrella-like draining and decompression drill holes extending outward. The tunnel construction structure solves the problem that a tunnel structure and the drainage system are destroyed by karst mud and water gushing, and has the advantages of short construction period, small investment, rapid effectiveness, environmental friendliness and the like in the construction process, so that the structure can be widely popularized and used.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the constructing tunnel field, be specially a kind of tunnel sluicing sand trap constructing structure.
Background technology
Build the tunnel in the limestone area, the primary geological disaster of running into is prominent mud water burst, and underground construction circle was paid painful cost for this reason both at home and abroad.Bao Jiashan tunnel geology structure is special, and landform is recess, and wall-rock crack, solution crack are grown, and the tunnel is in the karst reservoir structure, and is good with the surface water connectedness, and prominent mud water burst takes place Karst Tunnel thus, with natural precipitation much relations is arranged.Through analytic demonstration, adopt the resolution of " water blockoff combines in face of land regulation and the hole " at present mostly, enforcement river course, the Dong Ding face of land is paved, oblique (erecting) the well well bore and the face of land, hole are carried out grouting for water blocking, obtained tangible result.After the completion river course is paved, the good upper reaches, the river course flowing water of draining of long-term originally dry river course ability long period, after the long-time arid, river course water just stops.It is thus clear that, barrel limestone cranny development, with the connective better condition in the face of land under, this measure preferably resolves the problem of river course water seepage flow in the hole; For constructing tunnel is taken precautions against natural calamities, mitigation plays an important role; In rainy season afterwards, cause the important issue of the preceding water burst of inclined shaft, be blocked basically; A large amount of water bursts all do not appear; The situation of inclined shaft barrel first half large tracts of land seepage water is greatly improved, and vertical shaft water burst does not take place again especially in work progress afterwards, has proved the important function that the comprehensive regulation is played construction.
But above-mentioned resolution has only guaranteed that construction smoothly.After implementing the lining cutting of positive hole, occur new problem again: before construction of tunnel was not constructed, karst duct had originally formed natural passage; After secondary lining was accomplished, original drain passage was cut off, and the mud that gushes in the karst duct gushes sand drainage systems such as longitudinal drainage pipe, inspection eye, manhole is silted up or shutoff; Underground water can't be drained; Cause underground water to be assembled at secondary lining behind, formed artesian water, the lining cutting concrete is the local phenomenons such as cracking, displacement that occur under phreatic effect just; And then harm tunnel structure safety, can't ensure normal operation.Therefore, keep the discharging of water or to keep the natural passage of water unimpeded be the key of dealing with problems.
Domestic and international Karst Tunnel in order to guarantee Stability Analysis of Structures and normally operation, often adopts the way of build drain cavern to gush mud ponding by outside the hole, hanging down the drainage of absolute altitude place in the hole; Though reached purpose, obviously there are many drawbacks, show that mainly drain cavern length is longer; Generally be 3～6km; Engineering time is longer, to can not guarantee being open to traffic of tunnel on schedule, also has drawbacks such as the long distance construction difficulty is many, construction cost is higher, the environmental protection negative effect is big simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of novel tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure for the long construction period that solves conventional drain cavern and exist, drawback such as investment is high, the environmental protection negative effect is big.
The present invention adopts following technical scheme to realize: tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure; Comprise and be arranged between the two main holes, tunnel, be lower than the Tunnel Design absolute altitude and center line vertically is provided with along the tunnel sluicing desilting cavern; Each sluicing desilting cavern inner outlet is provided with the sluicing sand trap that connects with tunnel drainage system; Sluicing sand trap two ends are provided with the counter-slope formula and go out husky passage, and inwall is arranged circumferentially some outward extending radially umbrellas sluicing decompression borings along sluicing desilting cavern.Adopt structure design of the present invention; According to the hydrogeological situation in scene karst highway section, main hole about the tunnel sluicing desilting cavern is set vertically; At its wall radially umbrella sluicing decompression boring is set, is attracted in the sluicing sand trap acting on the outer artesian water of main hole lining cutting, the purpose of sluicing desilting cavern is with outlet to underground water; To form new underground water circulation, gush the harm that the mud gushing water forms tunnel structure thereby alleviate greatly or offset karst.Sluicing sand trap top ponding utilizes the nature gradient to flow into the ditch, center of master hole, tunnel drainage system, after silt treats that top ponding is drained in the pond, with mucking machine cleaning bottom silt, is loaded and unloaded to the regulation spoil disposal area by automobile through going out husky passage.
In order further to optimize this constructing structure, the present invention has also carried out following architecture advances, and said sluicing sand trap bottom is provided with the high-low type platform structure, and a wherein higher side is the automobile Transport Desk, and opposite side is a riffler; This structure design on the one hand helps most of sedimentation in riffler, and haulage device such as automobile can be parked or walk on shipping platform on the other hand.In usual season, sluicing sand trap top ponding utilizes natural grade to flow into ditch, center, master hole, tunnel; Annual dry season or regularly, after needing to remain ponding and draining, the silt in the riffler is cleared up, transported with equipment such as load wagon, mucking machines; The counter-slope formula at said sluicing sand trap and its two ends goes out husky passage and on longitudinal section, is spill; It is principle to satisfy silt dischargeable capacity (dischargeable capacity can according to calculating such as edpth of tunnel, hydrogeological conditions, karst developmental conditions) and convenient construction and operation that the sluicing sand trap gradient, outlet bring out gradient size that husky passage and import bring out husky passage; The sluicing sand trap gradient according to the invention is less than 0.3%; The gradient that outlet brings out husky passage is 8%, and the gradient that import brings out husky passage is 16%, and this section configuration and gradient design are more reasonable; Be that the applicant is through repeatedly practice and Theoretical Calculation are summed up out; Both help silt in the outer karst duct of draining tunnel lining cutting, also be beneficial to phreatic concentrated discharging, and easy construction; Said sluicing decompression boring hoop * longitudinal pitch is 2m * 4m, and boring length is 10～30m, has played phreatic discharging effect; Alleviated the waterproofing pressure in main tunnel; To be applicants sum up out through repeatedly Theoretical Calculation and practical experience these structural parameters, if boring length is oversize, might work the mischief to tunnel lining structure or overseas environment; If boring length is shorter, then can't alleviates or offset karst and gush of the influence of mud gushing water tunnel structure.
Compared with prior art, desilting according to the invention cavern is as the structural measure of at first launching in state's inner tunnel, gushes to gushing mud that sand is administered and the tunnel is open to traffic has on schedule played obvious effect, mainly embodied its superiority from the following aspects:
See from the duration aspect: this structure construction length is shorter, and the duration is short, has guaranteed that master hole, tunnel is open to traffic on schedule; If adopt the drain cavern draining; Drain cavern length will be about 6.3km, and the engineering time that needs is far longer than the desilting cavern engineering time, to can not guarantee being open to traffic of tunnel on schedule;
See from economic aspect: the desilting cavern lays according to existing horizontal hole, and its length is much smaller than drain cavern, and construction investment reduces at double, has both made the operation maintenance expense of considering for many years, also much smaller than the one-off construction input of drain cavern;
See from technical elements: desilting cavern length is little, and section is big, and the short distance construction is with the obvious advantage, and drain cavern length is big, and section is little, and the long distance construction difficulty is many, so see technically, the desilting cavern will be easy to many;
See from result of use: through practical proof, since the desilting cavern put into effect, sedimentation did not appear in the face of land, and drainage gallery does not stop up yet, and the tunnel double-lining structure does not deform, and it is stable to explain that tunnel structure is in, and has guaranteed the safety that the tunnel operation is open to traffic;
See from environmental benefit: drain cavern is drained silt particle outside the hole the natural river, and the negative environmental protection effect that causes is self-evident; And sand trap is deposited in silt particle and focuses in the pond, and its environment protecting is good.
In a word; The present invention has effectively solved karst and has gushed the destruction of mud gushing water to tunnel structure and anti-drainage system; Has simultaneously short, advantage such as investment is little, instant effect and environmental-protection function are good of duration in its implementation process; Have promotional value and use value widely, be applicable to that the karst area construction of tunnel is gushed mud and gushed husky harm, or the super long tunnel that hydrogeology is complicated, underground water forms harm to tunnel lining.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a sluicing desilting according to the invention cavern schematic cross-sectional view;
Fig. 2 is sluicing sand trap according to the invention and the longitudinal section sketch map that goes out husky passage;
Fig. 3 is the fore-and-aft plane arrangement diagram in main hole about sluicing desilting cavern according to the invention and tunnel;
Fig. 4 is the transverse plane arrangement diagram in main hole about sluicing desilting cavern according to the invention and tunnel and the decompression boring distribution schematic diagram that sluices;
Fig. 5 is the fore-and-aft plane arrangement diagram in main hole about sluicing desilting cavern and tunnel in the case history two according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is the transverse plane arrangement diagram in main hole and the decompression boring distribution schematic diagram that sluices about sluicing desilting cavern and tunnel in the case history two according to the invention;
Among the figure: 1-left tunnel master hole; 2-Tunnel Right master hole; 3-sluicing desilting cavern; 4-sluicing sand trap; 5-counter-slope formula goes out husky passage; 6-sluices to reduce pressure and holes; 7-automobile Transport Desk; The 8-riffler; The Heng Dong of 9-garage; The Heng Dong of 10-People's Bank of China; The 11-passage of temporarily constructing; The 12-drainage gallery; The 13-tunnel drainage system.
The specific embodiment
Tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure; Like Fig. 3, shown in 4; Comprise being arranged at intervals in the middle of left tunnel master hole 1 and the Tunnel Right master hole 2, being lower than the Tunnel Design absolute altitude and center line vertically is provided with along the tunnel sluicing desilting cavern 3 that like Fig. 1, shown in 2, each sluicing sand trap outlet is provided with the sluicing sand trap 4 that connects with master hole, tunnel drainage system 13; Sluicing sand trap two ends are provided with the counter-slope formula and go out husky passage 5; 3 inwalls are arranged circumferentially the decompression boring 6 that sluices of some outward extending radially umbrellas along sluicing desilting cavern, and the decompression boring 6 hoops * longitudinal pitch that sluices is 2m * 4m, and boring length is 10～30m.Sluicing sand trap 4 bottoms are provided with the high-low type platform structure; A wherein higher side is an automobile Transport Desk 7; Opposite side is a riffler 8; The counter-slope formula at sluicing sand trap 4 and its two ends goes out husky passage 5 and on longitudinal section, is spill, and sluicing sand trap 4 gradients are less than 0.3%, and wherein to go out the gradient of husky passage 5 be 8% to outlet side counter-slope formula.The gradient that inlet side counter-slope formula goes out husky passage 5 is 16%.
In conjunction with following two case histories constructing structure according to the invention is described further:
Case history one:
Project profile
Bao Jiashan tunnel: for wrapping the controlled engineering of luxuriant speedway little (river) to (peace) health section; 11.2 kilometers of total lengths; Tunnel entrance is positioned at Xunyang County paulownia wood ditch; Outlet is positioned at Ankang City Chai Jia river, has passed through the green hill and the Yuhuang Mount twice mountain peak on mountain range, the southern Qinling Mountains, and full tunnel passes through 37 of tomographies, large-scale fold band 3 places, water burst section 25 places altogether.Tunnel surrounding is main with schist, phyllite, has the stratiform limestone to distribute in the stage casing, tunnel.Need utilize No. 1 vertical shaft and No. 3 inclined shafts to bear 4.1 positive hole construction tasks in the construction period; But, since going into operation,, successively caused and stopped work nearly six months, about 2,500 ten thousand yuan of direct losses because face of land rainfall has caused the tunnel that especially big water burst took place seven times successively because No. 1 vertical shaft in Bao Jiashan tunnel and No. 3 inclined shafts are in the limestone location in stage casing.
Through analytic demonstration; Confirmed the resolution of " water blockoff combines in face of land regulation and the hole "; Ma Ping river, ladder ditch, bandit family's ditch on the Dong Ding face of land have been implemented the river course paved, oblique (erecting) the well well bore and the face of land, hole have been carried out grouting for water blocking, and obtained tangible result.After the completion river course is paved, the good upper reaches, the river course flowing water of draining of long-term originally dry river course ability long period, after the long-time arid, river course water just stops.It is thus clear that, barrel limestone cranny development, with the connective better condition in the face of land under, this measure preferably resolves the problem of river course water seepage flow in the hole, for take precautions against natural calamities in the tunnel, mitigation plays an important role.In rainy season afterwards; Cause the important issue of preceding twice water burst of inclined shaft; Basically be blocked, a large amount of water bursts all do not occur, the situation of inclined shaft barrel large tracts of land seepage water is greatly improved; Water burst does not take place in vertical shaft especially again in work progress afterwards, proved the important function that the comprehensive regulation is played construction.But above-mentioned resolution has only guaranteed that construction smoothly.After implementing the lining cutting of positive hole; Occur new problem again: just prop up surperficial original drain passage and be cut off, gush mud and gush and husky drainage system is silted up or shutoff, underground water can't be drained; The lining cutting concrete is the local phenomenons such as cracking, displacement that occur under phreatic effect just, can't ensure normal operation.
Job practices
Through tunnel internal is carried out detailed making an on-the-spot survey; Concentrate in the tunnel gush mud, gush sand paragraph below sluicing desilting cavern is set, during construction, the original Heng Dong of garage in master hole, tunnel capable of using, the horizontal hole of passage or People's Bank of China of constructing is gone into a little as the contract of cavern excavation temporarily; The passage of wherein temporarily constructing also can be used as the drainage channel of sluicing desilting cavern and the perforation of master hole, tunnel drainage system; Be provided with three sections sluicing sand traps that amount to 1158 meters according to on-the-spot geological conditions, the volume of sluicing sand trap is a standard to deal with the storage level precipitation capacity of maximum rainfall about 10 hours, sand trap standard section list hole equivalent aera 48.53; Design elevation is lower than tunnel main line grade elevation and is 10 meters to the maximum at the bottom of the pond; Pond top mark height is in minimum about 4 meters of grade elevation, and sluicing desilting cavern carries out the barrel structure design by New Austrian Tunneling Method construction principle, promptly forms preliminary bracing with system anchor bolt, spray concrete, steel mesh reinforcement, steelframe; No longer carry out the construction of secondary lining; Carry out daguanpeng construction for the rock crusher section, guarantee construction safety and operation security, be aided with advance support (leading ductule or powder stick anchor pole) for IV level country rock location and cooperate steelframe to guarantee safety; Relatively reach engineering analogy through structural analysis calculating, Technological Economy, draft barrel lining cutting supporting parameter; After the construction of sand trap cavern is accomplished, bore the draining of sluicing vent on the shotcrete lining surface, the spacing of wells=2m (hoop) * 4m (vertically), 10～30 meters of boring length,
Sluicing desilting structure according to the invention is arranged three sections altogether, No. 1 sand trap total length 308.78m, No. 2 sand trap total length 503.6m, No. 3 sand trap total length 346.15m.For fear of pool inner water body road surface, moistening main hole and prevent artificial accident; Sand trap construction finishing back is provided with the plug wall at No. 1 sand trap Bei Kou place, No. 2 sand trap Nan Kou places and No. 3 sand trap Nan Kou places; The plug wall adopts the thick M7.5 mortar flag stone of 3m, and metope adopts the leveling of wiping one's face of the thick waterproof mortar of 2cm; Underground run off is set going out husky channel exit, to drain ponding in the pond, the sand trap ponding overflow that prevents to sluice is overflow and is gone up the road surface.
Construction effect
Water burst is administered and has fundamentally been solved the serious hydrogeological disaster that the Bao Jiashan tunnel " meets rain must gush, meet and gush and must stop ".Crucial effects has been played in the enforcement of the desilting structure that particularly sluices.Before sand trap is executed work, every seam heavy showers, the corresponding main hole of institute often will occur dripping at positions such as two lining constuction joints, reservation caverns and ooze mud; After the sand trap construction, such phenomenon stops basically.Sand trap is parallel to the tunnel axis layout and suits, and can utilize ponding in the nature discrepancy in elevation ejectment pond like this.See that from scheme sand trap mainly combines attached cavern or widened section setting, its gradient and form of fracture are reasonable in design, not only be convenient to construction but also can realize phreatic concentrated discharging.
(1) see from the duration aspect: Bao Jiashan constructing tunnel task is heavy, and the duration is tight, and sand trap construction length is 1.1km, and the completion in nearly a year of constructing has guaranteed the requirement that the Bao Jiashan tunnel is open to traffic on schedule; (2) see from economic aspect: sand trap length is much smaller than drain cavern, and the 1.1 kilometers sluicing sand traps in Bao Jiashan tunnel are compared with 6.3 kilometers drain caverns, only just practice thrift 100,000,000 yuans with direct construction investment, and construction investment reduces at double; Consider the later maintenance expense, operation saw that annual operation maintenance expense was about 150,000 in these several years from the Bao Jiashan tunnel; By century-old engineering for, also see from technical elements much smaller than the one-off construction input (3) of drain cavern: sand trap length is little, and section is big; The short distance construction is with the obvious advantage, and drain cavern length is big, and section is little; The long distance construction difficulty is many, so see technically, sand trap will be easy to many; (4) see from result of use: since sand trap put into effect, sedimentation did not appear in the face of land, and drainage gallery does not stop up yet, and Bao Jiashan tunnel double-lining structure does not deform, and explains that being in of tunnel structure is stable, has guaranteed the safety that the tunnel operation is open to traffic; (5) see from environmental benefit: drain cavern is drained silt particle outside the hole the natural river, and the negative environmental protection effect that causes is self-evident; And sand trap is deposited in silt particle and focuses in the pond, and its environment protecting is good.
Case history two:
Project profile
Rice small stream beam tunnel is the controlled engineering of emphasis of national freeway net packet header speedway (G65) border, Shaanxi Ankang section to the Ziyang to Maoming, is line separate type shaped form tunnel, the left and right sides, and 7928 meters of tunnel total lengths are speciality type two-way traffic freeway tunnel.After right threaded list road was excavated to YK242+575 and goes out, cavern's water yield increased suddenly and also forms landslide, and this water burst section is influenced by the F242-1 tomography of regional fracture F4-6 north side, and wall-rock crack is grown, and rock mass is broken, and fracture structure forms the conduit pipe of connectivity.Actual measurement fault zone face water yield is 16946 meters
3/ day.In order to accomplish the just wide open operation demand of digging and serve, to study repeatedly through the scene, decision is handled by constructing structure according to the invention.
Job practices
(1) like Fig. 5, shown in 6; Because this water burst section water yield is bigger, so, connect with Tunnel Right master hole drainage system 13 at Tunnel Right master hole YK242+535 construction drainage gallery 12; The drainage gallery axis is longitudinally arranged for 12.6 meters apart from the left tunnel sidewall; XK242+535 to XK242+570 is a drainage gallery, and longitudinal gradient 15%, section are 5.2 * 6m; XK242+570 to XK242+580 section is sluicing desilting cavern, and longitudinal gradient 2%, section are 5.2 * 8m;
(2) construction of sluicing desilting cavern sluices to reduce pressure and holes Jian Ju @=4m (vertically) * 2m (hoop), aperture φ=100mm;
This desilting sluicing constructing structure went into operation in March, 2011, and accomplish in June, 2011, and operational effect is good at present.
Claims (4)
1. tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure; It is characterized in that comprising and be arranged at intervals in the middle of left tunnel master hole (1) and the Tunnel Right master hole (2), be lower than the Tunnel Design absolute altitude and center line vertically is provided with along the tunnel sluicing desilting cavern (3); Each sluicing desilting cavern inner bottom part is provided with the sluicing sand trap (4) that connects with tunnel drainage system (13); Sluicing sand trap two ends are provided with the counter-slope formula and go out husky passage (5), and inwall is arranged circumferentially some outward extending radially umbrellas sluicing decompression borings (6) along sluicing desilting cavern (3).
2. tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure according to claim 1, sand trap (4) bottom that it is characterized in that sluicing is provided with the high-low type platform structure, and a wherein higher side is automobile Transport Desk (7), and opposite side is riffler (8).
3. tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure according to claim 1 and 2; The counter-slope formula at sand trap (4) and its two ends of it is characterized in that sluicing goes out husky passage (5) and on longitudinal section, is spill; Sluicing sand trap (4) gradient is less than 0.3%; The gradient that outlet brings out husky passage (5) is 8%, and the gradient that import brings out husky passage (5) is 16%.
4. tunnel sluicing desilting constructing structure according to claim 1 and 2, decompression boring (6) hoop * longitudinal pitch that it is characterized in that sluicing is 2m * 4m, boring length is 10～30m.
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104612113A (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-05-13 | 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Karst water treatment method for diversion tunnel |
| CN104791007A (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2015-07-22 | 中交第二航务工程局有限公司 | Water draining method for tunnel construction process of penetrating through water-rich fracture zone |
| CN105484791A (en) * | 2016-01-16 | 2016-04-13 | 中铁十九局集团第二工程有限公司 | Comprehensive tunnel drainage, precipitation and pressure reduction construction method |
| WO2021227383A1 (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2021-11-18 | 中铁一局集团有限公司 | Method for treating tunnel leakage water in alpine region |
| CN115573771A (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-01-06 | 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Tunnel drainage method for laying drainage pipe based on ultra-long distance horizontal directional drilling |
| CN116733491A (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-09-12 | 交通运输部公路科学研究所 | Water-rich karst tunnel reinforcing device and rapid construction method |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104612113A (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-05-13 | 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Karst water treatment method for diversion tunnel |
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| CN104791007B (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2017-03-08 | 中交第二航务工程局有限公司 | A kind of water discharge method passing through during rich water crushed zone constructing tunnel |
| CN105484791A (en) * | 2016-01-16 | 2016-04-13 | 中铁十九局集团第二工程有限公司 | Comprehensive tunnel drainage, precipitation and pressure reduction construction method |
| CN105484791B (en) * | 2016-01-16 | 2018-08-21 | 中铁十九局集团第二工程有限公司 | A kind of synthesis sluicings of tunnel, depressurizes construction method at precipitation |
| WO2021227383A1 (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2021-11-18 | 中铁一局集团有限公司 | Method for treating tunnel leakage water in alpine region |
| CN115573771A (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-01-06 | 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Tunnel drainage method for laying drainage pipe based on ultra-long distance horizontal directional drilling |
| WO2024099281A1 (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2024-05-16 | 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Tunnel drainage method based on laying of drainage pipe using ultra-long-distance horizontal directional drilling |
| CN116733491A (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-09-12 | 交通运输部公路科学研究所 | Water-rich karst tunnel reinforcing device and rapid construction method |
| CN116733491B (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-11-03 | 交通运输部公路科学研究所 | Water-rich karst tunnel reinforcing device and rapid construction method |
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Application publication date: 20121010 |