CN102649993A - Method for thinning crystalline grain of large low alloy cast - Google Patents
Method for thinning crystalline grain of large low alloy cast Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for thinning a crystalline grain of a large low alloy cast based on computer simulation, material continuous cooling transformation curve measurement and material phase change mode control, and belongs to the field of steel and iron metallurgy. The method comprises the steps as follows: firstly, measuring a continuous cooling curve of a related cast material and determining the critical cooling rate of the material with martensite, bainite and pearlite phase change; secondly, building a corresponding cast model, and determining the cooling rate of the parts of the cast under different cooling mediums by a way of computer simulation; and lastly, heating the cast to be A3<+> (30-80 DEG C) for austenitizing at first, slowly cooling to be room temperature, enabling the cast to be subjected to diffusion or semi-diffusion phase change, after that, heating the cast to be A3<+> (30-50 DEG C) for austenitizing, selecting a proper cooling way according to simulation calculation, enabling the cast to be subjected to bainite phase change, and thinning the crystalline grain of the cast to be below the ASTM (American Society for Testing Material) standard crystalline grain size 7.5 through the semi-diffusion bainite phase change.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain degree control, particularly a kind ofly measure and the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of refinement of material phase transformation pattern control, belong to the ferrous metallurgy field based on computer simulation, material continuous cooling transformation curve.
Background technology
Massive casting are the important structure parts in power station equipment, large-scale metallurgical, the mine equipment.Along with the maximization of Important Project equipment and the extremalization of Service Environment, the size of relevant foundry goods increases and more and more strictness of performance requriements gradually.Therefore, in order to improve the performance of massive casting, the casting technique of optimizing foundry goods reduces subsurface defect, optimization casting material and microtexture becomes the important directions of improving the massive casting ME.Aspect massive casting material and microstructure optimization, through adding alloying element, the mode that promotes material property is no doubt effective, but also directly causes the production cost of relevant foundry goods to rise; And not only can improve the strength of materials through the crystal grain of refinement massive casting, can improve the plasticity and the toughness of material simultaneously.Therefore, do not increasing or increasing on a small quantity under the prerequisite of foundry goods manufacturing cost, the grain fineness number of refinement massive casting becomes an important channel of improving the massive casting quality.
Crystal grain for the refinement material; Promote the intensity and the toughness plasticity of material; Numerous investigators have invented multiple mode, and at present the mode of industrial application comparative maturity mainly contains: repeatedly the austenitizing cycle heat treatment, introduce after the second phase forming core particle, the viscous deformation method such as recrystallize.Yet because massive casting are directly by casting, can't be as heavy froging or the rolled products recrystallize mode crystal grain thinning after through viscous deformation; Simultaneously, for large-scale low-alloy foundry goods, when also being difficult in austenitizing and handling, find and control suitable forming core particle and come crystal grain thinning.Therefore, be directed to the actual production conditions of low-alloy foundry goods, repeatedly cycle heat treatment almost becomes the unique method of crystal grain thinning.
But; Even if cycle heat treatment repeatedly; In large-scale low-alloy foundry goods actual production operation, still have problems, on the one hand because massive casting are oversize, the austenitizing that repeatedly circulates is handled and is consumed lot of energy; Cause the distortion of foundry goods scaling loss serious simultaneously, cause very difficulty of actually operating; On the other hand; The austenitizing that repeatedly circulates is handled and is often required foundry goods is carried out rapid heating, and a large amount of forming cores when making austenitizing require isothermal treatment for short time simultaneously; Reduce growing up of austenite crystal, yet these require in the production process of massive casting, almost to be difficult to realize.Therefore, how the crystal grain of the large-scale low-alloy foundry goods of refinement improves its intensity and plasticity and toughness and becomes the industry technical barrier.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of a kind of refinement; Do not increasing or increasing on a small quantity under the prerequisite of production cost as far as possible; Do not change casting composition; Only, come the crystal grain of refinement massive casting, the intensity of massive casting and plasticity and toughness are all effectively improved through the adjustment thermal treatment process.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
The method of the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of a kind of refinement comprises the steps:
(1) at first, measure the continuous cooling curve (CCT curve) of the low alloy steel of massive casting, confirm the critical cooling rate of material generation martensite, bainite and pearlitic transformation through dilatometry;
Alloying element content in the low alloy steel generally is no more than 5wt.%, because the interpolation of alloying element causes material hardening capacity change amount little, so the phase transformation pattern of material in continuous cooling process mainly receives the influence of rate of cooling.For rationally controlling the phase transformation pattern of casting material, at first determine foundry goods with low alloy steel generation martensite, bainite and pearlitic critical cooling rate through dilatometry.
Secondly, confirm under the different heat-eliminating medium conditions that (2) foundry goods each several part rate of cooling is for control foundry goods phase transformation pattern provides foundation through the mode of computer simulation;
Use 3D sculpting softwares such as ProE or UG that relevant foundry goods is carried out moulding; Accurately measuring on the basis of foundry goods surface film thermal conductance under hot rerum natura of associated materials and the different heat-eliminating medium condition; Use softwares such as Procast, Deform, Abaqus or Sysweld; Calculate and use under the different heat-eliminating medium conditions temperature field of the process of cooling that the foundry goods austenitizing is handled.Based on simulation of Temperature calculation result, extract the cooling curve at key point place on the foundry goods and the material C CT curve of mensuration and do contrast, confirm the phase transformation pattern that the key point place takes place under the Different Cooling Conditions.
Procast, Deform, Abaqus or Sysweld etc. are this area popular software; Wherein: Procast software is meant Procast casting simulation software; Deform is meant the DEFORM-3D simulation software; Abaqus is meant the Abaqus finite element software, and Sysweld is meant that Sysweld welds professional simulation software.
(3) foundry goods is carried out twice austenitizing and handle, austenitizing temperature is at A for the first time
3Above 30-80 ℃, slowly cool to room temperature, make it that perlite or bainitic transformation (that is: making it that diffusion or half diffusion transformation take place) take place, then carry out temper; Austenitizing temperature is at A for the second time
3Above 30-50 ℃,, casting crystalline grain is refined to ASTM model die degree below 7.5 grades through control foundry goods each several part generation bainitic transformation.
In the said step (3), slowly cooling is meant air cooling or furnace cooling.
In the said step (3), behind the austenitizing, the temperature of carrying out temper is at A for the first time
1Following 20～50 ℃ of point, soaking time are pressed effective thickness increase 25mm increase and were calculated in 1.5-2 hour.
In the said step (3), for the second time behind the austenitizing, adopt that blowing is cold, spraying is cold, oil cooling or water-cooled, select the rational type of cooling that foundry goods each several part rate of cooling is in the cooling range that bainitic transformation takes place.
Design philosophy of the present invention and principle are following:
Behind the foundry goods shake out knockout, at first it is carried out the austenitizing processing first time, austenitizing temperature is at A
3Above 30-80 ℃, soaking time is calculated according to casting section thickness, and control foundry goods speed of cooling spreads or half diffusion transformation whole generation of foundry goods, to eliminate the heredity of as-cast structure; After austenitizing is finished dealing with; Foundry goods is carried out once temper fully; Eliminate the stress in the foundry goods process of cooling on the one hand, on the other hand the distribution of carbides of separating out in the austenitizing process of cooling is carried out fine adjustments, improve the austenite nucleation site of austenitization for the second time.
For the second time the austenitizing treatment temp is lower than austenitizing temperature for the first time slightly because this moment material initial tissue and carbide will be more tiny than as-cast structure evenly, the while, lower austenitizing temperature can reduce the austenitic trend of growing up; Soaking time is calculated according to casting section thickness; The type of cooling according to the analog calculation result, is selected the suitable type of cooling, makes the foundry goods each several part that half dispersion pattern bainitic transformation all take place.When half dispersion pattern bainitic transformation takes place, bainite many at the original austenite crystal prevention place forming core grow up, an original austenite grain can change into a plurality of bainite crystal grain, thus the effective crystal grain of refinement material.Compare with pearlitic transformation, the temperature of bainitic transformation is lower, and speed of cooling is faster simultaneously, and corresponding grain growth trend is not as pearlitic grain; Compare with martensitic transformation, bainitic transformation can avoid whole austenite crystal to be transformed into a martensite lath zone (low carbon martensite) or a martensitic needles (high carbon martensite) again thereby the effective situation of crystal grain thinning.So select effectively refinement original austenite grain of half dispersion pattern bainitic transformation.Thereby make the crystal grain of the large-scale low-alloy foundry goods that finally obtains more more tiny, reach the purpose of crystal grain thinning than original austenite grain.
The inventive method has universality, can be used for the thermal treatment process of most of low-alloy foundry goods, is particularly useful for large-scale, as grain fineness number to be had specific requirement low-alloy foundry goods.Described large-scale low-alloy foundry goods is meant weight at the foundry goods more than 10 tons, and grain-size can reach 10-20 μ m, and grain fineness number can reach below 7.5 grades.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
What 1, the present invention proposed measures and the control method of the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain degree of material phase transformation pattern control based on computer simulation, material continuous cooling transformation curve; The grain refining that can be widely used in most large-scale low-alloy foundry goods is handled; And the processing means are simple, and are with low cost, the disadvantageous effects such as foundry goods scaling loss distortion that can avoid traditional means multiple high temp normalizing treatment to cause simultaneously; Processing mode is fit to actual industrial production; Be easy to obtain works approval, and be applied, improve the competitive power of China on large-scale low-alloy castings production greatly in part producer.
2, the scope of application of the present invention is extensive; Large-scale low-alloy foundry goods can be no more than the low alloy steel such as Mn system, Cr system, CrMo system, MnMo system, SiMn system, SiMnMo system, CrMnSi system, CrMnMo system or CrNiMo system of 5wt.% for alloying element content, alloy designations commonly used can for but be not limited to 40Mn, 40Cr, 20CrMo, 20MnMo, 20SiMn, 35SiMnMo, 42CrMo, 55NiCrMoV or 35NiCrMo etc.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is embodiment of the invention foundry goods three-dimensional modeling figure.
Fig. 2 schemes with 35CrNiMo steel CCT for embodiment of the invention foundry goods.
The temperature field calculation result figure of certain massive casting in process of cooling under Fig. 3-1～Fig. 3-9 Different Cooling Conditions.Wherein, Fig. 3-1 is the temperature field of air cooling in the time of 600 seconds; Fig. 3-2 is the temperature field of oil cooling in the time of 600 seconds; Fig. 3-3 is the temperature field of water-cooled in the time of 600 seconds; Fig. 3-4 is the temperature field of air cooling in the time of 3600 seconds; Fig. 3-5 is the temperature field of oil cooling in the time of 3600 seconds; Fig. 3-6 is the temperature field of water-cooled in the time of 3600 seconds; Fig. 3-7 is 3 hours temperature field of air cooling; Fig. 3-8 is 3 hours temperature field of oil cooling; Fig. 3-9 is 3 hours temperature field of water-cooled.
Fig. 4 is certain massive casting mid point A place's cooling curve and CCT curve comparison diagram under the Different Cooling Conditions of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows figure for the grain fineness number of material behind austenitizing of the present invention.
Fig. 6 shows figure for the material grains degree of oil cooling generation bainitic transformation of the present invention.
Fig. 7 confirms the schema of foundry goods each several part rate of cooling through computer simulation for the present invention.
Embodiment
Grain fineness number for effective large-scale low-alloy foundry goods of refinement; Improve the related prods performance; The present invention proposes at first to pass through under the computer Simulation Different Cooling Conditions, and the cooling curve of foundry goods each several part is then done contrast with the material continuous cooling transformation curve of the cooling curve of foundry goods each several part and measurement in advance; Adopt suitable manner control foundry goods each several part in austenitizing processing first time process of cooling, perlite or bainitic transformation to take place; Improve as-cast structure, austenitizing is handled in the process of cooling bainitic transformation is taken place for the second time, thereby realizes coming refinement casting crystalline grain degree through half dispersion pattern bainitic transformation.
As shown in Figure 7, the present invention confirms that through computer simulation the flow process of foundry goods each several part rate of cooling is following:
At first, according to the cast casting technological design foundry goods is comprised the process redundancy shrinkage ga(u)ge at interior three-dimensional modeling; The second, measure the thermal physical property parameters such as specific heat, heat conduction of casting material, and the interface heat exchange coefficient between foundry goods and heat-eliminating medium under the different type of cooling; The 3rd, according to the analog calculation software of concrete use, select suitable computation model for use, analog calculation is carried out in the temperature field of heat treating castings process; The 4th, select the key feature point in the foundry goods, extract its temperature cycle curve in heat treatment process, the CCT curve of contrast casting material is analyzed.
Embodiment 1:
Fig. 1 is the massive casting three-dimensional stereo moulding figure of certain 35CrNiMo material, and whole foundry goods is about 5000mm, wide about 1900mm, the about 600mm in thickest place, about 50 tons of gross weight.Foundry goods not only has outside the strict requirement the conventional mechanical property of material, also requires the whole grain fineness number of foundry goods can not be coarser than 7.5 grades of ASTM.
Fig. 2 can find out that for the CCT of the 35CrNiMo material that this foundry goods uses schemes the A3 point temperature of this steel grade is 806 ℃.Behind the austenitizing, if bainitic transformation takes place when cooling rate is between 0.02 ℃/s～0.5 ℃/s; When martensitic transformation takes place during greater than 0.5 ℃/s cooling rate; Pearlitic transformation takes place during less than 0.02 ℃/s in cooling rate.
Accurately measuring on the basis of foundry goods surface film thermal conductance under associated materials thermal physical property parameter and the different heat-eliminating medium condition; The temperature field of this foundry goods under air cooling, oil cooling and water-cooled condition behind the austenitizing of having used the Procast computed in software; Particular case can find out that shown in Fig. 3-1～Fig. 3-9 the foundry goods cooling rate is the slowest under the air cooling condition; And the foundry goods cooling rate is the fastest under the water-cooled condition, and the oil cooling situation is between air cooling and the water-cooled.
Be the rate of cooling of accurate description foundry goods, the temperature at the some A place (like Fig. 3-1) in extraction foundry goods centre is curve over time.Fig. 4 has shown the temperature variation curve of putting the A place under the Different Cooling Conditions and the relativity that this material C CT schemes; Can find out; Under the air cooling condition; Pearlitic transformation may partly take place in some A place, and what some A place took place under oil cooling and water-cooled condition all is bainitic transformation, but a large amount of martensitic transformations has taken place the foundry goods surf zone under the water-cooled condition.According to summary of the invention, hope that bainitic transformation all takes place at foundry goods each position, thereby reach the purpose of crystal grain thinning, therefore select the best type of cooling of oil cooling as this foundry goods according to calculation result.
According to analog calculation result and invention thought, at first foundry goods has been carried out A
3Above 30-80 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 50 ℃) austenitizing handle, the type of cooling is an air cooling, the grain fineness number when being cooled to room temperature shows as shown in Figure 5, can find out, this moment, the grain-size of material was about 31.42 μ m, grain fineness number is 6.5 grades.Then carry out temper, 650 ℃ of present embodiment tempering temperatures, soaking time are pressed the every increase of effective thickness 25mm increases calculating in 1.5-2 hour;
Austenitizing temperature is at A for the second time
3Above 30-50 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 40 ℃), through control foundry goods each several part generation bainitic transformation.The grain fineness number that Fig. 6 handles back oil cooling sample for the secondary austenitizing shows figure, can find out that if bainitic transformation takes place, grain-size is about 14.44 μ m, and grain fineness number is 8.9 grades, has satisfied the related request of foundry goods.
Embodiment 2:
Be with embodiment 1 difference:
The massive casting of certain 55NiCrMoV material, whole foundry goods is about 4000mm, wide about 1500mm, the about 400mm in thickest place, about 30 tons of gross weight.Foundry goods not only has outside the strict requirement the conventional mechanical property of material, also requires the whole grain fineness number of foundry goods can not be coarser than 7.5 grades of ASTM.
According to analog calculation result and invention thought, at first foundry goods has been carried out A
3Above 30-80 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 40 ℃) austenitizing handle, the type of cooling is a furnace cooling, this moment, the grain-size of material was about 35.16 μ m, grain fineness number is 6.2 grades.Then carry out temper, 630 ℃ of present embodiment tempering temperatures, soaking time are pressed the every increase of effective thickness 25mm increases calculating in 1.5-2 hour;
Austenitizing temperature is at A for the second time
3Above 30-50 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 30 ℃), control foundry goods each several part generation bainitic transformation through the oil cooling mode, grain-size is about 15.38 μ m, grain fineness number is 8.5 grades, has satisfied the related request of foundry goods.
Embodiment 3:
Be with embodiment 1 difference:
The massive casting of certain 42CrMo material, whole foundry goods is about 4500mm, wide about 1700mm, the about 450mm in thickest place, about 40 tons of gross weight.Foundry goods not only has outside the strict requirement the conventional mechanical property of material, also requires the whole grain fineness number of foundry goods can not be coarser than 7.5 grades of ASTM.
According to analog calculation result and invention thought, at first foundry goods has been carried out A
3Above 30-80 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 60 ℃) austenitizing handle, the type of cooling is an air cooling, this moment, the grain-size of material was about 30.84 μ m, grain fineness number is 6.8 grades.Then carry out temper, 680 ℃ of present embodiment tempering temperatures, soaking time are pressed the every increase of effective thickness 25mm increases calculating in 1.5-2 hour;
Austenitizing temperature is at A for the second time
3Above 30-50 ℃ (present embodiment is A
3More than 50 ℃), through oil cooling sample control foundry goods each several part generation bainitic transformation, grain-size is about 13.24 μ m, grain fineness number is 9.0 grades, has satisfied the related request of foundry goods.
Embodiment result shows, adopts the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the present invention degree control, and grain-size can reach 10-20 μ m, and grain fineness number can reach below 7.5 grades.
Claims (6)
1. the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of refinement is characterized in that:
(1), confirms the critical cooling rate of material generation martensite, bainite and pearlitic transformation through the continuous cooling curve of dilatometry measurement associated materials;
Confirm under the different heat-eliminating medium conditions through the mode of computer simulation that (2) foundry goods each several part rate of cooling is for control foundry goods phase transformation pattern provides foundation;
(3) foundry goods is carried out twice austenitizing and handle, austenitizing temperature slowly cools to room temperature at the above 30-80 of A3 ℃ for the first time, makes it that diffusion or half diffusion transformation take place; Austenitizing temperature through control foundry goods each several part generation bainitic transformation, is refined to ASTM model die degree 7.5 grade below with casting crystalline grain at the above 30-50 of A3 ℃ for the second time.
2. according to the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the described refinement of claim 1; It is characterized in that: in the step (2); Use ProE or UG 3D sculpting software that relevant foundry goods is carried out moulding,, use Procast, Deform, Abaqus or Sysweld software accurately measuring on the basis of foundry goods surface film thermal conductance under hot rerum natura of associated materials and the different heat-eliminating medium condition; Calculate and use under the different heat-eliminating medium conditions temperature field of the process of cooling that the foundry goods austenitizing is handled; Based on simulation of Temperature calculation result, extract the cooling curve at key point place on the foundry goods and the material C CT curve of mensuration and do contrast, confirm the phase transformation pattern that the key point place takes place under the Different Cooling Conditions.
3. according to the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the described refinement of claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the step (3), slowly cooling is meant air cooling or furnace cooling.
4. according to the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the described refinement of claim 1; It is characterized in that: in the step (3); For the first time behind the austenitizing, the temperature of carrying out temper A1 point below 20～50 ℃, soaking time press the every increase of effective thickness 25mm increase 1.5-2 calculating in individual hour.
5. according to the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the described refinement of claim 1; It is characterized in that: in the step (3); For the second time behind the austenitizing; Adopt that blowing is cold, spraying is cold, oil cooling or water-cooled, select the rational type of cooling that foundry goods each several part rate of cooling is in the cooling range that bainitic transformation takes place.
6. according to the method for the large-scale low-alloy casting crystalline grain of the described refinement of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the alloying element content in the low alloy steel is no more than 5wt%, and the phase transformation pattern of material in continuous cooling process receives the influence of rate of cooling.
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| CN104729962A (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2015-06-24 | 西北工业大学 | CH4169 alloy forging piece grain size analysis and predication method |
| CN114528670A (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2022-05-24 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | Method for detecting tensile strength of casting |
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| CN104729962A (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2015-06-24 | 西北工业大学 | CH4169 alloy forging piece grain size analysis and predication method |
| CN114528670A (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2022-05-24 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | Method for detecting tensile strength of casting |
| CN114528670B (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2022-07-19 | 潍柴动力股份有限公司 | Method for detecting tensile strength of casting |
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