CN102134637A - Method for refining grains of large medium high alloy steel forgings - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for refining grains of large medium high alloy steel forgings in the technical field of metal heat treatment. The method comprises the following steps of: austenitizing the forged forgings, cooling to tip temperature of a perlitic transformation area, and isothermally keeping temperature or fluctuantly keeping temperature to realizing isothermal decomposition of pearlite; and cooling to room temperature, and performing the secondary austenitizing process to realize recrystallization to refine the grains again. The method solves the problem that the traditional multiple normalizing process in actual production has instable effect of refining the grains of the large forgings, and a serious phenomena of coarse grains and mixed grains. By incomplete isothermal balanced decomposition of austenite, structure inheritance is cut off and eliminated, average austenite grain size above ASTM No.5 grade is achieved, the structure state of the large forgings is improved, the ultrasonic inspectability of the large forgings is improved; meanwhile, working hours are greatly shortened, the energy consumption is reduced, and the cost is saved.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of method of metal heat treatmet technical field, specifically is a kind of crystal fining method of middle high quality steel heavy froging.
Background technology
Heavy froging is load and the drive mechanism parts in power station equipment such as nuclear power, thermoelectricity and large-scale metallurgical, mine and the transportation equipment, belongs to core component, and equipment is able to the basis of reliability service especially.The maximization of equipment also makes forging maximize, particularly raising the efficiency, reducing under consumption, safe and reliable design philosophy instructs, except that a large amount of use high quality steel, also will originally be integrated in one by the follow-up combiner that assembles, the size of monomer forging and weight are sharply increased.In the main body equipment of nuclear power, thermoelectricity, water power and fuel gas generation, hundreds of tons the shared weight ratio of super-huge forging has surpassed 60%.Advanced person's such as nuclear power, thermoelectricity great equipment has proposed the requirement of " integrated " and " high performance " to heavy froging, hot worked technical difficulty is uprushed, cause the huge waste of material and the energy in the making processes, and far can not satisfy the active demand of Chinese large-sized Equipment Development.
For satisfying mechanical performance index, heavy froging must obtain martensite or bainite structure after quenching usually, so add alloying elements such as Cr, Ni, Mo usually by a certain percentage, improving heavy froging intensity, plasticity and flexible simultaneously, increase the stability of austenite under supercooled state, time temperature transformation curve is moved to right strongly, thereby improve hardening capacity greatly.But, when heavy froging generation martensite or bainite transformation, keep certain crystalline orientation relation between new α phase that forms and the parent phase, cause heating (≤300 ℃/h) organize genetic phenomenon in the austenitization at a slow speed once more subsequently, cause crystal grain thick and inhomogeneous, and then influence its impelling strength, brittle transition temperature (FATT), the ultrasonic wave property visited and magnetic diffusivity.
Thick and the uneven problem of bringing for the tissue heredity of high quality steel heavy froging in solving of crystal grain, traditional method adopts the forging postheat treatment technology of repeatedly normalizing usually, its possible mechanism comprises: (1) by α ← → γ between repeatedly phase co-conversion, increase the position of α phase/γ homogeneous nucleation in parent phase, thus crystal grain thinning; (2), utilize austenitizing recrystallization effect crystal grain thinning by austenitizing temperature being controlled at more than the Chernoff B point; (3) by improving Ac
1Near temperature rise rate increases austenite homogeneous nucleation rate and comes crystal grain thinning.And in actual production process, repeatedly normalizing is eliminated and is organized the actual effect of hereditary this method of crystal grain thinning unsatisfactory, its concrete reason is: (1) is accompanied by the generating set development trend of large-scale, the increase of heavy froging size causes slowing down of its intensification and rate of temperature fall, and the energy consumption of each normalizing and time cost are significantly increased; (2) be the assurance grain refining effect, the increase that must cause the normalizing number of times of the increase of heavy froging size, the time of whole so repeatedly normalizing process and energy cost will increase greatly; (3) forging ratio of heavy froging each several part differs and the composition inequality, causes the recrystallization temperature of each several part to differ greatly, and is difficult in actual production guarantee that the recrystallize crystal grain thinning all takes place in whole heavy froging; (4) taking place behind the recrystallize must strict control soaking time, otherwise the crystal grain of refinement grows up very easily once more, because the heavy froging each several part is very big to warm time difference, the soaking time at each position is difficult to take into account in the actual production, thereby causes thinning effect not good; (5) improve heating rate and come crystal grain thinning requirement heavy froging heating rate greater than 350 ℃/h, to the heavy froging more than the diameter 800mm, existing industry heating facility can't satisfy condition.So, angle from manufacturing cost, production cycle, actual operability and concrete implementation result, existing repeatedly normalizing process must experience the cooling that repeatedly heats up, energy dissipation is big, complex technical process, and activity time is long, operation control difficulty height, the actual effect instability, comprehensive manufacturing cost costliness has very big space to improve.
Find through retrieval prior art, the forging postheat treatment technology that adopts repeatedly normalizing is the thick common method with problem of non-uniform of the heredity of high quality steel heavy froging tissue brings in solving crystal grain, the normalizing number of times increases along with the increase of forging ' s block dimension and weight, and normalizing temperature is different and different with the chemical ingredients of steel grade.The 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel 300MW low pressure integral rotor grain fineness number of three normalizing treatment of the first heavy-duty machine station-service can reach 4～7 grades, and the blue factory in Japanese chamber adopts double normalizing, and grain fineness number can reach 4～5 grades (" heavy froging material and thermal treatment " P392).
But the actual effect of the prior art is unsatisfactory, its concrete reason is: (1) repeatedly the normalizing temperature and the choosing of normalizing number of times of normalizing is subjected to the influence of forging ' s block dimension size and material composition thereof bigger, must carry out testing the optimum matching that just can filter out between normalizing temperature and the normalizing number of times in a large number on the basis of permutation and combination to each processing parameter, thereby obtain thinning effect preferably; (2) be accompanied by the generating set development trend of large-scale, the increase of heavy froging size causes slowing down of its intensification and rate of temperature fall, and the energy consumption of each normalizing and time cost are significantly increased; (3) be the assurance grain refining effect, the increase that must cause the normalizing number of times of the increase of heavy froging size, the time of whole so repeatedly normalizing process and energy cost will increase greatly; (4) forging ratio of heavy froging each several part differs and the composition inequality, causes the required normalizing parameter of each several part to differ greatly, and is difficult in actual production guarantee that whole heavy froging all obtains good thinning effect; (5) repeatedly normalizing must strict control soaking time, otherwise the crystal grain of refinement grows up easily once more, because the heavy froging each several part is very big to warm time difference, the soaking time at each position is difficult to take into account in the actual production, thereby causes thinning effect not good.
Document (Song Chuanbao, Jin Jiayu, Liu Zhiying, the heat-treatment technology method research [J] of rotor grain refining of the bright .300MW steam turbine low-pressure of Guo Pei and homogenizing. heavy casting and forging, 1998, (04)) in, 300MW low pressure integral rotor with the production of employing 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel is an example, verification experimental verification the actual effect of normalizing crystal grain thinning technology repeatedly, proposed to increase the improvement technology of pre-treatment in the literary composition, but still need to carry out double normalizing afterwards, just can obtain and original three identical grain refinement effects of normalizing.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the prior art above shortcomings, a kind of crystal fining method of middle high quality steel heavy froging is provided, solves repeatedly normalizing process traditional in the actual production heavy froging grain refining effect instability, coarse-grain and the serious problem of mixed crystal phenomenon.Decompose by austenitic incomplete isothermal equilibrium and to cut off and to eliminate tissue heredity, obtain the above original austenite mean grain size of ASTM No.5 level, improve the structural state of heavy froging, improve the UT (Ultrasonic Testing) performance of heavy froging, shorten man-hour greatly simultaneously and cut down the consumption of energy the saving cost.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions, forging after the present invention will forge carries out isothermal insulation or fluctuation insulation in austenitizing postcooling to perlitic transformation district nose temperature, realize that the perlite isothermal decomposes, be cooled to room temperature then and, realize recrystallization crystal grain thinning once more through after the secondary austenitization.
Described austenitizing is meant: the heavy froging after will forging is heated to Ac
3Above 30 ℃～70 ℃ of temperature, and after integral body arrives temperature, be incubated 0.5～3 hour, be as the criterion with material austenite homogenizing required time, wherein: Ac
3Temperature refers to steel in continuous heat temperature raising process, changes the temperature of austenite structure fully into by original structure, and mainly by the chemical ingredients decision of this steel grade, its scope can be measured or determines from phasor by the phase change expansion instrument.
Described perlitic transformation nose temperature is meant: in the process of cooling of steel behind austenitizing, perlitic transformation takes place, and the fastest temperature of velocity of transformation, mainly, can determine from the TTT curve of this steel grade by the chemical ingredients decision of this steel grade.
The time of insulation of described isothermal or fluctuation insulation is: be as the criterion to generate needed time of netted perlite of 15%, different steel grade required time differences are mainly by the chemical ingredients decision of steel grade.
The scope of described fluctuation insulation is: perlitic transformation nose temperature ± 20 ℃.
Described perlite isothermal decomposes: according to the TTT curve of middle high quality steel, carry out the enough time of isothermal near perlitic transformation district nose temperature, to generate the netted pearlitic structure that distributes along crystal boundary on a small quantity, volume fraction reaches more than 15%;
Described secondary austenitizing is meant: heavy froging is heated to Ac
3Above 30 ℃～70 ℃ of temperature, and be incubated 0.5～3 hour.
The present invention is characterized in to cut off this feature of tissue heredity according to perlitic transformation, in the high quality steel heavy froging be heated to Ac
3Be chilled near the perlitic transformation nose temperature spot behind ℃ austenitizing of+(10～30), carry out the insulation of certain hour or fluctuation insulation up and down, form the pearlitic structure that is net distribution on a small quantity, austenite crystal after the thick forging is cut apart, thereby tissue heredity is limited in the less spatial dimension, when central high quality steel heavy froging is heated austenitizing once more, reduce greatly and organize hereditary effect, thereby eliminate mixed crystal and coarse-grain phenomenon.
Because the heavy froging size is bigger; for guaranteeing hardening capacity; usually can add the element that improves hardening capacity; as Ni, Mn, Cr etc.; prolonged incubation period of perlitic transformation for this and conversion rates slows down, and therefore will obtaining hundred-percent pearlitic structure, thoroughly to cut off and eliminate tissue heredity be quite difficult.Experimental result shows, only needs a certain amount of pearlitic structure to be dispersed in the matrix, just can play the effect that suppresses tissue heredity, crystal grain thinning well.
In near being chilled to the perlitic transformation prenasale the process, because the heavy froging volume is bigger, each several part can not arrive temperature simultaneously, should guarantee that the each several part temperature is all at B
sMore than the point.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Prior art adopts repeatedly normalizing process usually, because heavy froging heating is slowly, and each several part temperature difference great disparity, the condition by the normalizing crystal grain thinning is difficult to satisfy, and organizes heredity still to exist, and the coarse-grain mixed crystal phenomenon is serious.Along with the large scale development of various great equipment forging, the repeatedly necessary corresponding increase of the times of thermal cycle of normalizing, time and energy consumption also will further aggravate.The present invention is according to the crystallographic features of perlitic transformation, and isothermal or fluctuation insulation up and down near the nose temperature form the pearlitic structure of a small amount of net distribution, thereby reduce tissue heredity greatly, and reheat is to Ac
3+ (30～70) ℃ austenitizing is chilled to room temperature subsequently, finally can obtain uniform tissue and tiny crystal grain.This technology compared with prior art has stronger more theoretical basis, and operating process is simple, and the processing parameter controllability is strong, and thinning effect is remarkable, can significantly reduce the consumption of the energy and time cost simultaneously again.
Description of drawings
The original grain size of Fig. 1 embodiment 1,2,3,4 used test materialss.
The pearlitic structure of Fig. 2 embodiment 1 gained net distribution.
The original austenite grain size of Fig. 3 embodiment 1 gained.
The pearlitic structure of Fig. 4 embodiment 2 gained net distribution.
The original austenite grain size of Fig. 5 embodiment 3 gained.
The pearlitic structure of Fig. 6 embodiment 4 gained net distribution.
The original austenite grain size of Fig. 7 embodiment 4 gained.
The pearlitic structure of Fig. 8 embodiment 5 gained net distribution.
The original austenite grain size of Fig. 9 embodiment 5 gained.
Embodiment
Below embodiments of the invention are elaborated, present embodiment is being to implement under the prerequisite with the technical solution of the present invention, provided detailed embodiment and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
Embodiment 1
Low pressure rotor heavy froging 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel commonly used is adopted in test, and its original grain degree is about ASTM No.1.0 level, sees shown in Figure 1ly, and its chemical ingredients is as shown in table 1, and test materials is processed into 15mm * 15mm * 15mm sample.At first, the temperature rise rate with 30 ℃/h is heated to 840 ℃ with sample by room temperature, insulation 3h; Speed with 50 ℃/h is cooled to 600 ℃ of perlitic transformation nose temperature with sample then, and insulation 120h generates a certain amount of pearlitic structure (as shown in Figure 2) that is net distribution, thereby eliminates tissue heredity, is chilled to room temperature then; Then, sample is heated to 870 ℃ with the temperature rise rate of 30 ℃/h, insulation 3h makes austenitizing even, by austenitizing recrystallization crystal grain thinning, is chilled to room temperature subsequently, and grain-size is seen shown in Figure 3.Test-results shows that present method makes the low pressure rotor heavy froging obtain more tiny crystal grain with steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV, for hardening and tempering process is had laid a good foundation.In addition, the thermal treatment process for refining of present method carries out in chamber type electric resistance furnace, and process furnace is through the verification of national grade ii standard thermopair before the test, and the furnace temperature precision is in ± 2 ℃.
Table 1 chemical ingredients (massfraction, %)
Embodiment 2
Low pressure rotor heavy froging 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel commonly used is adopted in test, and its original grain degree is about ASTM No.1.0 level, sees shown in Figure 1ly, and its chemical ingredients is as shown in table 1, and test materials is processed into 15mm * 15mm * 15mm sample.At first, the temperature rise rate with 30 ℃/h is heated to 840 ℃ with sample by room temperature, insulation 3h; Speed with 50 ℃/h is cooled to 600 ℃ of perlitic transformation nose temperature with sample then, and insulation 240h generates a certain amount of pearlitic structure (as shown in Figure 4) that is net distribution, thereby eliminates tissue heredity, is chilled to room temperature then; Then, sample is heated to 870 ℃ with the temperature rise rate of 30 ℃/h, insulation 3h makes austenitizing even, by austenitizing recrystallization crystal grain thinning, is chilled to room temperature subsequently, and grain-size is seen shown in Figure 5.Test-results shows that present method makes the low pressure rotor heavy froging obtain more tiny crystal grain with steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV, for hardening and tempering process is had laid a good foundation.In addition, the thermal treatment process for refining of present method carries out in chamber type electric resistance furnace, and process furnace is through the verification of national grade ii standard thermopair before the test, and the furnace temperature precision is in ± 2 ℃.
Embodiment 3
Low pressure rotor heavy froging 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel commonly used is adopted in test, and its original grain degree is about ASTM No.1.0 level, sees shown in Figure 1ly, and its chemical ingredients is as shown in table 1, and test materials is processed into 15mm * 15mm * 15mm sample.At first, the temperature rise rate with 30 ℃/h is heated to 840 ℃ with sample by room temperature, insulation 3h; Speed with 50 ℃/h is cooled to 600 ℃ of perlitic transformation nose temperature with sample then, and insulation 360h generates a certain amount of pearlitic structure (as shown in Figure 6) that is net distribution, thereby eliminates tissue heredity, is chilled to room temperature then; Then, sample is heated to 870 ℃ with the temperature rise rate of 30 ℃/h, insulation 3h makes austenitizing even, by austenitizing recrystallization crystal grain thinning, is chilled to room temperature subsequently, and grain-size is seen shown in Figure 7.Test-results shows that present method makes the low pressure rotor heavy froging obtain more tiny crystal grain with steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV, for hardening and tempering process is had laid a good foundation.In addition, the thermal treatment process for refining of present method carries out in chamber type electric resistance furnace, and process furnace is through the verification of national grade ii standard thermopair before the test, and the furnace temperature precision is in ± 2 ℃.
Embodiment 4
Low pressure rotor heavy froging 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel commonly used is adopted in test, and its original grain degree is about ASTM No.1.0 level, sees shown in Figure 1ly, and its chemical ingredients is as shown in table 1, and test materials is processed into 15mm * 15mm * 15mm sample.At first, the temperature rise rate with 30 ℃/h is heated to 840 ℃ with sample by room temperature, insulation 3h; Speed with 50 ℃/h is cooled to 600 ℃ of perlitic transformation nose temperature with sample then, and insulation 100h generates a certain amount of pearlitic structure (as shown in Figure 8) that is net distribution, thereby eliminates tissue heredity, is chilled to room temperature then; Then, sample is heated to 870 ℃ with the temperature rise rate of 30 ℃/h, insulation 3h makes austenitizing even, by austenitizing recrystallization crystal grain thinning, is chilled to room temperature subsequently, and grain-size is seen shown in Figure 9.Test-results shows that present method makes the low pressure rotor heavy froging obtain more tiny crystal grain with steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV, for hardening and tempering process is had laid a good foundation.In addition, the thermal treatment process for refining of present method carries out in chamber type electric resistance furnace, and process furnace is through the verification of national grade ii standard thermopair before the test, and the furnace temperature precision is in ± 2 ℃.
The advantage of present method is: (1) processing parameter is simple, does not need to carry out the relation that complicated experiment sieving processing parameter obtains normalizing temperature and various combinations of number of times and grain fineness number, only needs to obtain the perlitic transformation kinetic curve and the Ac of forging material
3Temperature gets final product implementing process; (2) at weight equipment forging development trend of large-scale, along with the increase of forging ' s block dimension, do not need to change technical process, only need carry out twice austenitizing, can save time greatly and energy consumption; (3) the processing parameter unanimity of forging various piece can obtain whole evenly grain refinement effect; (4) insensitive to parameters such as soaking time, rate of heating, can guarantee to implement with existing industrial equipments; (5) because the dynamic (dynamical) characteristics of perlitic transformation of middle high quality steel, it changes perlite fully into needs for a long time usually, and what present method did not require heavy froging changes perlite fully in heat treatment process, also can save the plenty of time; (6) the repeatedly normalizing process in the document is at the heavy froging below the diameter 2000mm, and present method is also applicable to sectional dimension and the bigger heavy froging of weight.
Claims (7)
1. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging in a kind, it is characterized in that, forging after forging is carried out isothermal insulation or fluctuation insulation in austenitizing postcooling to perlitic transformation district nose temperature, realize that the perlite isothermal decomposes, be cooled to room temperature then and, realize recrystallization crystal grain thinning once more through after the secondary austenitization.
2. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging in according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described austenitizing is meant: the heavy froging after will forging is heated to Ac
3Above 30 ℃～70 ℃ of temperature, and after integral body arrives temperature, be incubated 0.5～3 hour, be as the criterion with material austenite homogenizing required time, wherein: Ac
3Temperature refers to steel in continuous heat temperature raising process, changes the temperature of austenite structure fully into by original structure, and this temperature is measured by the phase change expansion instrument or determined from phasor.
3. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging in according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described perlitic transformation nose temperature is meant: in the process of cooling of steel behind austenitizing, perlitic transformation and the fastest temperature of velocity of transformation take place, and this temperature is determined from the TTT curve of steel grade.
4. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging in according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the time of described isothermal insulation or fluctuation insulation is: be as the criterion to generate needed time of netted perlite of 15%.
5. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging is characterized in that in according to claim 1, and the scope of described fluctuation insulation is: perlitic transformation nose temperature ± 20 ℃.
6. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging in according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described perlite isothermal decomposes: according to the TTT curve of middle high quality steel, near perlitic transformation district nose temperature, carry out the enough time of isothermal, to generate the netted pearlitic structure that distributes along crystal boundary on a small quantity, volume fraction is more than 15%.
7. the crystal fining method of high quality steel heavy froging is characterized in that described secondary austenitizing is meant: heavy froging is heated to Ac in according to claim 1
3Above 30 ℃～70 ℃ of temperature, and be incubated 0.5～3 hour.
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| CN102234706A (en) * | 2011-08-05 | 2011-11-09 | 钢铁研究总院 | Method for refining grains of heavy forging steel of nuclear reactor evaporator |
| CN102649993A (en) * | 2012-04-25 | 2012-08-29 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for thinning crystalline grain of large low alloy cast |
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| CN112760458A (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2021-05-07 | 江苏联峰能源装备有限公司 | Method for eliminating mixed crystal structure of medium-carbon microalloyed steel |
| CN113322368A (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-08-31 | 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 | Manufacturing method for eliminating overheating of 35CrNi3MoV large-scale cylinder forging |
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| CN102134637B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
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