CN102635099A - Water-surface efficient wave-preventing and wave-reducing floating island net technology for planting higher plants to restrain algal bloom - Google Patents
Water-surface efficient wave-preventing and wave-reducing floating island net technology for planting higher plants to restrain algal bloom Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a water-surface efficient wave-preventing and wave-reducing floating island net technology for planting higher plants to restrain algal bloom, and the technology can be used for greatly reducing brushing damages to aquatic plants and hygrophytes by water flows, stormy waves, ship waves and the like under the condition of different substrates and variable water levels, and can support ecological rehabilitation of a water body, improvement of the water quality and ecological bank protection. The water-surface efficient wave-preventing and wave-reducing floating island net technology takes a porous cuboid floating block-wave-reducing floating island core body which is communicated with a three-dimensional network pipeline as a primary unit for absorbing wave energy; then the primary unit is combined into a three-dimensional porous rigid floating body-rigid wave-reducing single body with greater scale and strength and is finally assembled to be flexibly fixed on the water surface; and a three-dimensional porous floating island net wave-reducing belt with the certain width, vertical depth and thickness is rigidly and flexibly combined. Various plants including the higher plants are planted on the wave-reducing floating island core body to form a water surface plant system, so as to construct an important supporting subsystem which is used for repairing a water ecological system and has multiple functions of reducing waves, reducing nutrient salts, restraining the algal bloom and microbial films, improving the transparency and the like.
Description
1. technical field: water ecological environment engineering
China is faced with the huge challenge of the landlocked water bodys such as lake, reservoir, river and the offshore waters deterioration of the ecological environment.Wave on the wherein big water surface is one of key factor that water ecological environment is produced immense pressure.Large-area submerged plant itself can be cut wave and suspended and enhances the transparency with the containment bed mud, but area when big inadequately then submerged vegetation possibly pulled out degradation effect under plant, disturbance bed mud, the transparency and be destroyed degeneration by lifting of causing of billow.Therefore, having under the billow condition, the ecosystem abrupt degradation of reparation possibly destroyed and make to local submerged plant of repairing by billow, even change in quality and go back.Because the manpower and materials restriction, the actual repair large-size lake littoral zone ecosystem can only be gradually spread, and area can only be progressively to enlarge.The common pitched work of use, the embankment way such as wave resistance of driving piles is not only of a high price, and often can not promote restoration of the ecosystem.It also can't solve the target that progressively enlarges protection wave area.Capture and cut unrestrained difficult point and become and repair the vital technological emphasis in big water surface littoral zone.
Wave is the shear wave on water-atmosphere interface, and principal character has wave height, wavelength, ripple week (or frequency).Wave height, wavelength, the ripple week of usually big wave are all bigger.The energy of wave be proportional to wave height square.Wave height is the exponential damping with the depth of water usually, and its energy mainly concentrates on the water body upper strata.Wind generated wave or ship wave have souring to bank slope, and lake and river course embankment safety are constituted a threat to.Wave can lift lakebed, and the water plant normal growth is constituted a threat to.Need the development wave resistance cut the wave technology, particularly with improve the technology that water quality, restoration of the ecosystem and protection combine.
On the bank of rising steeply, wave produces huge impact to bold shore, and wave itself is also broken by moment, and big wave energy is refined as small echo.On the sandy beach that slowly raises, wave disappears to be that to lean on broad sandy beach be not moment on big distance but in a period of time, to realize.Cut wave and will the energy of big wave be disperseed be converted into (a lot of quantity) rips exactly, until molecular motion heat energy.The good unrestrained technology of cutting is exactly to make every effort to use less cost on than short distance, big wave breaking to be rips, big Wave energy is absorbed rapidly transform.
Conventional engineering wave resistance is cut wave with rigidity measures such as cement block stone, piling, fill dams.In the big zone of fluctuation in stage amplitude, it is high with stake to need to make up corresponding bigger bank slope section.And the rigidity pile is long more, the intensity of requirement and the degree of depth of squeezing into bed mud and high more to the requirement of bed mud hardness.Its construction costs is also just big more.The scope of rigid pile protection can not be with requiring expanded scope to change.But the repair coverage of actual aquatic ecosystem need progressively enlarge.In lake, reservoir, possibly take place under the especially big wave situation, there have the spud pile/dam-type rigidity wave resistance of big safety assurance to cut the cost of unrestrained engineering to be very high, and its reparation cost that receives after the possible destruction is also very high.This type rigidity engineering to water quality to improve effect relatively poor.
The another kind of approach of cutting wave is that the water surface of heading sea in the zone that needs protection makes up " type sponge tension force is cut unrestrained nethike embrane " that can contain wave with certain width, longitudinal degree and thickness-abbreviate as and cut the wave band.Surface tension can contain that water surface gentle breeze wave is exactly this example.When the big oil tanker that has runs into billow by discharging oils to reduce the harm of wave to ship.The example that old tire is connected into the wave resistance band is also arranged at littoral zone.And for example use (band) Eichhornia crassipes in blocks also can cut wave, but its efficient is lower, need just can reach certain effect than large tracts of land.The object of the invention at first is to build efficiently cuts the wave band, and it can have other functions such as plantation high-stem plant, containment algae, microbial film concurrently simultaneously.
Wave energy and wave height square are directly proportional.Cut wave and will in the wave traveling process, make certain resistance exactly, consume and disperse its energy, until certain the less significant wave height target that reaches setting it.The resistance that traveling wave is made is big more, and cutting unrestrained effect can be quite a lot of, but the suffered pressure of facility is pressed square increase, and is just big more to the requirement of facility material.Adopt less rigid structures monomer, flexibly connect in flakes with rope, it is big to solve the area that requires to cut wave, and engineering services are difficult for the contradiction that fractureed and destroy by wave.The rigidity monomer is fractureed too greatly easily.Adopt less rigidity monomer, just be difficult for being destroyed, then their ropes (like plastic ties, nylon rope etc.) with sufficient intensity are coupled together flexibly, can be connected to large tracts of land like this and cut the wave band by billow.Along the zone that is built on the wave direct of travel than the great depth degree, progressively billow is cut down and be separated into moderate seas.Thereby make up artificial " type sponge tension force is cut unrestrained film " of hard and soft combination at the water surface.Therefore the key of present technique is to make up high-intensityly efficiently to cut unrestrained chinampa core body and rigidity is cut unrestrained monomer, and constitutes it originally.
The calm water surface that does not have wave is called horizontal plane.Wave is the vibration that water leaves (being higher than/be lower than) horizontal plane.Cutting wave is exactly that skin covering of the surface will give its downward pressure when wave upwards leaves equilibrium water surface part (crest), and wave is then given buoyancy upwards to lower part (trough); It is low to cut high benefit, is separated into moderate seas to billow, to calm down fluctuation.Technical difficulty is that the energy of big wave is very big, when the rigid structures area is very big, is easy to fractureed by wave.The example that has the ship that lifted by two crests to be fractureed in the ocean.Along heaving of the sea, it was also poor to cut unrestrained effect when flexibility was very big.Flat film can not efficiency crushing absorption wave energy.Develop a kind of loose structure, be anchored on the water surface nethike embrane of the hard and soft combination of the water surface, to realize efficiently cutting unrestrained target.Its elementary cell (can be called and cut unrestrained chinampa core body) will have sufficient intensity (therefore will use thin shell structures); Wherein be covered with and the cavity of three-dimensional UNICOM all around; The place that water was few around the unnecessary water of certain direction can flow to quickly (paddy is mended in peak clipping); Integral body floats on the water surface, but partly will soak in water, and part floats on waterborne; And its buoyancy is regulated automatically: buoyancy increased sharply when part was submerged under water on the water originally, and gravity increased sharply when core body left the water surface.Can greatly consume Wave energy like this, calm down wave.
Patent of the present invention adopts the special component of hard and soft combination and the technology that the physics ecologic facies combines; Water level is changeable to be adapted to, the bed mud characteristic is complicated, require the regional location scope form of wave resistance actual needs such as possibly change; Can efficiently realize above-mentioned target; Cost is lower, has than high performance-price ratio.
The present technique field belongs to the water ecological environment engineering, and its function and popularizing application prospect are following:
1.1. protection embankment
Because hydrodynamic forces such as stormy waves, ship wave, lake current, river have the corrosion function of washing away to bank slope, and the water level in river, lake has big luffing usually, and therefore, present technique specific rigidity shore protection and simple biological shore protection have bigger superiority.It has three-dimensional maneuver compliance.The plantation high-stem plant is cut unrestrained chinampa technology and is combined with biological bank protection measure (for example planting vetiver, Rumex etc.) on the bank slope, can make up the green bio slope protection system.
1.2. wave resistance is cut the wave protection and is repaired aquatic ecosystem
In aquatic ecosystem was repaired, high sea is one of important restraining factors often.Stormy waves starts silt and root system of plant, reduces water transparency, destroys plant growing.In the restoration of the ecosystem process of large-size lake, wave resistance is cut wave and is had indispensable pioneer's meaning often.After the submerged plant large tracts of land was recovered, vegetation itself had big wind and wave resistance and cuts unrestrained ability.At this moment originally cut unrestrained band and can move expansion, become the protection forward position of the new submerged plant of development to big lake surface.In recovering the water plant process, it is very crucial measure all the time that wave resistance is cut the wave band like this.
In broader water body, no matter be the restoration of the ecosystem of local waters or littoral zone, all need wave resistance and cut unrestrained measure.Because the zone that water plant is abundant, vegetation coverage is very big can not be in very large range built up in manpower financial capacity's restriction once, its scope needs progressively to enlarge.Present technique can satisfy such needs.Because its construction, move and remove all than being easier to.Only need mobile anchor station and method of attachment just can.This be with wave resistance such as piling grade cut method for wave the advantage that can not compare.
The longitudinal degree that this wave resistance is cut unrestrained technical protection is big more, and protection domain is big more, and its cost performance is big more.After completion one sets the goal, can advance to the windward side, repair the wider ecosystem, can reduce engineering cost greatly, the relative cost of being spent can be more and more lower.
1.3. repair the support subsystem of aquatic ecosystem
Except wave resistance is cut unrestrained function; Plantation comprise high-stem plant various plants cut the ingredient that unrestrained chinampa itself is exactly the ecosystem; It can be enhanced the transparency, absorbs nutritive salt, becomes microbe carrier, adsorbs and effectively contain algal bloom, not receive that SEA LEVEL VARIATION influences etc.; This ecological subsystem has bigger anti-environmental disaster ability than submerged plant.Therefore, it is an important support subsystem of repairing aquatic ecosystem.
1.4. beautify water environment
Through planting different plants, flowers, the higher plant chinampa can become as afforest and beautify environment in the land, becomes the carrier (Figure 20) that beautifies water environment.
1.5. develop green aquatic agriculture
Because can plant multiple aquatic, humidogene, terrestrial plant on the carrier of the present invention, being equivalent to becomes the important component part of water body green agriculture in water surface development green agriculture.
2. background and integrated technology:
Wave energy and wave height square are directly proportional.Cut wave and will in the wave traveling process, make certain resistance exactly, consume and disperse its energy, until certain the less significant wave height target that reaches setting it.The resistance that traveling wave is made is big more, and cutting unrestrained effect can be quite a lot of, but the suffered pressure of facility is pressed square increase, and is just big more to the requirement of facility material.Adopt less rigid structures monomer, flexibly connect in flakes with rope, it is big to solve the area that requires to cut wave, and engineering services are difficult for the contradiction that fractureed and destroy by wave.The rigidity monomer is fractureed too greatly easily.Adopt less rigidity monomer, just be difficult for being destroyed, then their ropes (like plastic ties, nylon rope etc.) with sufficient intensity are coupled together flexibly, can be connected to large tracts of land like this and cut the wave band by billow.Along the zone that is built on the wave direct of travel than the great depth degree, progressively billow is cut down and be separated into moderate seas.Thereby be assembled into flexibility at the water surface and be fixed on the water surface, the three-dimensional porous wave band of cutting that certain width, longitudinal degree and thickness are arranged of hard and soft combination.Therefore the key of present technique be make up high-intensity efficiently cut unrestrained core body (making up then)-efficiently cut unrestrained chinampa rigidity monomer (making up at last)-hard and soft combination cut the wave band.
3. summary of the invention:
3.1. overall frame structure function
What make up earlier that high strength can efficiently cut wave cuts unrestrained chinampa core body (being called for short " core body "); Then they are combined as the unrestrained chinampa of efficiently cutting of sufficient intensity rigidity monomer (being called for short " monomer "); Flexibly connect numerous unrestrained chinampa rigidity monomers of cutting to be combined as and cut unrestrained omental band at last; Its area, position, form can confirm as required that its plasticity is very big.Use anchorage method, make this structure can be adapted to different substrates, the depth of water and SEA LEVEL VARIATION.Therefore, it is convenient to construction, safeguards, moves.
The hole of cutting unrestrained chinampa core body is numerous, Gu water-interface is very big, has both helped cutting wave, is again the fine carrier that adheres to of microorganism, protozoan, suspended load, is the satisfactory texture that forms microbial film.After algal bloom gets into this core body, owing to reasons such as scarce illumination receive huge containment.Wave can clean the space again, makes system's long-term stable operation.
Cut on the core body of unrestrained chinampa at some and can also plant the higher plant that comprises high-stem plant, become ecological floating island waterborne, further contain algal bloom, and purify water and beautify the environment.
3.2. the monomer that present technique need make up is the thin shell structures combination.The thin shell structures material can have various ways, wherein also can use through existing patent 1 (hereinafter to be referred as the TL-filler patent) product after the appropriate reconstruction, and on its basis, further process.Adopt hard and soft performance fine, be not easy aging PVC/ plastics synthetic materials that can be bonding, press down two groups of ripple shell-slabs of A, B (Fig. 1) of processing high-strength structure anti-phase symmetry at certain temperature, pressure by specific mould.Porose on this corrugated sheet (if use the TL filler, because it does not have the hole, so will punch in the above; The hole that can on the TL filling mould, add multiple aperture; In order to strengthen the rigidity of shell-slab, can around the hole, increase the 2-3 little ring doubly that is about lamella thickness perpendicular to the width on plane, hole).The aperture can be distributed between 1～15mm be advisable (Fig. 2, " hole " indication).Can influence thin plate intensity after the aperture is excessive.The punching purpose is that continuous waterproof plate face is become pervious layer; Different apertures permeability rate is different, Gu the small-bore can effectively increase water-contact surface, helps microorganism, protozoic apposition growth; After increasing these holes on the mould, can save raw material.Every group of thin plate can closely overlap, and is convenient to transportation.With A, two groups of thin plate anti-phases of B bonding (A, B, A, B ...) after, can form shell cavity piece (Fig. 2) with many three-dimensional water stream channels.To material requirements is that intensity is big, and hard and soft combination is difficult for wearing out, can be bonding.Can increase the fastness and the hardness of sheet material greatly with thin shell structures.Bellows-shaped not only can be gained in strength, and can make up cavity and water stream channel, absorbs wave energy.In the fluctuation water body, it can be cut apart big wave and is broken for rips, cuts down the wave height purpose thereby reach
3.3. fill out the diameter foam ball consistent (diameter is 37-40mm in this model) in corresponding recess space at A, when the anti-phase of B plate is bonding with the space; Thereby make core body that greater strength and bigger buoyancy arranged, can float on the water surface (add other aggregate measures, can adjust the buoyancy of cutting unrestrained monomer); And to be submerged in the entry part under external force many more when it, and then its buoyancy is big more.When core body was pressed in the water by wave height, wave exceeded water surface part and flows into the bottom because of running into numerous spaces, and the pressure above the core body reduces rapidly, and its buoyancy then increases sharply.Cut down wave height like this, increased and cut unrestrained effect.When core body ran into trough, the moisture in the core body can flow out from vertical open space, fills up trough.In a word, the pressure and the action of gravity of buoyancy and resistance and wave of cutting unrestrained core body is in the opposite direction, thereby big wave can be broken for rips effectively.Usually, add other load, can make this cut wave and be combined in nearly half thickness of having an appointment under the balance and be submerged in (Fig. 3) in the water.Its gross thickness can be regulated, through experiment, being good about 30cm.For ease of processing, can adopt bonding 5 layers earlier, treat to make up bonding (viscosity is very low in the early stage because of adhesive, and once bonding 10 layers are slided easily, and instability is difficult for bonding putting in place) together with two 5 layers between layer and layer again after adhesive is done; Have 10 layers like this, gross thickness is 33.3cm.Around it, carry out network-like binding with three-dimensional " groined type ", so that reinforce this device.This composite set can be described as floating of porous cuboid pie-shaped, abbreviates " cutting unrestrained chinampa core body " (Fig. 3,4) as.
3.4. the different facial that will cut unrestrained chinampa core body towards wave come to, can have difference to cut unrestrained effect and the corresponding wave pressure that receives; To suit measures to local conditions during practical application (Fig. 4).
Use above-mentioned unit construction, both can make up and to cut wave, can plant the higher plant facility that comprises high-stem plant again, can be described as that higher plant is cut unrestrained core body and higher plant is cut unrestrained chinampa (Fig. 5).The further combination of this member can make up the chinampa and cut wave band and cut wave with higher plant (like vetiver) chinampa and be with (Fig. 6).
Have very strong capacity of anti-storm 3.5. wave is cut on this higher plant chinampa, even plant is blown down by strong wind, (Fig. 7) can not overturn yet on the chinampa.Strong wind one stops, and all can recover former state.
Also can effectively stop algal bloom 3.6. the wave band is cut on the chinampa, and a part of algae is absorbed (Fig. 8) in the chinampa.In the chinampa, because shortage sunlight, algae can be dead, is inorganic nutrient salt by microbial conversion, sunk to lakebed or gaseous state (nitrogen) effusion water body by plant (in the wave band is cut on the higher plant chinampa) absorption, suspended load absorption, part subsequently; Thereby containment algal bloom.
3.7. laboratory tank wave experiment shows, (cut down the back wave height is 42% of incidence wave to the wave height reduction rate average out to 58% when rigidity is cut unrestrained monomer and connected length and be converted into a wavelength, and wave energy is 17.6% of an incidence wave; The reduction rate reaches 82.4%); (referring to Figure 10: I, II, III video recording).Taihu Lake field experiment shows that this facility also has the fine unrestrained effect (the last IV video recording of Figure 10) of cutting.
3.8. it is to come from long corrugated sheet cutting for 120cm that kind high-stem plant (like vetiver) is cut the carrier chip on unrestrained chinampa; It is cut to two pairs four size sketch map (width is that 60cm is constant) shown in figure 11; Can be combined as thickness thus is respectively 28 and cuts unrestrained chinampa carrier core (Figure 11) with two kinds of high-stem plants of 32cm; High-stem plant chinampa carrier core such as Figure 12 of being combined into supply the multiple feed of plantation, vegetables, flowers, shrub to use.
3.9. high-stem plant chinampa carrier core is bonded by 28 corrugated sheets (long 60cm * wide 28cm/ or 32cm, shown in figure 11); Middle filling diameter is the foam ball of 37-40mm; Overall height 100cm during the traverse water surface, can plant multiple high-stem plant in the space of non-foam ball.On the carrier core, use the wide 10mm that is, pull-off force is that the polyester belt of 30kg is with the ligation of three-dimensional groined type mode; Each node is all pricked extremely (Figure 12).
3.10. can the high-stem plant chinampa carrier core on Figure 12 be combined into the big chinampa carrier of a 1.5m*4m.Concrete structure is following:
3.10.1. every monomer is made up of 2*4=8 core body;
3.10.2. make up monomer with following 5cm PVC-U tubing:
377.1cm 6,
63.6cm 2,
(62.2+2cm two ends respectively have 1cm depression and vertical tube to intersect) 7,
19.4cm 4,
8.5cm 8,
12 of elbow bends,
4 of plane four-ways
3.10.3. it is that the wide polyester belt of 10mm of 150kg and square rigid foam bar that the cross section length of side is 36mm fill up that pull-off force is arranged in all tubing; All closed ducts will be cleaned the binding site of bonding two aspects before being glued with napkin paper, the polyester belt tension of when sealing inside being passed (two people firmly) forms the inside prestressing force of closed conduct.Like this, even during because of certain reason tube brakes, the buoyancy of carrier shelf is constant basically, can not sink on the whole.
3.10.4. 4 of bottoms and 3 cross bars in top all are filled with foregoing polyester belt and rigid foam bar, evenly distribute; The bottom is at core body combination middle part, above in the chip portfolio joint portion; Be connected two-way tightening with polyester belt with vertical 377.1cm pipe, two ends respectively have the 1cm depression, are stuck in (Figure 13,14,15) on the pipe vertical with it quadrature.
3.10.5. use pull-off force to be the wide polyester belt building network of the 10mm of 150kg, skew line and top one below between line (Figure 16);
3.10.6. between every pair of tubing with polyester belt tension, 4 pairs up and down, about 3 pairs;
3.10.7. on center line torus network and below cross bar tension; Following torus network and the tension of top cross bar; Whole like this monomer forms the capable shelf structure of a hard and soft combination, has very strong wind and wave resistance and disappears unrestrained ability (Figure 17);
3.10.8. the high-stem plant that is built into is like this cut unrestrained chinampa carrier from heavy and light (Figure 17), intensity is high, buoyancy big (18); The very strong unrestrained function of cutting is not only arranged; And can plant various plants, and absorb algae containment algal bloom (Figure 19,20), have very strong purifying water and repair the water body systemic-function.
3.11. to cut unrestrained carrier core planar dimension be 60cm*120cm when adopting, the frame construction when being combined as 120*360cm and being cut unrestrained carrier by 2*3 core is shown in figure 21.(blueness) two layers of bearing diagonal (internal diameter 50mm pvc pipe) under (redness) in the employing all connect with the tension of high tenacity polyester fiber band on the node up and down, form the three-dimensional row of diagonal brace frame shape structure, and more high strength can be arranged.Pass the slit between the carrier core monomer between every pair of tubing, with polyester belt tension, 7 pairs up and down, about 2 pairs, 1 pair of front and back add up to drawing a little totally 10 to (the last red circle of Figure 21 place); Map range is the cm number between the central point; Actual pipe range will consider to patch the gap of member and " card " depression needs on pipe when intersecting with circular pipe.
The unrestrained carrier monomer face of heading sea of cutting like this has 120cm wide, and the cross section changes with the fluctuation of wave height and carrier, becomes positive feedback with wave height; Wave height is big more, and the cross section is big more, and it is big more to cut unrestrained effect.The length 360cm of carrier monomer is very remarkable less than the reduction effect of the fluctuation of this length for wavelength.For cutting down more long wavelength's wave height effectively, need behind this monomer, follow several monomers closely.For example, for Taihu Lake, possible maxima of waves is about 12m.Requiring under the situation of high fraction, needing 3 monomers (between each monomer at a distance of about 50cm) and form continuously and cut the longitudinal degree that wave is with and just can reach a wavelength distance; And the width of cutting wave band then will be cut the scope that wave protects with institute and decides, and has bigger numerical value.Therefore, width and the longitudinal degree of cutting the wave band all are very big, add that the luffing of lake, river level is often very big, want to make up this task of accomplishing with a monoblock rigid structures, and not only cost is very high, and almost are impossible realize under a lot of situation.Use flexible structure fully, it is low that it cuts unrestrained efficient, needs very big water area realize target.This also is difficult to realize under many circumstances often.Adopt this patent to have technology than high performance-price ratio and realize that physics ecology cuts the target of wave and have important practical significance.
The laboratory flume experiment shows, wavelength X=2m, and on 2.4m=1.2 λ distance, wave height is cut down coefficient average out to 70%.On the λ distance, wave height reduction rate is 58%, and the wave height after the reduction is 42% of an incident wave height; The big wave-wave long 12m wave height 60cm possible with Taihu Lake is example, and on 2 λ=24m distance, wave can be reduced to 11cm from the 60cm of incident.For being implemented in the incident wave height is 60cm, and when wavelength was 12m, the wave height of cutting behind the wave band was a 11cm left and right sides target, and what the rigidity that to need 6 length be 4m was cut the synthetic depth of unrestrained set of monomers cuts the wave band.If plan is adopted the long rigidity of 24m to cut unrestrained monomer and is realized this target; Intensity (diameter of tubing and thickness) to material requires very high; It is high more than tens of times that price is wanted; Assembling difficulty and monomer weight also can be very big, and manpower is difficult to move, and the repair after especially big wind-force damages framework also will be difficult to.
Adopt materials such as special ripple shell-slab that a large amount of industrialization products are arranged and 50mm diameter PVC-U pipe in the present technique; Processing on this basis; Cost is lower; Make up the three-dimensional porous pie-shaped rigidity buoyancy aid about 120cm*400cm, can abbreviate " rigidity is cut unrestrained monomer " as (Figure 17), with plastic rope these rigid three-dimensional porous buoyancy aids (rigidity is cut unrestrained monomer) are connected into band shape/network-like " class sponge " flexibly at the water surface then and cut unrestrained Omento-and cut the wave band; And the anchorage method that mainly adopts plastic ties to connect is fixed.Can hard and softly combine like this, thereby obtain high cost performance, in the spatial dimension that is allowed, realize engineering objective (Fig. 5-9).
The scope and the depth of cutting the protection of wave band are big more, and cost performance is high more.Higher when cutting wave and requiring target when requiring the situation littler to be issued in the space, can adopt more high-strength materials, for example more slightly, thicker tubing, build longer wideer monomer.
3.12. this structure moves than being easier to.Change its form at needs, or when offshore direction far away advances, in the time of maybe need it being cancelled, only need mobile anchor station just passable.Because flexible structure can three-dimensionally be regulated under stormy waves automatically, so it bears wind pressure, the ability that exempts from destruction is bigger.Attack when suffering local failure receiving especially big stormy waves, maintenance is also than being easier to.
3.13. the above-mentioned shell thin plate size and the bonding number of plies, i.e. final " core body ", the size of " monomer " can change with requiring as the case may be.The application of giving an example above will be suited measures to local conditions.
3.14. for example, in order to plant the plant of differing heights, can make up the chinampa that different-thickness swims in the water surface.
For this reason, (its width is 60cm) can be cut apart 4 and 8 and make up high-stem plant carrier shell-slab (Figure 22) on total length 120cm plate:
1) can be bonding the back vertically become to swim in the kind high-stem plant chinampa carrier of two kinds of height (being respectively 28cm and 32cm) specification of the water surface; The distribution of cutting distance is followed successively by: and 32cm|28cm|28cm|32cm (total length=120cm); On 120cm, be divided into 4 altogether.
Bounding point on every is followed successively by 7+6+6+7=totally 26 respectively
2) or can be bonding the back vertically become to swim in the kind high-stem plant chinampa carrier of three kinds of height (being respectively 13cm-15cm-16cm) specification of the water surface; The distribution of cutting distance is followed successively by: and 16cm|16cm|15cm|13cm|13cm|15cm|16cm|16cm (total length=120cm); On 120cm, be divided into 8 altogether.
Tie point on every is followed successively by 3+4+3+3+3+3+4+3=26 tie point respectively;
4. description of drawings
Fig. 1, TL filler A, B antisymmetry are torn separately (C) for two groups under tight packed state, so that be bonded as hollow core member relatively
Fig. 2, at A, when two groups of corrugated sheet anti-phases of B are bonding, on the two-dimensional surface of two interlayers, form to support and cut apart numerous clam shell space of backing down by bonding point-concave point, add the many apertures on the corrugated sheet, this combination can form the loose structure on the three dimensions.In the fluctuation water body, can big wave be cut apart and be broken for rips, cut down the wave height purpose thereby reach.This combination can be described as cuts unrestrained chinampa core.
Fig. 3, punching (hole) on corrugated sheet on original TL patent basis, are filled out the diameter foam ball consistent with the space (diameter is 37mm-40mm in this model) at A in corresponding recess space when the anti-phase of B plate is bonding; Thereby make this combination can float on the water surface; Add other aggregate measures, can adjust the buoyancy of this combination.Usually, add other load, can make this be combined in nearly half thickness of having an appointment under the balance and be submerged in the water.
Fig. 4, will cut unrestrained chinampa core different facial towards wave come to, can have difference to cut unrestrained effect and the corresponding wave pressure that receives; To suit measures to local conditions during practical application
Fig. 5, with cutting the combination of unrestrained chinampa core body, both can make up and can cut wave, can plant the facility-plantation high-stem plant of high-stem plant (for example, on the figure being vetiver) again and cut unrestrained monomer
Fig. 6, by the chinampa cut that unrestrained monomer constitutes cut unrestrained nethike embrane (photo is anterior) cut unrestrained monomer with the vetiver chinampa and cut the wave band in Taihu Lake Mei Liangwan, 2008
Fig. 7, high-stem plant chinampa are cut wave and are had very strong anti-strong wind ability, Taihu Lake Mei Liangwan, in August, 2008
Unrestrained band is cut on Fig. 8, chinampa can keep off algal bloom, Taihu Lake Mei Liangwan, in August, 2008
The experiment of wave band is cut in Taihu Lake in Fig. 9, chinampa, in August, 2008
Figure 10, cut wave experiment photo and video recording, tank and day is recorded June 7 in 2008 (I-III) Taihu Lake Mei Liangwan Augusts 28 (IV) in the laboratory respectively, and Ctrl also clicks and can show; The laboratory flume experiment shows, wavelength X=2m, and on 2.4m=1.2 λ distance, wave height is cut down coefficient average out to 70%.On the λ distance, wave height reduction rate is 58%, and the wave height after the reduction is 42% of an incident wave height; The big wave-wave long 12m wave height 60cm possible with Taihu Lake is example, and on 2 λ=24m distance, wave can be reduced to 11cm from the 60cm of incident.Additional video recording:
100_3868.mov 100_3869.mov 100_3883.mov 100_4598.mov
I II III ?IV
Figure 11, high-stem plant (like vetiver) are cut unrestrained chinampa carrier chip from the long size sketch map that is cut to two pairs of four shell-slabs for the corrugated sheet of 120cm; The high-stem plant that can be combined as thickness thus and be 28～32cm is cut unrestrained chinampa carrier core; Can be combined as bigger chinampa carrier subsequently
Figure 12, high-stem plant chinampa carrier core are bonded by 28 corrugated sheets (long 60cm * wide 28cm or 32cm, shown in figure 11); Middle filling diameter is the foam ball of 37mm; Overall height 100cm during the traverse water surface, can plant multiple high-stem plant in the space of non-foam ball.On the carrier core, use the wide 10mm that is, pull-off force is that the polyester belt of 30kg is with the ligation of three-dimensional groined type mode; Each node is all pricked extremely.
Figure 13,2*4 high-stem plant chinampa carrier core is combined in the PVC-U tube frame that interior diameter is 50mm, below 4 cross bars, above 3 cross bars; Concrete size is seen Figure 14.
Figure 14, high-stem plant are cut the physical dimension of pipeline on the carrier of unrestrained chinampa
Figure 15, high-stem plant are cut the process () of unrestrained chinampa carrier
Figure 16, high-stem plant are cut the process (two) of unrestrained chinampa carrier
Figure 17, the efficient wave resistance of the water surface are cut the process (three) on the chinampa of wave plantation higher plant containment algal bloom, have machined the back from heavy and light, and intensity is high.
It is high that Figure 18, high-stem plant are cut unrestrained chinampa support strength, and buoyancy is big.
Figure 19, high-stem plant are cut unrestrained chinampa can plant multiple high-stem plants such as vetiver, absorbs algae, containment algal bloom.
Figure 20, high-stem plant are cut unrestrained chinampa for example; Have the wave of cutting, plant multiple feed, flowers, vegetables, shrub, absorb algal bloom, multiple function such as purify water; The Red Maple Lake, Kweiyang, 2008-
It is 60cm*120cm that unrestrained carrier core planar dimension is cut in Figure 21, employing, the frame construction drawing of cutting unrestrained carrier when being combined as 120*360cm by 2*3 core; Use (redness), following (blueness) two layers of bearing diagonal (internal diameter 50mm pvc pipe), all connect on the node up and down, form the three-dimensional frame shape structure of going of diagonal brace, more high strength can be arranged with the tension of high tenacity polyester fiber band.Map range is the cm number between the central point; Actual pipe range will consider to patch the gap of member and " card " depression needs on pipe when intersecting with circular pipe
Figure 22,120cm shell thin slice is cut into 4; 32cm|28cm|28cm|32cm; (along red pecked line) and 8, the cutting that begins from limit distance is followed successively by 16cm|16cm|15cm|13cm|13cm|15cm|16cm|16cm (along yellow long dotted line) cutting position, drilling point, bounding point and space position view
5. the specific embodiment
5.1., on original material foundation, punch by 3.2 methods to use TL patent goods to be example;
5.2. A, two groups of corrugated sheet anti-phases of B is bonding, foam ball is placed on last (for example A) thin plate recess, cover on the A plate after being stained with adhesive to the B plate then; Then be placed on B plate recess to foam ball; Cover on the B plate after the A plate is stained with adhesive; For bigger 60cm*120cm plate, because difficulty of processing is bigger, aliging and holding foam ball is not easy, and each is with the hands oppositely strained four jiaos of thin plate to need two people, makes corrugated sheet maintenance level basically, and two people transfer simultaneously gently, and aligning needs bonding point.Work will be carried out at calm basically place, fo otherwise, foam ball can be by wind from the normal position, two layers of thin plate can't be correctly bonding.Adhesive has volatility, and has certain toxicity.When operating, the workman, preferably is with labour protection to use breathing mask not facing to breathing, or the upwind side operation that is having gentle breeze to blow.Adhesive is sliding and not sticking at first, so the bonding number of plies can not be too many; Be advisable for general 5～6 layers; For 28cm/32cm or the wide length of 13cm/15cm/16cm is several kinds of corrugated sheets of 60cm, can be bonding 9～11 layers; Be placed on treat on the level land that mummification is bonding and become a group well after, again the group after two groups of mummification is bonded together; Till the thickness that reaches requirement chinampa core;
Tie (Figure 12) by the groined type mode with polyester belt (can be according to the intensity needs, using pull-off force is terylene, the polyamide fibre band of 30～150kg) 5.3. will cut unrestrained chinampa core; So just can constitute the unrestrained chinampa/plantation high-stem plant of cutting that can use separately and cut unrestrained core monomer;
5.4. to cut unrestrained chinampa core body in order reinforcing, can around it, to make up the monomer that is combined into PVC-U tubing and corresponding connector; Perhaps consider the raising cost performance, under strength of materials permission situation, be combined into more massive monomer; For example, combination written treaty 120cm (wide) * 360～400cm's (length) cuts wave (and plant high-stem plant) monomer (Fig. 5-9 is referring to 4.10,4.11);
5.5. these rigid three-dimensional porous buoyancy aids are cut as required the regional extent of wave with plastic rope; Lay certain width (longitudinal degree) at its peripheral water surface; Length and form, the band shape that connects into flexibly/network-like " type sponge " cut unrestrained Omento-abbreviation and cuts the wave band.The form of cutting unrestrained nethike embrane will take into full account and reduce the stressed probability of cutting on each node of unrestrained nethike embrane simultaneously as far as possible;
Be fixed on the water surface 5.6. cut the wave band flexibly with anchor is connected grappling with rope method; Rope lengths will be considered possible peak level and highest wave height; Suit measures to local conditions to design different anchors according to the substrate characteristics; If the mud substrate can be with the cement block anchor that adds reinforcing bar,, add that iron is grabbed or dark stake (stake of squeezing into bed mud is not surfaced) connects and cuts unrestrained chinampa rope to the hard bed mud; Rope with sufficient intensity is made anchor line; Buckle is unloaded with U-shaped in order to avoid rope is ground away in the junction of anchor line and anchor.
5.7. fixing soft isolation strip and network structure and floating carrier etc. can have several different methods in water body.In the less water body of range of stage, can use the piling way at lake basin of the hard end of shallow water, its advantage is that the form of network structure is better fixing.But at soft lake basin, when the big and range of stage of the depth of water was big, the anchorage method tool had great advantage.When network structure possibly receive than high sea and lake current pressure, promptly use stake fixing, in stake, must fix reinforcement with several anchors again; Need to adopt the way of stake and anchor combination.So grappling is the method for very important fixedly water surface network, in reservoir type water body, grappling is the basic skills that is easy to adopt especially.
5.8. anchor can have multiple structure.There are many industrial products selective on the market.But more expensive than self-control cement block anchor on price, and throw and be difficult in the open air keep an eye on, be easy to lose.Here introduce the cement block anchor that adds reinforcing bar.Consider the safe ready of manpower transport and construction, the weight of single anchor is advisable about with 35kg.Having under the mud situation, anchor can sink after the pulling force disturbance, covered by mud, so its anti-pulling force will further improve.On lake basin of the hard end, the cement block anchor mainly leans on gravity and with lakebed frictional force fixedly strength is provided.When needs provide big bed knife, need to adopt on the point way, and/or adopt the way of dark stake/bright stake combination on the bank with a plurality of anchors.Can make mould with size suitable plastic basin/bucket.Shape is more suitable with the circle/cylindrical grade of no corner angle.Reduce anchor possibly constitute injury to netting gear, enclosure band etc. at lakebed threat.The curved circle of reinforcing bar is arranged at the top of cement block anchor.Be fixed on the U type at rope end and buckle, then the U type is buckled with thread on the curved circle of the reinforcing bar of anchor, screw will be tightened, and prevents to get loose.
5.9. the length of anchor line and pulling force
For the horizontal pull that guarantees to hold soft isolation strip when maximum wave height is arranged at peak level greater than downward pulling force, the angle of cut α of anchor line and lakebed
0Should be less than 45 °, actually can adopt α
0=40 °.Consider that rope two ends need leave the bundle head, the length l of anchor line can be calculated by following semiempirical formula:
l＝(d
max+h
1/2wave+0.5m)/sinα
0≈1.56(d
max+1m)+1m...............................................(1)
D wherein
MaxLocal maximum water depth during for the consideration high water level, h
1/2waveIt is 1/2 maximum wave height; If with d
Max=3m, h
1/2wave=1m is an example, l=7.3m;
Under China's many lakes condition, can adopt diameter is the polypropylene anchor line of 10mm, and its pull-off force is 1560kgf, can meet the demands basically.
Be fixing soft isolation strip, need an anchor to draw several floating points sometimes; And/or negation two limits, soft isolation strip " just " of (consecutive points) connect fixing respectively with anchor near a floating point.
5.10. strengthen fixing way
Because the main manpower that leans on is laid engineering, anchor block is unsuitable excessive overweight, but on some key point, stress is concentrated, and need draw simultaneously with several anchors on each point.
Can with near the place that is connected, land/island, be connected with land piling and have bigger pulling force.Current in order not influence ship, can add one/several anchors near the place, navigation channel at the middle part of stay cord, rope is pressed onto lakebed.In dozen place of dark stake of having ready conditions, employing is beaten dark and can be obtained than the bigger pulling force of grappling.Its primary condition is that lakebed is not really dark, and bed mud is not darker mud or rock, can be processed into special tool with mao bamboon and play dark stake under water.Thick head end in mao bamboon puts an iron pipe, and the timber plug that rope is arranged to bundle beats the other end of the mao bamboon of surfacing with hammer in iron pipe.After treating timber squeezed into the above hard bed mud of 50cm, mao bamboon is extracted.Acquire a certain degree of difficulty and risk in water surface piling, need to pay special attention to safety with bigger ship or two ships.
Claims (10)
1. select that environmental friendliness, intensity are big, (thickness of existing industrial products is 0.5mm, and width * length is W*L=60*120cm for plastics composite sheet that certain flexibility is arranged; These parameters are variable); Being pressed on perpendicular to dull and stereotyped direction has very bigger serface and high-intensity ripple shell-slab, and they have two groups of anti-phase symmetrical A, B on ripple struction, and every group has consistent ripple; Can be closely overlapping, but A sheet and the anti-phase of B sheet can form the hole when bonding); Punching (also can solve, like this can economical with materials cost) on the ripple shell-slab with mould, can there be multiple combination in the aperture, but will ensure that structure has sufficient intensity, so is advisable to be no more than 20mm in the maximum diameter of hole; When A, two groups of corrugated sheets of B (A, B, A, B...) alternately bonding, the middle foam ball (piece) of placing increases buoyancy, constitutes the three-dimensional multi-hole of chinampa formula and cuts unrestrained elementary cell-cut unrestrained chinampa core body; Fluctuation water body effect it the time can be rips with the broken decomposition and inversion of big Wave energy effectively, thereby reach the target of efficiently cutting wave;
2. it swims in the water surface ripple shell-slab when bonding, and basic size is 60cm*120cm* (13cm～40cm) (the long * of wide * is thick), wherein wide, grow and depend on that factory's mould, thickness depend on bonding sheet number, these sizes are variable as the case may be); This unrestrained chinampa core body of cutting can be described as the I type and cuts unrestrained chinampa core body; Be bundled on the core with the fiber ribbon of certain intensity, width, thickness and cut unrestrained chinampa core body in order to reinforcing.
3. as if the A with 120cm long (width is 60cm), two groups of corrugated sheets of B are cut into 4 equally, and the distribution of cutting distance is followed successively by: and 32cm|28cm|28cm|32cm (total length=120cm); Then can these thin plates be pressed A, B, A, it is 60cm that the B... regular bond becomes width, and thickness is respectively two kinds of chinampa core bodys of 32cm and 28cm, and its length is decided by the bonding thin plate number of plies, can be taken as about 120cm; This cutting can be planted the various plants (vegetables, feed, flowers, shrub etc.) that comprises high-stem plant on the core body of unrestrained chinampa; This core body can be described as plantation high-stem plant II type and cuts unrestrained chinampa core body (be called for short the II type and cut unrestrained chinampa core body); If with the A of 120cm long (width is 60cm), two groups of corrugated sheets of B are cut into 8 equally, the distribution of cutting distance is followed successively by: 16cm|16cm|15cm|13cm|13cm|15cm|16cm|16cm (total length=120cm) then can these thin plates be pressed A; B, A, it is 60cm that the B... regular bond becomes width; Thickness is respectively 13cm; Three kinds of chinampa core bodys of 15cm and 16cm, its length is decided by the bonding thin plate number of plies, can be taken as about 120cm; This cutting can be planted the various plants (vegetables, feed, flowers, shrub etc.) that comprises short bar, high-stem plant on the core body of unrestrained chinampa; This core body cost is lower than II type, also can be used to plant short stem plant, but some high-stem plants are had restriction, and it is more a little than II type difference to cut unrestrained effect, can be described as plantation plants on water surface III type and cuts unrestrained chinampa core body (be called for short the III type and cut unrestrained chinampa core body);
4. cut unrestrained core body and be placed in the framework that constitutes with the rigid body floating material some, form bigger rigidity and cut unrestrained chinampa monomer; Framework is an example with PVC-U material conduit and accessory thereof, light, and environmental friendliness is nontoxic, and is not perishable aging, fills in therein with stiff foam material; In pipeline, add the high strength pull strap, when closed conduit, firmly tension; Making to cause has prestressing force in the pipe, reduce the pipeline bonding place and throw off, and pipeline break separates and the whole risk of disintegrating of framework; Like this, even it is bad to connect sealing, or the tubing fracture also still can keep buoyancy; Thereby improve framework and the overall performance and the application life of cutting unrestrained chinampa monomer greatly; Can make up the airtight three-dimensional framework that unrestrained core is cut in encirclement with elbow bend and plane four-way, as basic framework; In order to ensure the cost that practices every conceivable frugality under intensity and the function situation; On some less important support links, can adopt the way of blow-by pipeline, in pipeline, add the chemical fibre band (for example terylene) of high strength (for example 150kg pull-off force); Fill up rigid foam two ends not airtight but have with the bayonet socket that is attached thereto pipeline in addition (be not the plane; But concave surface can be stuck on the pipeline that is attached thereto, and tightens fixing with the tension of high strength fibre band; Can gain in strength like this, reduce cost;
Framework and core body closely tension make that to be linked to be rigid unitary be to increase the important step of cutting unrestrained monomer intensity; Its key is to pass the relative framework pipeline tension of core body slit with the core body outsourcing with the high strength fibre band, up and down, about, front and back, every possible closure all will be strained; On the framework of top and bottom, can add diagonal brace, with globality and intensity that unrestrained monomer is cut in enhancing, assurance is efficiently cut wave and is not broken by wave; The bonding connection of depending merely on pipeline and accessory is not enough, and between core body and framework, it also is not enough not having enough pulling force that the two is combined closely, otherwise under long-term wind wave action, cuts unrestrained system and damaged easily, does not also reach the due unrestrained effect of cutting;
6. between the monomer of the unrestrained chinampa of cutting of rigidity, connect with flexible rope; Or a group is cut unrestrained chinampa monomer be connected on the cancellated rope; Structure is cut unrestrained chinampa band (net) (the wave band cut in abbreviation), and its length, width (longitudinal degree), form need suit measures to local conditions to confirm according to concrete engineering objective; Cut the wave band and be fixed on the water surface flexibly with anchorage method; Rope lengths will be considered possible peak level and highest wave height; Suit measures to local conditions to design different anchors according to the substrate characteristics; If the mud substrate can to the hard bed mud, add iron and grab or beat dark stake (stake of squeezing into bed mud is not surfaced, and connects and cuts unrestrained chinampa rope) with the cement block anchor that adds reinforcing bar; Rope with sufficient intensity is made anchor line; Buckle is unloaded with U-shaped in order to avoid rope is ground away in the junction of anchor line and anchor.
7. lay when cutting the wave band wants idea to avoid cutting wave possibly receive equidirectional pressure (or pulling force) simultaneously with adjacent several tie points effect as far as possible; The sharp side that adjacent grappling stress point will be avoided traveling wave as far as possible arrives simultaneously; Cut wave band cloth and be made as waveform, its tip surface to the big ripple of maximum possible come to; Can use length is different, intensity is different two (or many) roots rope will cut the wave band and be fixed on the anchor, can reduce like this and when run into especially big wave pressure, cut the unrestrained risk of suffering extensive damage of being with;
8. three types of integrated applications of cutting unrestrained monomer can solve the many demands in bank slope protection and the aquatic ecosystem reparation; Usually at first use I type monomer in the periphery of the wave that facings the wind, the back is with II type, III type; When cutting the wave band owing to running into extraordinary serious natural calamities or human damage, can take monomer to change, arrangement connecting line, the position of moving anchor, measures such as adjustment rope lengths; At the less water body of stormy waves, can more use the III type to cut unrestrained chinampa core body, to reduce cost more.
9. need to enlarge with repairing that aquatic ecosystem is finished the work when repairing ecosystem zone or transferring to other zone when being predefined in some areas bank protection, cut unrestrained band and can move with comparalive ease: weighing anchor, outwards to shift or transport to its place just passable cutting the wave band; The scope of cutting wave band protection waters is big more, and its unit price is lower, has bigger cost performance;
10. be the needs of the aquatic ecosystem of main body for cooperating reparation with the submerged plant, it is unsuitable wide with every width to cut wave.The water surface has continuous overburden can cause anoxic in the water, can adopt " zebra stripes " formula structure; Promptly cut at every and will vacate water surface pore belt one after wave is with, latter's width is not less than the former.Like this, cutting the wave band when the water surface is done displacement, do not having the shade of being cut the wave band under water and all cover all the time, sunlight can (in the different periods) be transmitted to almost all water bodys; Help the recovery of submerged plant and avoid causing anoxic because of water surface large tracts of land is capped.Form a lot of is cut the wave band by nothing the alternate numerous wave bands of cutting of table at the water surface like this.Cut the wave effect of cutting that wave is with through multiple tracks, form one at lake surface and can reach the unrestrained face of cutting of necessarily cutting the wave requirement generally.The length that its length is protected as requested and deciding.
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