CN102545048A - Nanotube surface plasma laser - Google Patents
Nanotube surface plasma laser Download PDFInfo
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- CN102545048A CN102545048A CN2012100118377A CN201210011837A CN102545048A CN 102545048 A CN102545048 A CN 102545048A CN 2012100118377 A CN2012100118377 A CN 2012100118377A CN 201210011837 A CN201210011837 A CN 201210011837A CN 102545048 A CN102545048 A CN 102545048A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nanotube surface plasma laser structure, comprising a metal basal layer (1), a medium buffer layer (2) positioned above the metal basal layer (1), a gain medium nanotube (3) positioned on the medium buffer layer, a filling area (4) positioned in the centre of the gain medium nanotube and a coating layer (5). Due to coupling of the gain medium nanotube and the metal basal layer, an optical field can be obviously limited in the medium buffer layer with a low refractive index, two-dimensional subwavelength constraining of the optical field output by the laser can be realized, and simultaneously, due to the filling medium with the low refracting index in the center of the gain medium nanotube, lower transmission loss of the entire laser can be still maintained. The nanotube surface plasma laser is easy to realize with the existing processing technique and can be used for constructing all types of planar integrated nano active devices.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to micro-nano photonic device/laser field, be specifically related to a kind of nanotube surface plasma laser.
Background technology
In recent years, the correlative study of nano wire photonic propulsion technology has obtained the extensive concern of Chinese scholars.Because nano wire has good optics and electrology characteristic, it has been applied to all kinds of optics and photoelectric device, and coverage is from guided wave to the exciting light radiation etc.Wherein, semiconductor nanowires has been used as stable LASER Light Source because of the characteristics of its small size, big refringence.Along with the rise of nanosecond science and technology, the research of nano laser becomes a brand-new important topic.Nano laser comprises that at numerous areas all there is very strong using value aspects such as telecommunications, information stores, biochemical sensor, nano-photoetching.
On the other hand, the combination of surface plasma body technique and laser technology also becomes current one big research focus.Surface plasma is a kind of mode of electromagnetic wave that the interaction by light and metal surface free electron causes, can horizontal light field be limited in the size range much smaller than wavelength based on the structure of surface plasma, thereby break through the restriction of diffraction limit.Many researchers is just utilizing surface plasma to break through these characteristics of diffraction limit, is devoted to the miniaturization of laser component.But, be to reduce the work threshold value of laser, need satisfy simultaneously low-loss transmission and gain media regional than these two conditions of high field limitation capability, and this conventional surface plasmon fiber waveguide problem that can't overcome just.
The Xiang research group current research of opening of University of California Berkeley is found near high refractive index medium layer of interpolation low refractive index dielectric/metal flat structure; Can light field be tied in the low refractive index dielectric slit between high refractive index medium layer and the metal interface and transmit, keep lower loss simultaneously.This waveguiding structure has overcome conventional surface plasmon optical waveguide structure can't balance mould field limitation capability and the problem of loss these two physical quantitys.Based on this waveguiding structure, this research group has developed small semiconductor laser.This laser is the element that the magnesium fluoride insulating barrier through thick 5nm is made the cadmium sulfide nano wires that is loaded with the about 100nm of diameter on silver-colored film, and it is shone exciting light, makes to produce surface plasma between silver layer and the nano wire, thereby vibrates as laser.This laser is reduced to below 1/20 of wavelength of transmitted light through utilizing the surface plasma body technique with the size of illuminating part, and the message capacity and the circuit that help significantly enlarging optical communication are photochemical.
Here, in order further to reduce the loss of above-mentioned mixed type waveguide, adopt the gain media nano tube structure here, and (like air) filled by low refractive index dielectric in the center of nanotube.The coupling of high index of refraction gain media nanotube and metallic substrates can effectively be distributed in light field in the dielectric buffer layer of low-refraction, makes it still can keep stronger mould field limitation capability.This laser structure is easy to process, can compatible all kinds of fiber waveguides and device, and for the active surface plasma device of nano wire and integrated optical circuit lay the foundation.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of nanotube surface plasma laser structure, comprise metallic substrate layer, be positioned at dielectric buffer layer on the metallic substrate layer, the fill area and the covering at the gain media nanotube on the dielectric buffer layer, gain media nanotube center; Wherein, the width of dielectric layer resilient coating is not less than 0.1 times of wavelength of the light signal that is transmitted, altitude range be the light signal that transmitted wavelength 0.01-0.1 doubly; The gain media nanotube has optical gain on laser output light wavelength, its Breadth Maximum is 0.04-0.5 a times of laser output light wavelength, and its maximum height is 0.04-0.5 a times of laser output light wavelength; The Breadth Maximum of the fill area at gain media nanotube center is 0.02-0.48 a times of laser output light wavelength; Its maximum height be laser output light wavelength 0.02-0.48 doubly, and the Breadth Maximum of the fill area at gain media nanotube center and maximum height are respectively less than the Breadth Maximum and the maximum height of gain media nanotube; The longitudinal length of the fill area at gain media nanotube and center thereof is no more than 100 microns, and both equal in length; In the longitudinal direction, the shape of cross section of the fill area at gain media nanotube and center thereof and size all remain unchanged; The material refractive index of dielectric buffer layer is not less than the material refractive index of the fill area at covering and gain media nanotube center; The material of the fill area at covering and gain media nanotube center can be same material or different materials; The material refractive index of gain media nanotube is higher than the material refractive index of the fill area at basalis, covering and gain media nanotube center, and the ratio of the maximum of the material refractive index of the fill area at dielectric buffer layer, covering and gain media nanotube center and the material refractive index of gain media nanotube is less than 0.75.
The composite material that the material of metallic substrate layer constitutes for any or alloy separately in the gold, silver, aluminium, copper, titanium, nickel, chromium, palladium that can produce surface plasma or above-mentioned metal in the said nanotube surface plasma laser structure.
The material of gain media nanotube is that any in organic material or the inorganic material of optical gain arranged in the said nanotube surface plasma laser structure.
In the said nanotube surface plasma laser structure cross sectional shape of the outline of the fill area at gain media nanotube and gain media nanotube center be rectangle, triangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, ellipse or trapezoidal in any.
Nanotube surface plasma laser of the present invention has the following advantages:
1. propose of the coupling of nanotube surface plasma laser based on the surface plasmon mode formula at gain media nanotube pattern and medium/metal resilient coating interface; Can the radiation light field be limited in the low refractive index dielectric resilient coating; Thereby realize two-dimentional sub-wavelength constraint to the laser output light field; Quite a few mould field distribution is arranged simultaneously in gain media, and still can keep lower loss, thereby help the low threshold value work of laser realization.
2. carrying the nanotube surface plasma laser can be complementary with relevant processing technologys such as existing nano wires, can be used for making up all kinds of integrated active surface plasma devices.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of nanotube surface plasma laser.Zone 1 is a metallic substrate layer; Zone 2 is a dielectric buffer layer, and its width is w
2, highly be h
2Zone 3 is the gain media nanotube, and its width is w
3, highly be h
3Zone 4 is the fill area at gain media nanotube center, and its width is w
4, highly be h
4Vertical (along Z-direction) length in zone 2, zone 3 and zone 4 is L; Zone 5 is a covering.
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional structure figure of instance 1 said nanotube surface plasma laser.201 is metallic substrate layer, n
mBe its refractive index; 202 is dielectric buffer layer, n
bBe its refractive index, h
bBe its height; 203 is rectangle gain media nanotube, n
hBe its refractive index, w
hBe its width, h
hBe its height; 204 is the rectangle fill area at gain media nanotube center, n
lBe its refractive index, w
lBe its width, h
lBe its height; 205 is covering, n
cBe its refractive index; 202, vertical (along Z-direction) length of 203 and 204 is L.
Fig. 3 be the corresponding output light wavelength of the said nanotube surface plasma laser of instance 1 when being 490nm normalization electric field strength along the distribution curve (Fig. 3 (b)) of X axle (Fig. 3 (a)) and Y direction.
Fig. 4 is the mode characteristic of the corresponding output light wavelength of the said nanotube surface plasma laser of instance 1 when being 490nm, and wherein, Fig. 4 (a)-(d) is respectively that effective refractive index, effective transmission loss, the effective mode field area of normalization and restriction factor are with width w
lChange curve.
Fig. 5 be the corresponding output light wavelength of the said nanotube surface plasma laser of instance 1 when being 490nm gain threshold with width w
lChange curve.
Fig. 6 is the cross-sectional structure figure of instance 2 said nanotube surface plasma lasers.601 is metallic substrate layer, n
mBe its refractive index; 602 is dielectric buffer layer, n
bBe its refractive index, h
bBe its height; 603 is circular gain media nanotube, n
hBe its refractive index, w
hBe its width, h
hBe its height; 604 is gain media nanotube central circular fill area, n
lBe its refractive index, w
lBe its width, h
lBe its height; 605 is covering, n
cBe its refractive index; 602, vertical (along Z-direction) length of 603 and 604 is L.。
Fig. 7 be the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm normalization electric field strength along the distribution curve (Fig. 7 (b)) of X axle (Fig. 7 (a)) and Y direction.
Fig. 8 is the mode characteristics of the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm, and wherein, Fig. 4 (a)-(d) is respectively that effective refractive index, effective transmission loss, the effective mode field area of normalization and restriction factor are with width w
lChange curve.
Fig. 9 be the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm gain threshold with width w
lChange curve.
Embodiment
The mode characteristic of surface plasma wave and gain threshold are the important indicators that characterizes surface plasma nanometer laser.Wherein mode characteristic mainly includes and imitates refractive index real part and imaginary part, mould field restriction factor and the effective mode field area of normalization.
The effective refractive index imaginary part characterizes the effective transmission loss of pattern, and the field intensity limitation capability of mould field restriction factor characterize gain medium nano wire is defined herein as the ratio that contained electric field energy in the gain media accounts for waveguide total electric field energy.
Effectively the calculation expression of mode field area is following:
A
eff＝(∫∫|E(x，y)|
2dxdy)
2/∫∫|E(x，y)|
4dxdy (1)
Wherein, A
EffBe effective mode field area, (x y) is the electric field of surface plasma wave to E.The effective mode field area that the effective mode field area of normalization calculates for (1) formula and the ratio of the little hole area of diffraction limit.The area of diffraction limit aperture defines as follows:
A
0＝λ
2/4 (2)
Wherein, A
0Be the little hole area of diffraction limit, λ is a laser output light wavelength.Therefore, the effective mode field area A of normalization is:
A＝A
eff/A
0 (3)
The size of the effective mode field area of normalization characterizes the mould field restriction ability of pattern, and this value is less than the dimension constraint of 1 the corresponding sub-wavelength of situation, when the light field constraint of this value corresponding dark sub-wavelength much smaller than 1 time.
The calculating formula of the gain threshold of laser is following:
g
th＝(k
0α
eff+ln(1/R)/L)/Γ·(n
eff/n
wire) (4)
K wherein
0Expression light wave number in a vacuum, and k
0=2 π/λ, λ are laser output light wavelength; α
EffBe the effective refractive index imaginary part of pattern, R is the end face reflection rate, and L is the longitudinal length of gain medium nano-wire, and Γ is a restriction factor, n
EffBe the effective refractive index real part of pattern, n
WireRefractive index for gain medium nano-wire.
The expression formula of end face reflection rate R is following:
R＝(n
eff-1)/(n
eff+1) (5)
Instance 1: rectangle gain media nanotube
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional structure figure of instance 1 said nanotube surface plasma laser.201 is metallic substrate layer, n
mBe its refractive index; 202 is dielectric buffer layer, n
bBe its refractive index, h
bBe its height; 203 is rectangle gain media nanotube, n
hBe its refractive index, w
hBe its width, h
hBe its height; 204 is the rectangle fill area at gain media nanotube center, n
lBe its refractive index, w
lBe its width, h
lBe its height; 205 is covering, n
cBe its refractive index; 202, vertical (along Z-direction) length of 203 and 204 is L.。
In this example, laser output light wavelength is 490nm, and 201 material be golden, is-9.2 at the refractive index real part of 490nm wavelength, and imaginary part is 0.3; 202 material is a magnesium fluoride, and its refractive index real part is 1.4; 203 material is cadmium sulfide, and the refractive index real part is 2.4; 204 and 205 material is air, and its refractive index real part is 1.
In this example, 202 height h
b=5nm, 203 width w
h=100nm, height h
h=100nm; 204 width w
lSpan be 10-90nm (correspondingly, the height h
lSpan also be 10-90nm, to keep 204 the square that is shaped as); 202,203 and 204 longitudinal length L=30 μ m.
Use full vector Finite Element Method that above-mentioned nanotube surface plasma laser structure in the present embodiment is carried out emulation, calculate the mode characteristic and the gain threshold of 490nm wavelength surface plasmon mode formula.
Fig. 3 is instance 1 said nanotube surface plasma laser (w
l=h
l=when 50nm) corresponding output light wavelength is 490nm normalization electric field strength along the distribution curve (Fig. 3 (b)) of X axle (Fig. 3 (a)) and Y direction.Can know that by field intensity map tangible enhancement effect all arranged in the dielectric buffer layer zone of low-refraction.
Fig. 4 is the mode characteristic of the corresponding output light wavelength of the said nanotube surface plasma laser of instance 1 when being 490nm, and wherein, Fig. 4 (a)-(d) is respectively that effective refractive index, effective transmission loss, the effective mode field area of normalization and restriction factor are with width w
lChange curve.Can know by figure, along with width w
lIncrease; The effective refractive index of pattern, effective transmission loss and restriction factor all are dull downward trend; Show that airport regional change senior general in nanotube center causes the reduction of loss, the limitation capability in gain media zone also descends gradually simultaneously, and effective mode field area of pattern is then with width w
lIncrease constantly increase, as width w
lDuring less than 80nm, this structure can realize the dark sub-wavelength constraint to light field.
Fig. 5 be the corresponding output light wavelength of the said nanotube surface plasma laser of instance 1 when being 490nm gain threshold with width w
lChange curve.Can know that by figure this threshold value is with width w
lIncrease reduce earlier afterwards to increase, minimum threshold occurs in w
lNear=the 80nm.Therefore, realize laser work under low threshold condition, need to select suitable airport size.When pumping condition reached the gain threshold of gain medium nano-wire, laser just can produce, thereby realized the surface plasma body laser of dark sub-wavelength.
Instance 2: circular gain media nanotube
Fig. 6 is the cross-sectional structure figure of instance 2 said nanotube surface plasma lasers.601 is metallic substrate layer, n
mBe its refractive index; 602 is dielectric buffer layer, n
bBe its refractive index, h
bBe its height; 603 is circular gain media nanotube, n
hBe its refractive index, w
hBe its width, h
hBe its height; 604 is gain media nanotube central circular fill area, n
lBe its refractive index, w
lBe its width, h
lBe its height; 605 is covering, n
cBe its refractive index; 602, vertical (along Z-direction) length of 603 and 604 is L.
In this example, laser output light wavelength is 490nm, and 601 material be golden, is-9.2 at the refractive index real part of 490nm wavelength, and imaginary part is 0.3; 602 material is a magnesium fluoride, and its refractive index real part is 1.4; 603 material is cadmium sulfide, and the refractive index real part is 2.4; 604 and 605 material is air, and its refractive index real part is 1.
In this example, 602 height h
b=5nm, 603 Breadth Maximum w
h=100nm, maximum height h
h=100nm; 604 width w
lSpan be 10-90nm (correspondingly, the height h
lSpan also be 10-90nm, to keep 604 the circle that is shaped as); 602,603 and 604 longitudinal length L=30 μ m.
Use full vector Finite Element Method that above-mentioned nanotube surface plasma laser structure in the present embodiment is carried out emulation, calculate the mode characteristic and the gain threshold of 490nm wavelength surface plasmon mode formula.
Fig. 7 be the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm normalization electric field strength along the distribution curve (Fig. 7 (b)) of X axle (Fig. 7 (a)) and Y direction.Visible by field intensity map, all there is apparent in view field enhancement effect in the dielectric buffer layer zone of low-refraction.
Fig. 8 is the mode characteristics of the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm, and wherein, Fig. 8 (a)-(d) is respectively that effective refractive index, effective transmission loss, the effective mode field area of normalization and restriction factor are with width w
lChange curve.Can know by figure, similar with instance 1 said rectangle gain media nanotube, along with width w
lIncrease; The effective refractive index of pattern, effective transmission loss and restriction factor all are dull downward trend; Show that airport regional change senior general in nanotube center causes the reduction of loss, the limitation capability in gain media zone also descends gradually simultaneously, and effective mode field area of pattern is then with width w
lIncrease constantly increase, as width w
lDuring less than 80nm, this structure can realize the dark sub-wavelength constraint to light field.
Fig. 9 be the corresponding output light wavelengths of the said nanotube surface plasma lasers of instance 2 when being 490nm gain threshold with width w
lChange curve.Can know that by figure this threshold value is with width w
lIncrease reduce earlier afterwards to increase, minimum threshold occurs in w
lNear=the 70nm.Therefore, realize laser work under low threshold condition, need to select suitable airport size.When pumping condition reached the gain threshold of gain medium nano-wire, laser just can produce, thereby realized the surface plasma body laser of dark sub-wavelength.
The simulation result of instance 1 and instance 2 shows that the cross sectional shape of the gain media nanotube region in the waveguiding structure involved in the present invention can adopt rectangle, circle and similar shape thereof to realize.
What should explain at last is, more than embodiment in each accompanying drawing only in order to nanotube surface plasma laser of the present invention to be described, but unrestricted.Although the present invention is specified with reference to embodiment; Those of ordinary skills are to be understood that; Technical scheme of the present invention is made amendment or is equal to replacement, do not break away from the spirit and the scope of technical scheme of the present invention, it all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. nanotube surface plasma laser structure comprises metallic substrate layer, is positioned at dielectric buffer layer on the metallic substrate layer, the fill area and the covering at the gain media nanotube on the dielectric buffer layer, gain media nanotube center; Wherein, the width of dielectric layer resilient coating is not less than 0.1 times of wavelength of the light signal that is transmitted, altitude range be the light signal that transmitted wavelength 0.01-0.1 doubly; The gain media nanotube has optical gain on laser output light wavelength, its Breadth Maximum is 0.04-0.5 a times of laser output light wavelength, and its maximum height is 0.04-0.5 a times of laser output light wavelength; The Breadth Maximum of the fill area at gain media nanotube center is 0.02-0.48 a times of laser output light wavelength; Its maximum height be laser output light wavelength 0.02-0.48 doubly, and the Breadth Maximum of the fill area at gain media nanotube center and maximum height are respectively less than the Breadth Maximum and the maximum height of gain media nanotube; The longitudinal length of the fill area at gain media nanotube and center thereof is no more than 100 microns, and both equal in length; In the longitudinal direction, the shape of cross section of the fill area at gain media nanotube and center thereof and size all remain unchanged; The material refractive index of dielectric buffer layer is not less than the material refractive index of the fill area at covering and gain media nanotube center; The material of the fill area at covering and gain media nanotube center can be same material or different materials; The material refractive index of gain media nanotube is higher than the material refractive index of the fill area at basalis, covering and gain media nanotube center, and the ratio of the maximum of the material refractive index of the fill area at dielectric buffer layer, covering and gain media nanotube center and the material refractive index of gain media nanotube is less than 0.75.
2. laser structure according to claim 1; It is characterized in that the composite material that the material of metallic substrate layer constitutes for any or alloy separately in the gold, silver, aluminium, copper, titanium, nickel, chromium, palladium that can produce surface plasma or above-mentioned metal in the said structure.
3. laser structure according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the material of gain media nanotube is that any in organic material or the inorganic material of optical gain arranged in the said structure.
4. laser structure according to claim 1; It is characterized in that, in the said structure cross sectional shape of the outline of the fill area at gain media nanotube and gain media nanotube center be rectangle, triangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, ellipse or trapezoidal in any.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106526724A (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2017-03-22 | 广西师范大学 | SPP propagation device based on cadmium sulfide nanowire and graphene nanobelt |
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| CN101882752A (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2010-11-10 | 北京航空航天大学 | Surface plasma nanometer laser |
| CN102130422A (en) * | 2011-01-28 | 2011-07-20 | 北京航空航天大学 | Nanowire surface plasma laser |
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2012
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101882752A (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2010-11-10 | 北京航空航天大学 | Surface plasma nanometer laser |
| CN102130422A (en) * | 2011-01-28 | 2011-07-20 | 北京航空航天大学 | Nanowire surface plasma laser |
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| CN106526724A (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2017-03-22 | 广西师范大学 | SPP propagation device based on cadmium sulfide nanowire and graphene nanobelt |
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Application publication date: 20120704 |