CN102506904A - Spontaneous Brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer based on superconductive nanowire single-proton detector - Google Patents
Spontaneous Brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer based on superconductive nanowire single-proton detector Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a spontaneous Brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) based on a superconductive nanowire single-proton detector, which is characterized in that an optical pulse emitted by an optical pulse generating unit is coupled to a sensing optical fiber through a circulator, backward scattered light scattered from the sensing optical fiber is subjected to filtration of rayleigh scattering light through an optical filter unit to obtain Brillouin scattering light, a back scattering light signal is detected by the superconductive nanowire single-proton detector, an electric signal output from the superconductive nanowire single-proton detector is acquired and processed by a data acquiring and processing unit, and finally, a result is obtained through a certain demodulation relation. Compared with the traditional BOTDR, the BOTDR provided by the invention is used for carrying out data acquisition and processing by adopting the noise equivalent power (NEP) low/no-bandwidth-limit superconductive nanowire single-proton detector as a detection unit and adopting a single-proton counting technology.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector, be mainly used in the optical fiber sensor network technical field.
Background technology
In present fully distributed fiber sensing technology; Can realize the length of temperature in the optical fiber and strain is measured apart from the continuous distribution formula based on the fully distributed fiber sensing technology of Brillouin scattering; Can be applicable to the monitoring and the measurement of health status such as heavy construction, highway, tunnel, bridge, dam, communications optical cable, oil and gas pipes, wide application prospect is arranged.Based on spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) with respect to other distributed fiberoptic sensors, have single-ended carry out sensing measurement with can be to the advantage of temperature and strain while sensing.Brillouin scattering in the optical fiber is a kind of inelastic scattering, comes from the part photon of incident light and the acoustical phonon of fiber medium and interacts.The intensity of Brillouin scattering and frequency displacement receive the temperature and the stress influence of optical fiber environment of living in, so the intensity or the frequency displacement of brillouin scattering signal just can obtain the temperature of optical fiber and the distribution situation of strain through measuring dorsad.Traditional B OTDR system is to two kinds of the detection method coherent detection of brillouin scattering signal and direct detections.The principle of direct detection for directly through demodulation dorsad the brillouin scattering signal intensity BOTDR that carries out sensing adopted optical time domain reflection (OTDR) technology; Promptly in optical fiber, be coupled into a light pulse; Confirm the locus through receiving reflected signal and the mistiming of emission between the light pulse, the intensity of brillouin scattering signal or the strength ratio (Landau-Placzek ratio) of measuring Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering signal demodulate temperature, strain information along the optical fiber relevant position dorsad through direct measurement.P.C. Wait equals to report in 1996 this method (P.C. Wait; T.P. Newson, " Landau Placzek ratio applied to distributed fibre sensing ", Optics Communications; 1996,122:pp. 141-146).As far as BOTDR, though have the advantage of single-ended measurement easily, because the spontaneous brillouin scattering light intensity of utilizing is faint, the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) that Conventional detectors is measured is lower, detection difficult.The spatial resolution of BOTDR system receives the bandwidth constraints of direct impulse width and detector; Improve spatial resolution and must improve the bandwidth that reduces the direct impulse width and increase detector; And the analog prober bandwidth is wide more; The noise equivalent power value is big more, and the minimum power that promptly may detect is big more, so the resolution of the spatial resolution of system and temperature, strain is difficult to improve simultaneously.
Traditional spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) is an analog prober owing to what adopt; Receive the restriction of analog prober noise equivalent power (NEP) and bandwidth; Detectivity to faint brillouin scattering signal dorsad is limited; Therefore tradition is difficult to realize simultaneously great dynamic range, the measurement of high spatial resolution and high strain/temperature measurement accuracy based on the BOTDR system of analog prober.
At present; The external existing commercial product of BOTDR system that adopts analog prober; These products adopt the detection method of coherent detection, and some relevant Patent datas are also arranged, but do not find the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector is applied to the Patent data and the document of BOTDR system.The superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector is a kind of novel photodetector, and (representative value is NEP ≈ 10 to have the low shake time (representative value is 50ps) and ultralow noise equivalent power
-18WHz
-1/2Than the little 3-4 one magnitude of analog prober), therefore, in theory with the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector as the probe unit of BOTDR system and adopt photon counting technique; The sensitivity of system can be improved, the spatial resolution and the measuring accuracy of BOTDR system can be improved simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
To the problem that exists in the prior art, the technical matters that the present invention will solve provides a kind of spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector, is used for improving simultaneously the spatial resolution and the measuring accuracy of BOTDR system.
For realizing the object of the invention; The present invention takes following technical scheme: the light pulse of being sent by the light pulse generation unit is coupled into sensor fibre through circulator; Behind light filter unit filtering Rayleigh scattering light, obtain Brillouin scattering from the back scattered rear orientation light of sensor fibre; Survey the backscattering light signal by superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit; Signal is gathered and handled by the data acquisition process unit from the electric signal of probe unit output at last, provide the result through certain demodulation relation.Be with the BOTDR system difference of existing research at present; BOTDR of the present invention system has adopted the low and superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector that do not have bandwidth constraints of noise equivalent power (NEP) as probe unit, and has adopted the single photon counting technology to carry out data acquisition and processing (DAP).
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; It is characterized in that said light pulse generation unit is by narrow linewidth laser emission detection light; Behind Polarization Controller, be modulated into the light pulse signal of certain pulsewidth by the electrooptic modulator with High Extinction Ratio through pulse generator control, modulating frequency is looked sensor fibre length and is decided.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that said light pulse generation unit also can be to produce the narrow linewidth pulsed laser that pulse width meets the demands.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector, the optical fiber that it is characterized in that being used for sensing generally is the single-mode fiber of standard, also can be the single-mode fiber of other types.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that said circulator can be replaced by the 3dB fiber coupler.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; It is characterized in that said filter cell can be to reach the reflection type optical fiber grating that Rayleigh scattering light is separated with Brillouin scattering; The double optical fiber grating wave filter that two fiber gratings and isolator are formed; Fabry-Perot (Fabry-Perot) interferometer, Mach Ceng De (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer, a kind of in other optical filters of narrow bandwidth (three dB bandwidth is less than 0.09nm).
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit is made up of superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector and sensing circuit.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that said superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector is sensitive material with the NbN superconducting nano-wire and places said cooling system.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; It is characterized in that the data acquisition process unit is reached and the light pulse Transmission Time Interval by ability recording light electric signal, and can the hardware that the photon number of being surveyed is added up be constituted.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that the data acquisition process unit comprises time interval analyzer and digital signal processor.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; It is characterized in that described data acquisition process unit can be made up of other hardware that can realize time correlation photon counting function; Like photon counter and the combination of high-speed figure oscillograph; Or capture card and computer combined, or MCA (Multichannel Analyzer).
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector is characterized in that pulse producer can carry out the electric pulse modulation and said data acquisition process unit is carried out clock control said electrooptic modulator simultaneously.
The spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of said based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector has the following advantages:
1. the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector is applied to the BOTDR sensor-based system, and has added a kind of acquisition of signal and disposal route of photon counting for the BOTDR sensor-based system.
2. have high spatial resolution and high measurement accuracy.The superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector has the low shake time two-fold advantage of (representative value is 50ps) and low dark count rate; Compare with analog prober; Approximately little 7 magnitudes of its minimum detectable power are compared with the single-photon detector based on avalanche diode, approximately little 3 magnitudes of its minimum detectable power; Therefore; The BOTDR system of based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector has higher sensitivity, can improve the spatial resolution and the measuring accuracy of BOTDR system simultaneously, solves the contradiction that spatial resolution and measuring accuracy improve simultaneously.
3. adopt the method for sensor fibre being carried out areal survey, can break through the restriction that detector receives saturation power, when keeping high spatial resolution and high measurement accuracy, can further improve the dynamic range of system, concrete scheme such as embodiment two.
Description of drawings
Description of drawings is to further narration of the present invention, is the application's a part, but does not constitute qualification of the present invention.
In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the invention one.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the invention two.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the invention three.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the embodiment of the invention four.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is done further explain and description.
Embodiment one.
Present embodiment provides a kind of spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector.As shown in Figure 1; Present embodiment comprises light pulse generation unit 100; The light pulse that produces is through circulator 200; Be coupled into sensor fibre 300, obtain brillouin scattering signal dorsad behind the Rayleigh scattering signal dorsad through 400 filterings of light filter unit, survey this brillouin scattering signal by superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit 500 by the back scattered back-scattering light of sensor fibre; Gathered and handled by the 600 pairs of detector output signals in data acquisition process unit at last, pulse producer 700 is used for the pulsed modulation of light pulse generation unit and the clock control of data acquisition process unit.Said light pulse generation unit 100 comprises narrow-linewidth laser light source 101, Polarization Controller 102 and the electrooptic modulator 103 with High Extinction Ratio; Said superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit 500 comprises the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector 501 (SNSPD) that places temperature to be lower than the 4k cooling system and the sensing circuit 502 of detector; Said data acquisition process unit 600 comprises time interval analyzer 601 and digital signal processing unit 602.
Light pulse generation unit 100 is used to produce the light pulse signal of required pulsewidth width.Generally (representative value is: distributed feedback type semiconductor laser 1-5MHz) (DFB) 101 emission continuous lights by narrow linewidth; Produce light pulse by electrooptic modulator 103 then through 700 controls of pulse generator; Because electrooptic modulator has dependence to polarization state of light; So continuous light adopts Polarization Controller 102 control polarization state of light before getting into electrooptic modulator, reduces the influence of polarization state; It is very high to survey used superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector sensitivity, and the pulse of being modulated requires its extinction ratio to avoid the influence of continuous light substrate to detectable signal greater than 35dB.
Light pulse through electrooptic modulator 103 modulation is coupled into sensor fibre 300 through circulator 200; Get into light filter unit 400 from sensor fibre 300 back scattered Rayleighs dorsad and Brillouin scattering through circulator 200, wherein circulator 200 also can be replaced by the 3dB fiber coupler.
To Brillouin scattering light signal dorsad be separated from total backscatter signals; The light filter unit can be the reflection type optical fiber grating; The double optical fiber grating wave filter that two fiber gratings and isolator are formed; Fabry-Perot (Fabry-Perot) interferometer, Mach Ceng De (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer, a kind of in other optical filters of narrow bandwidth (three dB bandwidth is less than 0.09nm).In the standard single-mode fiber dorsad Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering light differ the 0.088nm that only has an appointment, and Brillouin scattering light intensity dorsad is than little about 3 magnitudes of Rayleigh scattering light intensity dorsad, so the performance requirement of wave filter is higher.The wave filter filtering is Rayleigh scattering light dorsad, and the Brillouin scattering dorsad that obtains carries out Photoelectric Detection by superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector 501.
Superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit 500 comprises superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector 501 and sensing circuit 502; Detector 501 by the NbN nano wire as sensitive material and place the cooling system that is lower than 4k cold.The light signal of incident detector is very faint, can regard photon one by one as, and photon forms electric impulse signal output behind detector.
Electric impulse signal by the output of detector sensing circuit carries out data acquisition and processing (DAP) by data acquisition process unit 600.Time interval analyzer 601 recording light direct impulses entering sensor fibre and detector receive the time interval of back scattered light; Be used for calculating the position that scattering takes place the sensor fibre link; The statistics with histogram that 602 deadlines of digital information processor are relevant; Draw along the brillouin scattering signal light intensity distribution dorsad of optical fiber diverse location; Demodulation relation through Brillouin scattering light intensity and temperature, strain draws along the temperature of fiber distribution and the information of strain, realizes full optical fiber distributed type sensing.
Embodiment two.
Present embodiment provides a kind of spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer that can improve the based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector of dynamic range; Its structure is as shown in Figure 2; Compare with the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector of Fig. 1 structure; Difference is: light pulse generation unit 100 has increased Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) (EDFA) 104 and fiber grating and circulator junction filter 105, and the sensing circuit that has increased by 700 pairs of said detectors of said pulse producer carries out bias current control.
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) (EDFA) the 104th is in order further to amplify detecting optical pulses; Fiber grating and circulator junction filter 105 are the spontaneous emission noises (ASE noise) for the filtering amplifier; The reflectivity of the fiber grating in the junction filter requires to reach 99%; Isolation is greater than 35dB, and centre wavelength is different because of laser wavelength, and three dB bandwidth is about 1nm.
When pressing the present embodiment measurement; In a recurrence interval (recurrence interval looks sensor fibre 300 length and decides); By the bias current of pulse producer 700 control detector 500, sensor fibre 300 is divided into plurality of sections, the bias current of detector 500 is set to different value when measuring each section sensor fibre; Light intensity adopts little bias current when big, and is saturated to prevent detector.And then the measurement result of each section is docile and obedient preface carries out the light distribution information that reasonable splicing obtains whole section sensor fibre 300, can under the prerequisite that keeps high measurement accuracy, improve the dynamic range of measuring like this.
Embodiment three.
Present embodiment provides the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector that another kind can improve dynamic range; Its structure is as shown in Figure 3; Compare with the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector of Fig. 1 structure; Difference is: light pulse generation unit 100 has increased Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) (EDFA) 104 and fiber grating and circulator junction filter 105, between light filter unit 400 and superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit 500, has increased an adjustable optical attenuator 400A.
What present embodiment and embodiment two were different is in a recurrence interval; The bias current of detector 500 is constant, and the size of the brillouin scattering signal dorsad of detector is incided in control, and sensor fibre 300 is divided into plurality of sections; For preventing that detector is saturated; Adjustable attenuator 400A adopts big pad value to the brillouin scattering signal pad value is different dorsad when measuring each section sensor fibre during for Brillouin scattering light intensity dorsad, adopts little pad value when Brillouin scattering light intensity dorsad is less.And then the measurement result of each section is docile and obedient preface carries out the light distribution information that reasonable splicing obtains whole section sensor fibre 300, can under the prerequisite that keeps high measurement accuracy, improve the dynamic range of measuring like this.
Embodiment four.
Present embodiment provides the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of another kind of based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; Its structure is as shown in Figure 4; Compare with the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector of Fig. 1 structure; Difference is: require and can Rayleigh scattering light dorsad be separated with Brillouin scattering dorsad at light filter unit 400; And measure their luminous power by superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit 500 and data acquisition process unit 600 respectively; Along the temperature of sensor fibre 300, ratio (the Landau-Placzek ratio that strain information passes through Reyleith scanttering light power and Brillouin scattering luminous power; LPR) carry out demodulation, the factors such as fluctuation of fluctuation and pulse width that this method can reduce bending loss, joint, coupling, the entrant laser power of optical fiber cause the influence of the variation of scattered light power, obtain measurement result more accurately.
Though the present invention is described through specific embodiment, specific embodiment and accompanying drawing are not to be used for limiting the present invention.Those skilled in the art can make various distortion and improvement in the scope of spirit of the present invention, appended claim should comprise these distortion and improvement.
Claims (10)
1. the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of a based superconductive nano wire single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: it comprises light pulse generation unit (100); The light pulse that produces is through circulator (200); Be coupled into sensor fibre (300); Obtain brillouin scattering signal dorsad behind the Rayleigh scattering signal by the back scattered back-scattering light of sensor fibre dorsad through light filter unit (400) filtering; Survey this brillouin scattering signal by probe unit (500), by data acquisition process unit (600) detector output signal is gathered and handled at last, pulse producer (700) is used for the pulsed modulation of light pulse generation unit and the clock control of data acquisition process unit; Said light pulse generation unit (100) comprises narrow-linewidth laser light source (101), Polarization Controller (102) and electrooptic modulator (103); Said probe unit (500) comprise place temperature to be lower than the 4k cooling system superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector (501) (SNSPD) with the sensing circuit (502) of detector; Said data acquisition process unit (600) comprises time interval analyzer (601) and digital signal processing unit (602).
2. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said probe unit (500) is a superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit, and reflectometer has also adopted the single photon counting technology to carry out data acquisition and processing (DAP).
3. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said light pulse generation unit (100) is by narrow linewidth laser emission detection light; Behind Polarization Controller (102); Be modulated into the light pulse signal of certain pulsewidth by the electrooptic modulator with High Extinction Ratio (103) through pulse generator control, modulating frequency is looked sensor fibre length and is decided.
4. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said light pulse generation unit (100) is a narrow linewidth continuous light laser instrument; Polarization Controller is formed with the electrooptic modulator with High Extinction Ratio, also can be to produce the narrow linewidth pulsed laser that pulse width meets the demands.
5. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector, it is characterized in that: the optical fiber (300) that is used for sensing generally is the single-mode fiber of standard, also can be the single-mode fiber of other types.
6. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector, it is characterized in that: the said circulator (200) that pulsed light is coupled into sensor fibre can be replaced by the 3dB fiber coupler.
7. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said filter cell (400) can be to reach the reflection type optical fiber grating that Rayleigh scattering light is dorsad separated with Brillouin scattering dorsad; The double optical fiber grating wave filter that two fiber gratings and isolator are formed; Fabry-Perot (Fabry-Perot) interferometer; Mach-Zehnder (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer, or a kind of in other optical filters of narrow bandwidth (less than 0.09nm).
8. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 2 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said superconducting nano-wire single-photon detecting measurement unit (500) is by being that sensitive material and the single-photon detector that places cooling system and detector sensing circuit are formed with the NbN superconducting nano-wire, and said single-photon detector can arrive the detection level of single photon.
9. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said data acquisition process unit (600) comprises time interval analyzer and digital signal processing unit; Photon counting ability with time correlation; Can add up the photon number of being surveyed, and can write down the time interval of detector output photosignal and light pulse generation unit led pulse.
10. according to the spontaneous brillouin scattering optical time domain reflectometer of the said based superconductive nano wire of claim 1 single-photon detector; It is characterized in that: said data acquisition process unit (600) can be made up of other hardware with photon counting performance; Like photon counter and the combination of high-speed figure oscillograph; Or capture card and computer combined, or MCA (Multichannel Analyzer).
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